JANUARY 1 1952 Vol. 5 No.2 Twenty Five Cents A nother page for How to keep a color press in the pink Long-lasting precision and speed are necessary requirements in single color offset press lithography. To meet these re- quirements, engineers mount vital cylinder shafts and main drive shafts of presses on Timkenl!> tapered roller bearings. Due to tapered construction, Timken bearings carry any combination of radial and thrust loads-hold shafts in proper alignment. And Timken bearings eliminate all speed restric- tions due to bearings, permitting more impressions per hour. How to mount press cylinders Type TNA Timken bearings are used at each end of this press cylinder. The bearing at the left is fixed by clamping the double cup while the other bearing is permitted to float. The bearing cones are clamped on the shaft by means of an end plate and cap screws which are locked by wiring the heads. The double cup for both bearings has a groove and oil holes through which the lubricant is supplied. How to learn more about bearings TIMIEN TRADE.MARK REG. U. TAPERED ROLLER BEARINGS 9. PAT. OFF, Some of the engineering problems you'll face after graduation will involve bearing applications. If you'd like to learn more about this phase of engineering, we'll be glad to help. For a copy of the 270-page General Information Manual on Timken bearings, write today to The Timken Roller Bearing Company, Canton 6, Ohio. And don't forget to clip this page for future reference. NOT JUST A BALL 0 NOT JUST. A ROLLER (C) THE TIMKEN TAPERED ROLLER BEARING TAKES RADIAL ~ AND THRUST -iI)- LOADS OR ANY COMBINATION I * Q:::J The Westinghouse Plan .. .t.{ ome bo\)ks ar~ t.o be tusteb. ~,)iG otllCt~Sto be slVotlowe\) o12b some few to be cI?Cll)C'b anb ~este~. +J .~ '(\1)('1:> )3tW\H1.., • <; -" "v " ....... To get a qllick start 011 the road to success,mgilleerillg graduates who joill lJ7estillghollsestart with all orielltatioll alld traillillg program at the "ew Educatiollal Cellter. The readillg room show" above is olle oj the mallY jacilities available at the Ilew Cellter. To aid ill carryillg Ollt the program, there are also modern classrooms, auditorium, cajeteria, hobby rooms alld recreatioll areas. Regardless of the type of career you wish to follow in industry, the Westinghouse Plan will be of value in helping you achieve success. A major part of the Plan is the Graduate Student Training Program. It has been carefully developed through 50 years to enable top men, selected in leading colleges, to choose their careers wisely from the wide variety of opportunities available at Westinghouse. This method enables you to become a responsible factor, quickly, in one of America's great industrial organizations. Getting men started right is so important to Westinghouse that millions of dollars have been spent to develop this Plan, provide the facilities and assemble and maintain a staff for this job. Experience shows that from this Training Program come most of the key person. nel, in research, engineering, manufacturing and sales throughout the Company. For detailed information about the Westinghouse Plan send for a copy of -"Finding Your Place in Industry". G,10173 EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT 1-------------- I To obtain copy of I "Finding Your Place in Industry", consult Placement I Officer of your university, or mail this coupon to: YOU CAN BE SURE ... IF ITS I I Mr. F. E. Reiber District Educational Co-ordinator Westinghouse Electric Corporation I 306 Fourth Avenue I PittSburgh 30, Pennsylvania ~stinghouse I I I Namee------------------ School year _ I Street<- ------------------ II City ZO.ne-State---- January, 1952 , ENGINEERS Special opportunities for YOU in SAN DIEGO that sunny, beautiful coastal city in CALIFORNIA Positions Now Open Working Facts Design Engineers You get two holidays a week atConvair Design Draftsmen - overtime accomplished in 5-day Electrical Draftsmen week. Attractive salary ranges. An Electronics Engineers "engineers" engineering department. .• Microwave Engineers with stimulating, competent associates Servo Engineers ... and interesting, challenging, essentia I, Weight Engineers long-range projects of a wide variety Aerodynamics Engineers including - commercial aircraft, military Test Engineers aircraft, missiles, engineering research Thermodynamics Engineers and electronic development. Excellent Convair also has a limited number of patent royalty arrangements. Top- attractive openings for recent engineer notch retirement plan - better-than- graduates: Aeronautical, Mechanical, average life and health insurance. Electrical Engineering and Civil Engine- Complete progress - salary review for ering interested in Aircraft Structural each person twice yearly. Opportunity Design. for continuing engineering education. If you qualify, you will receive generous travel allowances. SEND COUPON NOW for free booklet giving complete information. r .--••••••••••••• THANK YOU - • I Mr. H. T. Brooks, Engineering Department • I Convair, 3302 Pacific Hiway, San Diego 1, California Please send me FREE booklets me and my Convair Application Form. describing the Convair Opportunity for I I My name _ • • Address City 5tate. _ I • ••••••••••••••••••• 2 Spartan En!Jine~r A "North Country" trapper ... like Cast Iron Pipe ... has STAMII!! * Trekking long distances in the frozen North, on a trapline or behind a dogsled, demands stamina! And, just as surely, pipe must have stamina to serve for a century or more as cast iron water and gas mains are doing in more than 30 cities in the United States and Canada. In the generations since these gallant old mains were installed, horse-drawn vehicles have given way to .. multi-ton trucks and buses . Under th~' streets crowded utility services have been constructed. Yet cast iron pipe has withstood the resultant traffic-shock and beam-stresses because of its shock-strength, beam-strength and crushing-strength. No pipe, deficient in any of these strength-factors of long life, should ever be laid in paved streets of cities, I to,#ns and villages. CASIJ' * In a 340-mile midwinter race against death to bring 5e'urn to Nome, Alaska, a dog-team and driver covered more than 90 miles in a single day-a feat still remembered ofter 25 years. Cast Iran Pipe Research Association. Thos. F. Wolfe, Managing Diredor. 122 Sa. Michigan Ave., Chicago 3. SERVES FOR CENTURIES January, 1952 3 •• HILUPS PETROLEUM COMPANY is proud to receive the 1951 Chemical Engineer- ~ ing Achievement Award for having:- " ... contributed most to the advance of chemical engineering in indusl1)' ... " Seventy of the nation's leading chemical engineer- ing authorities independently voted this honor to Phillips for a two-fold achievement: First, Phillips development of high abrasion carbon black; second, Phillips major contribution to the success of cold synthetic rubber. Credit for this success goes to those who make chemical dreams come true in our laboratories and plants. Over 2,000 of our nearly 20,000 employees are scientists and engineers. That is why Phillips offers opportunities for technical men to distin- guish themselves in many ways in the broad field of petroleum chemistry. We work vigorously with nitrogen fertilizers, atomic energy, sulfur compounds, synthetic filler materials and many organic chemicals. And, of course, we are in our third decade as large produc- ers, refiners and marketers of fuels and lubricants. companies which have also earned this high dis- Previously this award has recognized such great tinction for outstanding chemical engineering ac- endeavors as the Atomic Bomb Project and the complishments. war-time Synthetic Rubber Industry. If you are interested in a career with Phillips It is a privilege for us to be honored with these Petroleum Company, we invite YOll to address our groups and with the other important chemical Employee Relations Department for information. WHAT THIS ACHIEVEMENT MEANS TO YOU ... For every 9,000 miles you drive your car, the average carbon black and cold rubber, the same Vath inch of wear is about Vath of an inch from the tread of tread wear will give you 12,000 ... 13,000 ... even natural rubber tires made with ordinary carbon black. 14,000 miles of good, safe service. Now, with tires made with Pl1ilblack 0* ltir,1t abrasion *A Trademark. PHILLIPS PETROLEUM COMPANY Phillips Chemical Company, a subsidiary Bartlesville, Oklahoma 4 Spartan Engineer SPARTAN ENGINEER EDITOR Table of Contents A. VERNER NELSON • articles BUSINESS MANAGER WHY, SURVEYING'! __ __ 7 ELTONH. MOORE MORE POWER TO YOU . 8 ASSISTANT EDITOR ELECTROST ATIC DUSTING __ 10 Robert G. Kitchen RUBBER ROADS __ 12 ASSISTANT BUSINESS MANAGER UHF TELEVISION __ __ __ __ __ 14 James Gusack RADIANT HEATING ..__ U) FEATURE EDITOR L. Bruce Miller • features NEWS EDITOR NEW DEVELOPMENTS __ __ __ 16 Phil Sanford ALUMNI NEWS . __. 18 PICTURE EDITOR PICTURE PAGE __ __..__ __ __ __.20 Paul Kline THE SOCIETIES __ __ __..26 ADVERTISING MANAGER SIDETRACKED 36 Robert Gay COVER - CIRCULATION MANAGER Two floor level view showing the turpo-generator and condenser at a James Otis power plant of the Detroit Edison Company. STAFF Published four times yearly by the sludents of Ihe SCHOOL OF EN. GINEERING, MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE, East lansing, Michigan. Jack Harper The office is on the third floor of the Union Building, Phone 8.1511, John Thoma Extension 251. Enlered as second class mailer al Ihe Post Office in Chuck Huver lansing, Michigan, under the ael of March 3, 1879. Tom Gangler Address Mail to: P. O. Box 408, East lansing, Michigan. Margaret Ann Fettig Publishers representative Elizabeth Borland Lillell.Murray.Barnhill, Inc. 101 Park Avenue, New York, b05 W. Michigan Avenue, Chicago PHOTOGRAPHER Sub'Cliption rate by mail $ f.OO per year. Carl Romick Single copies 25 cents. January, '952 * • What decides wages? What you and I produce HERE IS ONE RULE OF NATURE that all the T governments, laws, unions and contracts cannot change: a man can be paid only out of what he pro- $Z.OO 1.75 I PA'OOUCT/ON PEA'MAN-HOUR I duces, and the more he produces the more he can earn. 1.50 \ $1.... AND, that line "Factory wage per man-hour," 1.25 shown in the chart at right, has gone up and up only as American business has put better and better machines to team up with American workers. Machines help the worker produce more and so earn more. And machines can come only from the savings of investors-the savings made out of investor profits. So-profits plus machines plus workers who use them well, equal constantly rising savings and standard of living. Whoever attacks profits is attack- ing you, and your family. Never forget it. 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 Production per man-hour represents the total national income produced per man-hour worked by all employed persons. Factory wage represents average hourly earnings of factory workers. AIl figures are in doIlars of 1950 buying power to eliminate price changes, and show real purchasing power. SOllree: Labor's Monthly Survey, American Federation of Labor. YOU CAN MACHINE IT BETTER, fASTER, fOR LESS WITH WARNER' SWASEY TURRET LATHES. AUTOMATICS AND TAPPING MACHINES 6 Spartan Engineer WHY/ SURVEYING? By LEO V. NOTHSTINE Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Surveying in our Universities and Colleges is taught Actually, the field of surveying is developing at a by Civil Engineers for the purpose of supplementing the rapid rate. New optical reading transits and theodolites Civil Engineering Curriculum. This is a natural opera- are rapidly coming into the picture. Photogrammetric tion as engineers require the knowledge of engineering surveys now are coming into international prominence Surveying and Layout as a tool in their profession. in very wide scope. Research in linear and angular measure is being done. More and more the opportunities Surveying is a required subject in most engineering in the field of Professional Surveying are occurring as curricula throughout the country and is an important the demands are made upon it. part of much engineering work. Many engineers engage in surveying, or work closely associated therewith, Some measure of the prominence of the surveying especially as part of their early career after college. field is to consider the Professional Societies associated Other engineers are so engaged in subsequent practice solely therewith. They are as follows: either directly, indirectly, or in a supervisory capacity. (Statewide) Many times, surveying has served to introduce the Michigan Society of Registered Land Surveyors engineer favorably to influential persons who are under- taking. expensive projects. Desirable professional and (Western Hemisphere) business connections often grow out of such introduction. American Congress of Surveying and Mapping A considerable portion of those engineers who become top engineering and management officers of corpora- (Continental) tions and governmental enterprises began their careers American Society of Photogrammetric Engineers in surveying. These arguments are not presented to promote the (U. S.) idea that one needs only to know his surveying for Surveying and Mapping Division of A.S.C.E. engineering success to be assured. Rather, they are Another measure of the field of surveying is to con- intended to impress the student engineer of their im- sider those individuals, companies, and agencies engaged portance in his course of study. in the practice, such as: By many, surveying is considered as an antiquated Registered Land Surveyors in private practice tool in the kit of an engineer. However, this is a poorly County Surveyors founded impression. The various phases of surveying State Highway Surveyors have been advancing at a rapid rate in spite of much Other State Agencies-Conservation-Lands Div., etc. academic neglect in most Universities. The develop- ments in the surveying field now are so numerous that City Surveyors it is with difficulty that some are only briefly discussed U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey in our classes. U. S. Geological Survey The tendency in all curricula is to stay with the times, Military Uses keep up to date, and include more and more in the Industrial Surveying and Layout Departments material covered. This is as it should be. But as such, Aerial Survey Corporation the tendency is to reduce time spent in some other Public Utility Surveyors areas. Construction Layout and Control Consequently, the area of surveying is one of these which must be studied for streamlining to better fit To supply properly trained surveyors to meet the the requirements of various engineering curricula. This requirements which will be developing, and is already continuous process obviously is creating a stockpile of felt, it is necessary to offer more course material in this residual material that can no longer be included. Further, field. This can be offered as electives in undergraduate new processes and advancements in the surveying field work as well as graduate. Thus, it will be available for are not likely to be included. This results in a fixed men interested and will not be a burden to those amount of given material being offerE~din the curricula, majoring in other areaS of engineering. January, 195Z 1 MORE POWER TO YOU By PAUL W. THOMPSON Vice-Presid ent Detroit Edison Co. Detroit, Michigan The birth of the industry occurred but 68 years ago, when Thomas A. Edison's work with electricity and his invention of the incandescent lamp resulted in the establishment of the Pearl Street Station in New York City. In the short space of a man's lifetime, the electric PAUL W. THOMPSON industry has advanced amazingly from that beginning and is now a cornerstone of our modern civilization, providing an essential service to every segment of Paul W. Thompson, Vice President in charge of En- American life. Our unparalleled standard of living, gineering of The Detroit Edison Company, was born our ability to produce goods, and our high hopes for December 7, 1887 in Oxford, New York. He attended even greater progress in the future depend in no small Oxford Academy and graduated from Cornell University way on the use of electrical energy. in 1910 with a degree in mechanical engineering. From 1910 to 1913 he was instructor in senior engineering subjects at Cornell University. He was employed by Detroit Edison in 1913 as experimental engineer at the Delray Power Plant. Since that time he has held the positions of Technical Engineer of Power Plants, Chief Assistant Engineer of Power Plants, Chief Engineer of Power Plants and in September, 1943, was elected Vice President in charge of .Engineering of The Detroit Ediso:l Company. During the first World War he served progressively as First Lieutenant, Captain, and Major with the United States Army Ordnance Department, and was in charge of inspection of material manufactured in the Cleveland area. He also served as United States Army.representa- tive on the Cleveland District Ordnance Claims B03rd. Mr. Thompson has taken an active part in technical society committee work and various civic activities. During World War II, Mr. Thompson served as co- ordinator of the Detroit area for the National Fuel Efficiency Program, and handled special assignments with the National Defense Research Committee with the Office of Scientific Research and Development. He has been the author of a number of miscellaneous engineering articles published in the technical press, and has presented several papers at the American Society of Mechanical Engineers' annual meetings. In 1910, when my professional life began, the electric power industry was still a fledgling. Today it stands high in comparisons with many industries of our country. Detroit Edison engineers testing a new generator s Spartan Engineer There are 300,000 employees working in the investor- of varying sizes in the Detroit Edison system. It is owned electric companies that operate 80 percent of obvious that needs for electric energy have grown much the installed capacity in the United States. It has taken faster than the population itself. 17 billion dollars-over $50,000 per employe-to provide In my time, generating plants have improved so that the plant used by them for the production, transmission we have reduced the number of pounds of coal needed and distribution of electric energy. to generate a kilowatthour from approximately 3 pounds A list of owners or stockholders would have the names to less than % of a pound in the most efficient plants. of 3 million people from every walk of life who have It costs much more to 'build each kilowatt of plant pooled their savings to make this business possible. capacity, and the price of coal has risen, but the cost There is also an unknown number of people who have of electrical energy has been reduced. For example- provided capital through the purchase of bonds. In in 1915 when coal burned by The Detroit Edison Com- addition, an estimated 100,000,000 people who as life pany cost an average of $2.21 per ton, a residential insurance policyholders or depositors in mutual savings customer paid an average of 6.04c per kilowatthour; banks have an indirect financial interest through the in 1950 when coal cost $7.89, the customer paid 3.08c. holding of investments by their respective institutions. This 17 billion dollars of investment is 39 percent of the amount invested in manufacturing plants of all kinds thrown together. It is four times that invested in primary iron and steel production plants-and eight times that in automobile and parts manufacturing. While the product measured at a customer's meter is energy in the form of kilowatthours, we utility em- ployes are continually aware that what we really sell is "service." The customer thinks of electricity in terms of the things it does for him. He judges its quality in terms of continuity and reliability of service, and of good voltage regulation. An interesting thing about a kilowatthour that is an advantage over the usual manufactured product is that its design doesn't change. Production facilities do not therefore, suffer the rapid obsolescence of plant resultin~ from such change. The following table gives several national statistics for the years 1920 and 1950 that show the developments during that period: 1920 1950 Energy in kilowatthours produced per capita 500 2500 Average kilowatthours used by a residential customer 350 1830 Power assisting each production worker in horsepower u 1.3 8 Energy assisting each production worker in kilowatthours 3000 13000 Standard work week in hours u 60 40 Workmen constructing a new steam generator Percentage of farms electrified .: 4% 90% Engineers have developed many new uses for electric energy, making it possible to do many jobs today that The increased efficiencies of thermal plants have been could not be done in 1920 or to do them much more largely due to improvements in materials and methods economically than they were being done by other that allow the use of higher steam temperatures and methods. The 13,000 kilowatthours energy per year for pressures. Today 2,000 psi pressure and 1,000 degrees each production worker is equivalent to the physical Fahrenheit are not uncommon. As better materials and efforts of 75 to 200 men (depending on method of calcu- methods are devised, you will see still higher efficiencies. lations) working 40-hour weeks for one year. But the In a Company such as ours that uses 4.2 million tons of cost of electricity used for manufacturing accounts for coal a year, the engineer who can show how to increase only % of 1 percent of the selling price of the factory the average efficiency of its power plants by 1 percent products. would effect a saving of $350,000 a year. Had anyone told me forty years ago that the industry You can be sure that our engineers are continually would grow as it has I would not have believed him. looking for ways and means of reducing costs or im- But I have seen it and have personally experienced proving service. Several of them in a cooperative de- many of the problems associated with that tremendous velopment (one a young man who came to our Com- growth. If you don't mind I shall reminisce a little and pany in 1946) have shown how to make an annual review some of the accomplishments that have made dollar savings that runs into six figures. We now make this great industry what it is today. summer weather in the winter for our stoker fired steam generators by introducing steam into the com- All the generating capacity needed for Detroit Edison bustion process. Through some phenomenon that we load just prior to World War I could be supplied by one are not yet sure about, this reduces slag formation on of the turbine-generators most recently installed. It has a capability of 125,000 kilowatts, and is but one of thirty (Continued on Page 22) January, 1952 9 ELECTROSTATIC DUSTING By PETER HEBBLETHWAITE - Graduate Ag.E. and PAUL KLINE - Senior Ag.E. This is a part of the war between man and the tion. The original work was initiated by Henry Bowen enemies of plants; the war man is constantly fighting for his M.S. degree during the winter term of 1950. The to control those ever present enemies of his crops, the original object was that of charging a tree so that the insect and the fungus. To combat these pests, enormous dust particles would be attached to it. This Objective quantities of insecticides and fungicides are applied to was found to be impractical, but the present work is the crop plants each year. For applying these chemicals outcome of these experiments. the farmer has two methods to choose from: either In September 1950, the senior author was also assigned dust them on dry or dissolve the chemicals in water to this project; and at the present time he and Henry and apply this solution as a spray. Bowen, under the direction of Dr. W. M. Carleton, are At the present time, dusting has taken a back seat in carrying out experimental work with E.P. relation to spraying as a means of application. However, At the start of this work, it was thought to be a new dusting would be more popular, and many growers field; but as the work progressed several projects of a would like to switch to dusting if it were not for its similar nature were found, particularly that of Cottrell two serious shortcomings. The most important of these and Westinghouse who developed fly-ash collectors. is the poor coverage of the plants obtained by present Later it was also found that a French worker (P. Hampe, day methods of application. It is especially difficult to Institute Truffant, Versailles) has been carrying on get dust onto the underside of the leaves. Inefficient somewhat similar experiments in the field of Electro- use of the material is the other disadvantage, there static Dusting of Plants. being more dust in the cloud that blows away than The forces of attraction of electrical charges have ever reaches the plant. In fact, tests made this last been known for a long time. Even the Ancient Greeks summer at Michigan State College indicate that con- were familiar with the way in which an amber rod will siderably more than half of the dust which leaves the attract. These electrostatic forces are the basis for E.P. duster never reaches the plant. Thus it is especially There are actually two forces acting in the precipi- difficult to apply dust in a wind. tation. In its favor, dusting has the all important factor of cost. It is much cheaper to apply dust because a much I. The individual charged particle. smaller and lighter machine can be utilized, and no 2. The electric field resulting from the cloud of charged other carrier is needed to the extent and weight of the particles. vast quantity of water that is required for spraying. A sprayer requires frequent refilling with water, which is difficult and time consuming to haul, and when DUST CHARGING. filled may weigh several tons. Due to its weight its use in certain soils, such as the Michigan muck, is limited whereas in the same soil a duster can be readily used. From the tests already carried out, the following can be listed as the advantages which it is hoped will be achieved with the Electrostatic Precipitation (E.P.) of Agricultural Dusts on Plants. 1. An improvement in the amount of dust deposited on the plant. It is anticipated that the extent of this advantage will vary according to the circumstances. 2. A better coverage of the plants; that is, a more even NOZZLE WALL distribution of dust between the upper and lower surface of the leaf and upon the surface itself. 3. A greater percentage of the small sized dust particles Let us first consider the charged particles. Suppose can be made to adhere to the leaf surfaces than is the charged particle is at a distance "d" from a conduct- normally possible, and thus a more efficient coverage ing surface, a leaf for example. It can be demonstrated from the fungicidal standpoint can be obtained. that the charged particle is attracted by the leaf in the 4. Dusting will be somewhat less susceptible to meteor- same way as if a similar charged particle of opposite ological conditions; the necessity for dusting at 4' a.m. sign was situated at a distance "d" symetrically behind or 9 p.m. (this is common practice at present) will be the surface. This is known as the image force effect. It obviated, and also it is hoped that the operation can also be shown that the force of attraction for a will be less susceptible to the wind. particle carrying a charge Q is given by F=Q2/4d2• Thus it can be seen as d decreases, F increases as d2• How- The studies of the electrostatic precipitation of agri- ever, the magnitude of the term Q is such that the cultural dust at Michigan State COllege are now being trajectory of this particle is only drawn appreciably carried on by the Agricultural Engineering Department towards the leaf if the distance between them is very under a grant made by the Rackham Research Founda- small, less than 1 em under normal conditions. This 10 Spartan Engineer means that when considering only the image force, the current used, only an unpleasant shock similar to touch- duster for use in electrostatic work must still be efficient ing an automobile spark plug. The current is only from a mechanical standpoint in order to get the dust 100 microamps per nozzle. cloud in close proximity to all plant surfaces. The high voltage supply is the most expensive part The conventional duster will usually surround a plant of the E.P. unit, and it is believed that the cost of con- with a good cloud of dust but due to the minute film verting a large field duster. to an E.P. duster should be of still air which covers all surfaces, only the larger around $300.00. This amount, however, is small com- particles have sufficient momentum to reach the leaf pared with the large savings that are hoped for, and it surface. Under normal conditions the small particles would seem that the adaption should be economically are blown past the leaf and are lost; it is these small feasible. particles which it is hoped will be recovered by E.P. The situation is very different when the charged particles are passing through an electric field. We know that a particle with charge Q passing through an electrical field E is subjected to a force F = EQ. The important fact is that this force acts throughout its path from the nozzle to the leaf. The relative magnitude of these two forces, however, is not at present known, and work is under way to determine these important facts. There are several methods by which particles can be charged. They are contact, photo-electric, friction, and ionized field; but only the last two of these methods have been used in E.P. experiments. High charges can be obtained by friction, but this method used alone is uncertain because the amount of charge depends on several factors. These factors are: The complete dusting unit 1. Humidity; when high only a small charge can be obtained. This last summer extensive field tests were carried out on a variety of crops. Experimental work was done 2. Size of particle. on celery, peas, potatoes, onions, and beans. An im- 3. Different constituents of a dust mixture often take provement in the deposit was apparent to the eye in all a different sign, and thus may nullify each others of these tests, but due to the absence of pests and effect. diseases on most of the test plots, the effect of E.P. could not be determined biologically with any degree of 4. Chemical composition; variable charge. certainty. The results which have been obtained, how- The method of charging used at Michigan State ever, do give encouragement for the future. College, and the most dependable method, is the ionized It is believed that E.P. will be a special asset in dust- field. To produce an ionized field a high tension wire ing certain types of vegetables. Onions, for example, are is connected from a continuous source of high voltage more suited to dusting because spray droplets do not electricity to a thin needle which is placed at and adhere to their waxy leaf surface. parallel to the axis of a duster nozzle. This wire enters Work was done at 100 per cent relative humidity the nozzle by way of a plexiglass insulator. Each of without difficulties from the machine. The relative the several duster nozzles are similarly adapted. The efficiency. of E.P. is reduced under these conditions, but nozzle is large enough to prevent sparks jumping to the the coverage produced was still well in excess of that wall of the nozzle, and therefore, an ionized field is produced by conventional methods. produced. In this ionized field there is a constant flow of negative air ions from the negative needle to the For the future it is planned to analyze the forces grounded wall of the nozzle. Particles of dust in passing acting and get all the known factors: current, voltage, through this field are struck by these ions and thus particle size, air velocity, and volume to the optimum. take on a negative charge. This action is so rapid that Even in conventional dusting the complete answer to a large percentage of the dust particles can be charged these last two questions is not known at present. in this way. When the machine is in operation small There is no fundamental reason why we should not luminous plumes can be seen around the high tension charge any particle of matter, spray for example, but needle; this is known as the corona effect. before this is possible there are difficulties of insulation At Michigan State College the main test machine is a which would have to be overcome in order to use the conventional duster unit (Niagara) which was built onto high voltage which is necessary. This again points the a high clearance trailer, and was fitted with a high way for future work. tension power supply. The only other additions In conclusion it can be said that although the field necessary were the high tension leads and the short results were not very spectacular, (due largely to the nozzle extension containing the high tension needle. lack of disease to test the work) the tests showed well Up until recently a method of producing the high to the eye, and there is no doubt of the effect of E.P. There is, however, a discrepancy between laboratory voltage necessary has been the largest problem to over- come. At Michigan State College the high voltage is and field tests which still has to be accounted for and obtained from a 6 volt battery connected to a Dynamo- in this it is believed that particle size may be a very important factor. Finally it is hoped that the reader is motor which steps up the voltage to 300. This in turn is passed through a high voltage supply which produces left with the impression that here is a promising "baby" which should repay further work; it is not, however, the necessary 15,000 volts. This voltage sounds alarming from the point of view of operator's safety; however, motive enough at this time for unqualified adoption in there is no real danger involved because of the small the field. J I January, J 952 RUBBER'ROADS By BERNARD VOELZOW Senior C.E. Ed. Note: This article was one of the prize winners written for the Recent Tau Beta Pi initiation. The use of rubber in paving surfaces is a fairly recent in road construction. This report was submitted to the development in the field of highway and airport en- Eighth International Road Congress held at Scheven- gineering. The columns of leading newspapers and ingen, Holland in 1938. A summarization of the report as periodicals are publishing with greater frequency items submitted was made by G. J. Van der Bie and P. Th. .with captions such as the following: "Rubber Roads Wynhamer in 1941. The conclusions at which they Stretch," "Rubber Coating Tested on Roads," and "Air- arrived were favorable enough to warrant an awaken- port Builds Rubber Runway." This is a good indication ing of interest in the application of rubber to road of an awakening interest on the part of those in the surface construction throughout most of the world. engineering field and the general public in the potential There were many questions raised, however, such as use of this material. The possibility of the use of -how much rubber to use, what form of rubber should rubber in low cost bituminous paving for airport land- be used how to mix the rubber into the asphalt, would ing strips is being investigated, but developments of standard application methods have to be changed to this nature are not as recent as rubber-asphalt roads provide for the incorporation of the rubber. These at the present time. queries were quite natural and necessary, for intensive A rubber road has great appeal in the mind's eye of investigation was needed for this new idea. the public, and particularly to the pocketbook of the A great amount of research work by the various taxpayer from the financial conclusions reached in the rubber companies in the United States has been con- present early experiments. The initial cost of construc- centrated on answering these questions, if at all possible. tion is much the same as in conventional asphalt sur- State highway departments all over the country have faces but the need for continual maintenance is less. conducted tests and laid experimental roadways using This appeal is of paramount importance as a selling various admixtures of rubber in an attempt to answer point for the initial beginnings of rubberized surfaces in some of the practical problems arising out of this new a community. There are numerous advantages in favor use of materials. New products have been appearing of rubberized roads. They include the fact that a more regularly, such as, "Ucrete Rubber Concrete," which the durable road surface is provided, foundations are better manufacturer claims combines properties of both con- protected, maintenance charges are lower, there are far crete and rubber and is waterproof and not brittle less traffic hold-ups due to repairs, the road surface has when molded. It is manufactured by F. Hulse and better anti-skid properties, and a more hygenic con- Company, Ltd., Woodlesford, Leeds, England. dition exists as dust is practically eliminated. According to an article in the November, 1950 copy The theory behind the use of rubber in its various of the "American City'" magazine, Massachusetts is ap- forms in asphaltic pavements is somewhat vague. Pres- parently leading the nation in the adoption and use of ent concepts are centered primarily along the line of rubber in asphalt streets. There is a five and a half thought that the rubber swells in all liquid hydrocar- mile, four-lane rubber highway located in that state bons, such as, gasoline, benzine, and mineral oils. A which is claimed to be the longest of its kind in the crude unmilled rubber swells to a more or less definite world. Quite recently it was completed and opened to maximum, absorbing oils in much the same manner that traffic. a sponge absorbs quantities of water. The rubber is not thought of as dissolving since tests have shown that The new rubber highway is on the old Boston Post after swelling takes place it still retains some of the Road, now U. S. Highway 1, the main route running physical properties of unswelled rubber. from Maine to Florida. It was put down at a reported cost of $200,000 over a concrete base, which was old and As asphalt is composed principally of liquid hydro- badly patched. A combination of asphalt and a new carbons, it produces a swelling effect on rubber and compound called Surfa-Sealz, manufactured by the its oily constituents' are thus absorbed by the rubber. United States Rubber Company, was used in the con- This .is considered to be one of the principal reasons struction. why rubberized pavements are more of a non-skid The weather during the first winter of the new road's nature than standard practice produces without the existence was recorded as being the most severe in use of rubber. The oil has been absorbed and, there- Massachusett's history. The new pavement developed fore, more resistance to the tires of the vehicles using no signs of frost damage, cracking, or buckling, where- the roadway is provided. This fact, along with others, as, a test strip or ordinary straight asphalt laid next which will be discussed later in this report, was brought to it showed considerable signs of wear. out in many laboratory tests on the subject. The City of New York has also experimented with Most of the early work and experimentation on the rubber in road paving, and are waiting to show some use of rubber in paving surfaces was done by the results of their tests. An asphalt-natural rubber powder Dutch, both in their native Holland and in the Nether- mix road surface was laid over an area of 1500 square lands East Indies. Their investigations were made on yards in one of the busiest sections of the city. An rubber asphalt mixtures during the years 1936 to 1938 estimated 60,000 cars per day drive over the new pave- at the request of the Netherlands Indian Government ment section. New York City engineers are anxiously to serve as a preliminary report on the use of rubber watching their new project, although they should be 12 Spartan Engineer able to rest assured that the results will be good, be- of the three types of rubber mentioned to an asphalt cause they used the same type of natural rubber for cement increased its elasticity and resistance to deforma- their tests as the City of Rotterdam, Holland did in an tion, and decreased its temperature susceptability. Nat- experiment of theirs which had excellent results. ural rubber was found to give the best results in practi- cally all of the tests used. Standard ductility and penetration tests for asphalt cements and the Marshall stability test for bituminous concretes were used. A special torsion test was de- veloped to measure resistance to deformation, and also for measuring the amount of elastic recovery after a specimen was twisted. The increases in twisting time and elasticity and the decreases in temperature sus- ceptability over that experienced by a straight asphalt cement test specimen were all considered as improve- ments, since a cement with these properties would be likely to produce a concrete having similar character- istics. The tests definitely showed that natural rubber had more effect on the properties of asphalt concrete when incorporated as part of a rubber-asphalt cement rather than as a separate addition to the mix. This effect might be explained by the fact that the rubber has more opportunity to absorb and swell in the asphaltic oils when preblended in the cement. The concretes prepared using these natural rubber-asphalt cements showed in- creased stability, and a higher asphalt content was pos- sible with a resultant lowering of costs. When concretes were prepared by a direct mix process, no increase in Roads of Tomorrow stability due to the rubber additive was noted. These determinations and the testing methods used in arriving at the conclusions are being tried throughout the State of Michigan in various experimental locations. One The Rotterdam road has been in operation for over such experimental rubber road is in test service at the twelve years and has had no repair. This is especially present time in Detroit. unusual and outstanding, because during those twelve years the Nazi military traffic used that road for their It is interesting to note that the first airport runway invasion of Holland. The Allies also used it in reversing in the western Hemisphere incorporating natural rubber the process of invasion. Military traffic of this nature was laid recently in Canada. The Royal Canadian Air gives a road or highway considerable punishment and Force has put down a strip of natural rubber asphalt can be deemed' a better test than the normal traffic to paving at its St. Hubert Airport near Montreal. Royal which a highway is subjected. Canadian Air Force officials in charge of the project believe the use of natural rubber in the air strips The City of Akron, Ohio, sometimes considered the surfacing will aid its life of runways while reducing rubber capitol of the nation, has been conducting experi- maintenance requirements to a minimum. The tests ments on their streets by using synthetic rubber pro- mentioned previously have shown that natural rubber vided by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. paving is less affected by temperature changes which They have found that a good mix to use with the cause ordinary asphalt mixtures to become soft and synthetic rubber is 1200 pounds of finely powdered distorted in summer weather and brittle and cracked rubber to 3000 gallons of asphalt, plus the crushed rock in winter freezes. ordinarily present in the standard hot mix. It is stated Of additional importance in the airport application is that 180 tons of the material was rolled down to surface that the tests reveal that natural rubber paving has Exchange Street, one of Akron's busy thoroughfares. other advantages that would improve airport pavements. The rubber was blended with the asphalt at a tempera- They are less susceptible to sun rays and other deteri- ture of about 300 F., then left in the mixing tank over- orating weather conditions; and the volume of traffic night, and finally transported to the job. The officials normally required to maintain the flexibility or life of the city expect a more resilient surface that is longer of the bituminous surface is not necessary. This alone wearing and more resistant to temperature changes should be of great value to airport engineers since it without resultant cracking. To date the results have has been a problem of considerable magnitude in the been very satisfactory. past. The increasing use of experimental rubber-asphalt ,Rubber roads made from the addition of powdered type pavements was instrumental in starting a complete natural rubber to asphalt cement are becoming quite laboratory investigation by the Michigan State Highway common, at least in the experimental stage. The positive Department late in 1949. A systematic study was made results, to be conclusive, have to wait for the normal to determine the effects of rubber on the highways passage of time, but every indication is for smoother which normally include bituminous materials in their roads, less repair, and a safer non-skid surface. These construction. Particular concern was given to the effect facts seem to be the rewards received so far for the on durability, safety, and riding comfort. years of study and patient research expended in this Relatively low concentrations of natural rubber, syn- particular phase of highway surfacing. The use of thetic rubber (supplied by Goodyear Tire and Rubber rubber for surface paving in the highway and airport Company), and also scrap rubber were used. Results of engineering field is still in the embyronic stage but the investigations indicated that the addition of either appears to have a great future. January, 1952 I~ UHF •• T elev 1510n Permission Granted by R. C. A. A new combination of three letters-UHF-is being At the present time, despite the phenomenal growth added to the vocabulary of television viewers. They of television, and its impact on millions of people, tele- stand for Ultra High Frequency, which is radio engineers' vision is not a nation-wide service. There are now language for a certain band in the radio spectrum. To only 109 television stations in the United States operat- the average American they mean more television stations ing on 12 channels. These stations all operate on what and better television service. is known as Very High Frequencies (VHF). But television channels, like radio channels, can be- come crowded. If two stations on the same frequency are too close together, one interferes with the other. Fearful that this situation might develop in the very high frequency band, the Federal Communications Com- mission in 1948 "froze" construction of new television stations. Licensing of new stations is still frozen, but FCC proposals, if adopted, will open the VHF band to some 450 more stations. When these are all on the air, FCC figures the VHF band will be just about full. The only place to find space for new television channels was to move up-into the UHF band. And it is in this band that the FCC has proposed opening up 70 new television channels, which would provide space for 1,357 UHF stations. WHAT UHF MEANS TO THE PUBLIC The opening of the UHF band, in the words of Dr. C. B. Jolliffe, Vice President and Technical Director of the Radio Corporation of America, which pioneered in the exploration of this field, "means the advent of a truly nation-wide television service, with more than 2,000 stations from coast to coast." Extensive tests by RCA and NBC prove the following points about UHF: 1. Television reception on UHF can be just as clear and stable as on VHF. In some instances it is even better, for UHF pictures are not bothered by nearby x-ray equipment, auto ignitions, neon signs or home appliances, which have been known to play hob with Demonstrating the new UHF converter VHF pictures. 14 Spartan Engineer 2. Present television sets made by RCA Victor and HISTORY other manufacturers can be readily adapted to receive both UHF as well as VHF telecasts. Many television Even before Marconi flashed his fiI'st wireless signal manufacturers, including RCA, have already demon- across the lawn of his father's estate in northern Italy strated simple converters which can be readily attached in 1896, men were curious about the action of electrical to present sets. waves in the atmosphere. Famous scientists like James Clerk Maxwell, Edouard 3. Actual construction costs for a UHF broadcasting Branly, Sir Oliver Lodge and Heinrich Hertz were station will be about the same as for a VHF station. pioneers in the field. It was Hertz, for example, who But capital outlay can be kept to a bare minimum by first learned how to create these waves. operating the UHF station as an auxiliary of the major Since then, scientists have probed deep into the VHF station; in other words, the UHF station could mysteries of how these waves are generated, propagated, receive the big station's telecasts by coaxial cable or radiated and detected. radio relay, and rebroadcast them. This would eliminate costly studio equipment and extra personnel. RCA Victor has already announced a compact UHF trans- mitter for station owners. 4. Color television can be broadcast on UHF. fre- quencies. \ BACKGROUND To understand the difference between VHF and UHF, and to understand the importance of UHF, it might be T \ well to look for a moment at the radio spectrum, as designated by the Federal Communications Commission: \ Very low frequencies 10 to 30 kilocycles Low frequencies 30 to 300 kilocycles Medium frequencies 300 to 3,000 kilocycles High. frequencies 3 to 30 megacycles Very high frequencies 30 to 300 megacycles Ultra high frequencies 300 to 3,000 megacycles UHF antennas shown left to right are: cylindrical parabolic reflector, rhombic, double fan dipole, Super high frequencies 3,000 to 30,000 megacycles UHF Yagi, a variation of UHF dipole, helical, In terms of actual wave lengths, the higher th<, stacked "V," fan dipole and corner reflector. frequency, the shorter the waves. Thus, down in the very long wave band, which is Following in the footsteps of the very early pioneers used for transoceanic wireless service, radio waves are have been the scientists and engineers of the Radio up to 10 miles in length. Corporation of America. Among them arc such men as Dr. H. H. Beverage, Dr. H. O. Peterson, Dr. George H. In contrast, the wave length of television channel 2 Brown, Dr. Irving Wolff, of RCA Laboratories, who arc in the VHF band is just under 18 feet. Channel 13 recognized authorities in the field of radio wave propa- runs about 41-2 feet. And in the UHF band, the wave gation, and O. B. Hanson and Raymond Guy of NBC, lengths vary from two feet down to 13 inches. who have done much on the practical engineering side An interesting phenomenon occurs in the radio spec- of the field. These men and the teams working with trum at a point around 25,000 kilocycles. Just below them arc constantly working to find ways to get the this frequency, extremely long distance communication fullest and most efficient use from the radio spectrum is possible; and these are the bands used for trans- as a means of communication and an aid to navigation. oceanic radio broadcasts. The earliest wireless transmissions were made on very But just over this range, in the VHF band, commun- long waves (although nobody in those days paid much ications become limited to a distance just beyond the attention to exact frequencies). But as radio and wire- horizon as seen from the top of the antenna tower. less service kept expanding, we had to move to higher The cause of this is in the stange actions of the frequencies to find unoccupied bands. ionosphere, which lies about 200 miles above the earth's It was Marconi himself, during the early twenties, surface. The ionosphere plays a big role in long distance who explored the short wave bands, and proved their short wave broadcasting, for as the short waves are adaptability to long distance transmissions. flashed into space they are reflected back to the earth's surface--thousands of miles from their point of origin- EXPLORING UHF by this layer. "Up until RCA engineers began looking into it," Waves in the VHF band-and higher-on the other according to O. B. Hanson, Vice President and Chief hand are so short that, instead of being turned back by Engineer of NBC, "the UHF band was the Antarctic of the ionosphere, they pass right through it. Thus, as the air waves. Everybody knew where it was on the far as engineers are concerned, the only important waves map of the radio spectrum, but nobody had much transmitted via VHF are those that travel in a straight practical knowledge about it." line. This is why the range of telecasts is limited- In fact, it was largely the result of RCA research depending on the height of the antenna tower and the which made possible the application of frequencies power of the transmitter. above 30,000 kilocycles to commercial service. In 1931, The extreme shortness of the waves also accounts for RCA engineered and installed the first commercial high television pictures being susceptible to "ghosts" or reflections from nearby buildings or hills. (Continued on Page 24) Jonuary, 1952 I~ NEW DEVELOPMENTS THE SUN MOTOR Motor has an estimated efficiency of one half of one percent. The only reason it works at all is because of Sunlight is power. the high efficiency design of the motor. To illustrate this fact, General Motors has put on Despite the low efficiency, engineers say that the display (see Fig. I) a Sun Motor, a device that will Sun Motor does illustrate that someday enough power convert sunlight into electrical energy. Although the can be converted from the sun's rays to run all the machine's efficiency is only about one percent, it will everyday chores of the home. In fact, they say that in operate on ordinary daylight coming through a window. a half-hour enough sunshine hits the roof of an average When sunlight is not available, the heat of a candle one-family dwelling to run all the electrical appliances or light from a 150-watt lamp will set the Sun Motor in that dwelling for a year. in motion. It in turn will spin a balsa wood wheel on the shaft of another small motor. In using the 150-watt lamp to operate the Sun Motor, light from the bulb falls on a series of photovoltaic * * * PLASTIC BLOWERS cells. A chemical reaction takes place in the cells, and induces the flow of D.C. electricity to the motor. When Plastic has found another use in the electric motor a candle furnishes the necessary power, heat from the field-replacing aluminum and bronze for blowers in flame actuates a thermopile which converts that flame small, totally enclosed, fan-cooled AC motors. heat into electrical energy. The blowers consist of a polyester resin reinforced with glass fibers. Glass fiber is used for reinforcement, rather than organic fiber, because it has greater re- sistance to chemical attack and increased strength. The plastic, although only a replacement for aluminum and bronze, makes a blower that is superior in several ways to blowers made with the critically needed metals. Unaffected by the chemical agents that attack the metals, the plastic blowers are especially adapted to re- fineries, chemical plants, and process industries where corrosive atmospheres may be present. In addition, the plastic blower is as much as one-third lighter than its metal counterparts. While the differ- ence may be just a few ounces, it reduces the inertia where frequent, rapid reversals are required. A third advantage is that the plastic blower has better resist- ance to abrasion than its predecessors. * * * VAPOR-COOLED TRANSFORMERS Using high molecular weight fluorocarbons to cool a transformer is the basis for development of a vapor- cooled, vapor-insulated transformer that is approximately If.. lighter than liquid-immersed units of equivalent rating and performance. Fluorocarbons constitute a new family of synthetic Fig. I compounds which are highly desirable for vaporization cooling because they have a suitable boiling point and heat of vaporization, and a high dielectric strength and The efficiency of the machine is such that when power high impulse strength at low pressures. In addition to comes through the photovoltaic cells, energy from the these advantages, the vaporization-cooled transformer is 150-watt lamp held six inches from the cell, will lift safer than both liquid and dry-type transformers in that the Sun Motor's output to only one-one hundredth fluorocarbons are non-flammable, even possessing fire- of a watt. When the thermopile source is used, the Sun extinguishing qualities. 16 Sperten Engineer "HEAT SEER" SPIRAL LIGHTNING ARRESTER An electric eye unit that "sees" heat helps produce Shown here (see Fig. 2) is a model of a new high- electronic tubes for defense uses in General Electric's voltage lightning arrester. Only half as tall as former Schnectady, New York plant. high-voltage arresters that required large structural The device is trained on small graphite crucibles used steel supports, the new type SV station type arrester for fusing together small tube parts. When a crucible features a zig-zag arrangement of the arrester units that is heated to a temperature of 3,500 degrees Fahrenheit eliminates the need for such supports. Lightning in the process of fusing the parts together, its color surges are carried groundward through a series of changes from a cherry red to a glowing white, too arrester units that spiral down between the three intense to be safely seen by the human eye. vertical columns. The arrester is 10 feet high, and is used on 230-kv. The electric eye, however, will detect minute changes lines. in color and intensity at high temperatures. As the crucible's color reaches a glowing white, the electric eye sends an electrical impulse to a relay which instantly cuts down the heat of the crucible by shutting off current flowing through it. The electric eye unit can be used to control tempera- tures ranging upward from 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit, with only a 15 degree leeway in accuracy by adjusting it to register graduations in color from a dull red through the "hot color" spectrum to the brightest white. * * * INTERNALLY COOLED GENERATOR COILS A new method of cooling large turbine generators will make it possible to increase ratings by as much as one half. The new cooling technique consists of blowing hydro- gen gas at high velocity through specially-constructed hollow generator coils. This brings the hydrogen, the cooling medium, in direct contact with the copper in which the heat is generated. Since this cooling method reduces to almost zero Fig. 2 the heat flow through the coil insulation, the tempera- ture of the copper coils is determined by the temperature SENSITIVE CRANE CONTROLS of the hydrogen gas and the heat transfer coefficient Crane controls so sensitive that they can regulate the from the copper to the hydrogen. Therefore, for a given movement of a 250-ton load to within one-thirty-second maximum temperature rise, it will be possible to pass of an inch have recently been tested by US Army En- more current through the coils, since the additional gineers. heat that results can be quickly dissipated. The controls are attached to cranes which raise and Internal cooling is particularly applicable to units lower the l26-ton spillway gates at McNary Dam on the of 90,000 kw and above. The improved cooling makes Columbia River. When a gate is raised, the load on the possible the construction of ratings much larger than crane approaches twice the weight of the gate because now possible with conventional hydrogen cooling. Rat- of the downward pressure of the water running under it. ings of 3600 rpm single unit generators of 250,000 to Each crane is 60 feet long, 42 feet wide and 77 feet 275,000 kw now appear possible at power factors and high. Each one runs on 16 wheels along rails placed stability characteristics suitable for the large electric 34 feet apart. utility systems. The adjustable voltage control on the cranes uses The increase in copper losses due to higher current speed-torque characteristics that inherently cause the densities is more than offset by the reduction in bearing motor to slow down in both the hoisting and lowering losses resulting from the smaller bearings required for cycle when the load is increased, without change in the the smaller rotors, and the reduction in rotor surface setting of the control. The control measures the load losses resulting from the appreciable increase in the on the motor, and adjusts the speed accordingly. The system provides a stalling torque, limiting maximum radial length of the air gap and the decrease in rotor mechanical and electrical stresses. surface area. The DC motors for the main hoist, trolley, and bridge Under present conditions, the reduction in physical drives are powered through a four-unit motor generator size of generating units for a given rating is of para- set mounted in the machinery house on the main trolley mount importance since it results in the conservation atop each crane. The set converts 440-volt AC power of the nation's two most necessary critical materials-- to DC. For simplicity of design and operation, the DC copper and steel. Higher costs per unit weight offset voltage is controlled by the generator fields, rather than any possible savings resulting from the use of smaller by resistors in series with the motor. DC solenoid amounts of copper and steel. brakes assist in spotting the load and in holding the Large capacity turbine generators units of this type, trolley and hoist drives. _ even at present costs, however, should result in lower Despite the heavy loads carried by the cranes the main overall station capital and operating costs without any hoist motor is only 60 horsepower. This power, trans- sacrifice in efficiency performance. (Continued on Page 34) January, 1952 17 ALUMNI NEWS (Contributions to this feature are welcomed. Send to Alumni News Editor c/o Spartan Engineer) Robert K. Phelps, C.E. '23, called at the Dean's Office at 3404 Dartmouth Drive, Midland, Michigan. He and recently. He is manager of the Illinois Inspection Bu- Mrs. VanHaften were homecoming callers at the Dean's reau, 309 West Jackson Blvd., Chicago, Illinois. Office. Walter Mischley, C.E. '46, formerly City Manager for Seth E. Giem, C.E. '27, is in the construction business Manistee, Michigan, has accepted a position as Chief of and his company is known as Seth E. Giem and Associ- Municipal and Commercial Facility Branch of the ates, 801 Roland St., Memphis, Tennessee. Their terri- Atomic Energy Commission. tory covers the area from the Mississippi Valley, Texas, to the Eastern Tennessee area. Wesley Carlosh, Ch.E. '46, is Technical Compounder for the B. F. Goodrich Rubber Company at Akron, Ohio, Herbert Walworth, Ch.E. '31, is director of Industrial Hygiene for the Lumberman's Mutual Casualty Co., and lives at 918 Copley Road. in Chicago 40, Illinois. John H. Douma, M.E. '46, is Project Engineer for the John H. Pomeroy, C.E. Sanitary '35, formerly with the Ford Motor Company at Dearborn, Michigan. He is doing Public Health Department at Kalamazoo, Michigan, will experimental development on drive line components. go to Araraquara, Brazil, in December where he will Charles E. Fiske, Ch.E '46, is Chief Control Chemist work at the University of Brazil, in the development for the Leonard Refining Company at Alma, Michigan. of a field training center for public health engineers. Stuart A. Hath, M.E. '41 and '46, is Air Conditioning At present he is taking special training in Washington, Engineer for the S. S. Kresge Company with headquart- D. C. Mrs. Pomeroy and their two boys will go to ers in Detroit. He is in charge of all air conditioning Brazil at a later date. and maintenance in the U. S. and Canada and has been Raymond J. Cully, C.E. '44, is Sales Engineer for with the company for the past five years. Frederick B. Stevens. His work is in the field of glazed Gerald R. Smith, C.E. '46, is Design Engineer for tile. He reports that Gilbert Diefenbacher, C.E. '44, Hamilton, Weeber and Ward in Grand Rapids, Michi- recently had a successful operation on his hip at gan. His work is in the field of Power Plant Con- Harper Hospital. struction, Water, Sewage and Municipal building. Richard H. Jones, C.E. '44, is Senior Engineer-Tech- Edward S. Humenny, Ch.E '47, is Plant and Resident nical Service for the Standard Oil Company and lives at Manager for the Synthetic Rubber Products Company in 4517 Lilac Road, South Euclid, Ohio. Los Angeles, California. He, Mrs. Humenny and Ed- F. Earl May, Ch.E '44, is a salesman for the Sealtest ward, Jr., live at 508 North Princeton Circle East, Ice Cream Company at Scranton, Pennsylvania. He says Fullerton, California. he still officiates at high school basketball games and Keith L. Hunt, Ch.E. '47, has left Ternstedt in Detroit runs around the tennis courts. He is married and has and is now living at 811 N. Scott St., Wheaton, Illinois. two sons. He is Office Manager for the Inter-Varsity Christian Thomas D. Stein, C.E. '44, has returned from Cali- Fellowship, located in Chicago. He and Mrs. Hunt, fornia and is Structural Engineer on the design of school the former Gladys M. Schriemer, '48, have a 9 months buildings for Warren S. Holmes Company in Lansing, old son, Mark Earl. Michigan. Everett R. Windahl, M.E. '47, is District Sales Manager John E. Allen, E.E. '44, has left the Philco Company for the Northwest Engineering Company in the Phila- and is now with the General Electric Company, Syracuse, delphia area and lives at 76 Meade Road, Star Route, New York. He is in the TV Development Department. Amber, Pennsylvania. He has recently moved his fam- He reports that they have a two-year old son. ily into a new home at the above address and would enjoy having any M.S.C. alumni drop in to visit George W. Betker, Jr., M.E. '44, is Research Engineer with them and see his two boys-one 6 years old and for the Ethyl Corporation, Detroit, Michigan. He is the other 3. married and has a daughter one year old. Howard Pridmore, C.E. '47, whose home is at 2216 Rev. Bettison A. Morse, M.E. '44, is now Associate Pinecrest Drive, Ferndale, Michigan, will receive his Minister for the First Baptist Church at 111 W. Monu- law degree from the University of Michigan in February. ment Avenue, Dayton 2, Ohio. He was graduated from Charles W. Bachman, M.E. '48, is Engineer for the the Divinity School, Yale University in 1949. Dow Chemical Company at Midland, Michigan. He is Frederick Buttner, Mt.E. '44, received his Doctors De- doing economy studies in power generation and fuel gree from M.LT. this past June and is now Instructor evaluation. His present address is Box 150, Midland. and Research Associate at M.LT. His residence is at the He is working on a home which he expects to get Graduate House. started in the Spring and which will be in Dow Home- William S. Coleman, M.E. '45, is Research Engineer stead No.3. with General Motors Company in Detroit, where he Roy L. Benfer, Ch.E. '48, is Technical Representative has been for the past five years. He lives at 2807 for Dow Corning Corporation, 600 Fifth Avenue, New Manchester, Birmingham, Michigan. York City, and lives on Normandy Parkway, Morris- Edward J. (Terry) Lobdell, M.E. '45, is Sales Engineer town, New Jersey. for Bradbury-Kenrick in Detroit. He was married on Fay L. Cunningham, Ch.E. '48, is Chemical Engineer March 24, 1951. Congratulations, Terry. for the Upjohn Company at Kalamazoo, Michigan. He James Van Haften, M.E. '45, is a D.esign Engineer for is assigned to the Pilot Laboratory. Dow Chemical Company at Midland, Michigan, and lives (Continued on Page 28) 18 Spartan Engineer RADIANT HEATING By LEE MAH - Sophomore E.E. The necessity of heat to keep our bodies in comfort tively lower air temperature than wall temperature. has been a problem of human beings since the beginning The radiantly heated room most nearly approximates of time. Undoubtedly, early man first relied upon the this condition. Radiant heating is directed toward the sun's radiation for warmth. With the discovery of fire- control of comfort by influencing the radiation com- making man begins his attempt at artificial heating. ponent of bodily heat output rather than by the con- Since the early man lived mostly in caves, many of vection method. them were overcome and succumbed to the poisonous In radiant panel heating the heat is transferred from gases. Later, an opening was formed in the room through the heated surfaces of the wall, floor, or ceiling and is which smoke could escape. Then the idea evidently radiated to the individual by means of heat rays. These came to these primitive men to form a hood for collecting heat rays are comparable to the sun's rays which trans- the smoke and, eventually, a chimney was made for mit the heat directly to the individual without heating conveying the smoke and creating a draft which would the air around him. draw away the smoke and gases. Our present open When the ceiling is heated to a temperature above fireplaces and chimneys are undoubtedly heirlooms that of other objects in a room, the heat will be radiated coming down from these age-old methods. from the ceiling to the objects, wall, or floor in an The Romans were one of the earliest to develop the attempt to bring these parts to the same temperature art of heating. More than 2,000 years ago they showed as the ceiling. The air in immediate contact with the prudence and ingenuity by building the hypocaust ceiling will also be heated to approximately the same systems. These were made by constructing the floors temperature by conduction. There will be only ;a slight of their buildings on a series of supporting piers about amount of convection, however, since the hot air is twelve to eighteen inches high, made with flat tiles already at the top of the room. about one-half inch thick and eight inches square. These With heating panels mounted in the floor the amount piers were placed about two feet apart and the floor of heat transferred by convection is greater than that was supported by them. Hot gases from a central fire transferred by the ceiling panels because the hot air were fed into the spaces formed under the floor until will be at the very bottom of the room. Convection they were finally led to a flue in the wall. The floor caused by wall panels is less than that of the floor surfaces were usually covered with beautifully designed panels but greater than that of the ceiling panels. patterns of mosaic. Well preserved artifacts may be Following is a table of the relative percentage of heat seen today at the Roman Baths in Bath, England, and transfer by radiation and convection: at the Baths of Caracalla in Rome. However, the walls were discolored by the burning charcoal used to make Type of surface Heat transfer by Heat transfer by the fire. This is the earliest record of man-made radiant convection, % radiation, % heating. ; Floor 50 50 For many years the art of heating a house, or build- ing, was considered so simple that it did not require Wall 43 57 scientific study. It was probably for this reason that Ceiling 30 70 technical developments in heating lagged many years. In order to develop a good heating system, one must There are many advantages which radiant heating has understand the factors involved in providing heat to over the conventional systems. First, because qf the create conditions of warmth and comfort. It has been relatively large areas of low temperature panel surface, found that the minimum normal heat developed by a a panel heated room will usually have a very uniform human being is approximately 500 Btu per hour. Of distribution of warmth and the reduction of air cur- this amount, about 100 Btu per hour are used up in rents. In a radiator heated room the radiator is usually maintaining the body in operation. The remaining 400 placed below a window. Thus air coming in through the Btu have to be dissipated in one way or another. Other- window will be warmed by the radiator. At this point wise, the body would overheat and trouble would de- will occur the greatest heat loss since the air being velop as in an internal combustion engine. Under normal warmed by the radiator is coming from a low outdoor conditions nature maintains a proper balance in dissi- temperature. The rising warm air will then circulate up to and along the ceiling and down toward the floor pating the excess heat in the following manner: 190 at points most distant from the radiator. This will result Btu per hour by radiation; 1I0 Btu per hour by con- in a noticeable difference of air temperature between vection and evaporation; 100 Btu per hour by exhalation. the ceiling and the floor. Radiant heating, being in- The objective of any heating system is to maintain dependent of air temperature, will not create this prob- the body heat loss at a level where the individual will lem. not feel cold by losing too much heat. Most conven- Secondly', since the panels are imbedded in either the tional heating systems control this by supplying heat ceiling, floor, or wall, they will not interfere with the to the individual by increasing the air temperature interior designs and decorations of a house and decrease around him. This makes up the individual's heat lost the available floor space. For example, the amount of through radiation by gaining heat through convection. space taken up by a conventional radiator, 12 inches Obviously, the most ideal heating system is the one wide and 4 feet in length, will be at least 32 cubic feet. which provides for the body's heat loss rate in proper In a room 12 feet by 14 feet with an 8 feet 6 inch balance among the three channels of heat output which ceiling that will mean about 3 percent of the room area. are radiation, convection and evaporation, and exhala- tion. A person is more comfortable in a room of rela- (Continued on Page 32) January, 1952 19 ENGIN "Miss Engineer" and Court Casey's sister at the bat. Picture taken during intermission at Engineers' Ball. Recently acquired Dilatometer used for high temperature molding sand testing in the foundry. Shell-mold demonstration at an A.F.S. meeting. 20 Spartan Engineer -Pies Enirance duct of new smokestack at power plant on South Campus. Pi Tau Sigma after recent initiation. The new smokestack in its entirety - 250 feet of brick. 1 Welding a steel entrance duct on new smokestack. January, 1952 21 studies were quickly made to decide where to locate it MORE POWER TO YOU -fortunately we had already purchased land at two (Continued from Page 9) different places. Other important decisions related to temperatures and pressures that give the highest econ- tubes, thereby improving heat transfer. Additional omy to sizes of generators and boilers ... to reheat savings result from reduced maintenance and shut-down cycles to unit operation of boiler and turbine- time. I am sure that there will be other improvements generator to 3600 rpm vs 1800 rpm and to an almost in operation of existing plants that will show worth- completely automatic type of plant. while savings. Building a new power plant means changes and I have seen boiler feed pumps as they came from the additions to parts of the transmission and distribution manufacturer wear out in two years. In our Research system. For every $1 spent for the new plant, $2 will Laboratory of forty engineers and scientists who wrestle eventually be spent in new lines, switching stations and all kinds of utility problems, there is a metallurgist substations that deliver the power to the customers. who went to work on this one. Suppliers have been assisted in developing alloys that will wear five times I could go on citing a number of examples of en- longer when used in their high pressure pumps. gineering problems that at times appeared insurmount- able, but now let's take a look at the future. When our urban load was 100,000 kilowatts and the distances not very great, we could transmit efficiently Electricity has become almost as essential to modern at the generator voltages, but as the load increased it living as food and clothing. It keeps production going became necessary to operate at higher voltages. Years in the factories, milking machines on the farms, and were spent in developing insulation, underground cables deep-freezes and furnaces in our homes. Engineers and circuit breakers that would give good service at a will keep on developing new uses which will build more transmission voltage of 24,000. As the loads grew, the electric load, and therefore more challenges for the 1200 miles of 24,000 volt cable had to be augmented electric utility industry. with higher voltage transmission. We now have fifty In the United States the industry has doubled in size miles of a 120,000 volt three-phase cable capable of during the last ten years. Engineers and managers carrying the output of two 100,000 kilowatt generators. are making their plans today for a rate of growth in the It is a long story-citing all of the problems and next twenty years as great as that of the past twenty developments that brought into successful operation this years. Under those estimates, the grand total United new high-voltage underground cable system. The cables States capacity of approximately 80,000,000 kilowatts are buried in 8-inch steel pipe covered with a coating to today will reach 200,000,000 by 1969. Property and prevent corrosion. The pipe is filled with 200 pounds plants will be worth $65 billion, and annual revenues of nitrogen pressure to improve the insulating qualities $11.5 billion. of the cable. The oil impregnated paper around each I believe that it is no secret that there are now under conductor is about the same in thickness as on the con- way long-range studies on applications of atomic energy vential 24,000 volt cable. This makes for more efficient to production of electricity. If and when that happens, dissipation of J2R losses. methods of steam generation will be changed and there Special joints and terminals had to be developed as will be new engineering and management problems. well as methods of installation. The operating and Of more immediate interest is the use of radioactive maintenance problems that continually arise with equip- isotopes as tracers. Industry is on the threshold of a new ment of this kind require the training and ingenuity of method of solving many of the engineering problems, our best engineers for their solution. and it will be a young man's field. For a long time the surburban transmission system Future growth and changes will bring opportunities handling bulk power has been a steel tower line oper- and achievements greater than I have experienced ating at 120,000 volts. We foresee the time when that during my 40 years in this business. Some of our voltage may have'to be increased to 220,000 or 287,000 engineers today feel that the engineering problems as- volts. Introducing such a change into an existing system sociated with the design, construction, operation and always brings with it new problems. maintenance of power plants and electrical systems may grow even faster than the load. Opportunities for think- In the Detroit Edison service area of 7,500 square ing up new ways of getting jobs done, and of improving miles, 23,000 miles of transmission and distribution lines service and reducing costs will go on and on. are carried on 579,000 wood poles. At one time the life of a pole was at best about 15 years. Today poles are This is an engineer's business. The job of making treated with chemicals that inhibit fungus growth. If and selling kilowatthours depends on the engineering pole life is only doubled, the savings are tremendous science all the way from the source of energy to the when you consider that it costs $150 to replace each customer's meter. Even the problems that are of an old pole. economic nature are associated with either materials Then every so often comes a problem that makes the or methods that require an engineering knowledge and day-to-day ones seem small. Since 1946 the load has background for their solution. The majority of top grown faster than any of us predicted at that time. management positions will be filled by engineers. When the Korean War hit us, we had plans for rebuild- In planning your career, keep in mind also that ing a portion of an old plant. Removing some of the the place you work and the people you work with will less efficient generators to make space for new ones have an influence on your success and happiness as well meant reducing our capacity at a time when the load as what you do. The utility industry has long been a predictions made that seem unwise. New trends in leader in employe relations and can point with pride automatic operation and defense considerations also to its achievements in that field. favored the construction of an entirely new plant at If you are looking for a challenge for your abilities, another location. Suddenly plans were shifted to build and an opportunity for a lifetime of professional growth, a new fifth plant-the first new location in over 25 those of us who are about to pass on the torch to younger years. men commend for your careful consideration this great But it takes 3 years from the time you decide to build industry. Along with glamour, there is security, and a new plant until you have it in operation. Economic with progress-stability. 22 Spartan Engineer CONFERENCE IN THE CLOUDS Among the undergraduates on any college campus, you'll find the talk reaching up to the clouds. And once in a while - in a class- room, around a study table, or even in a bull session- a really big idea is born. Big ideas come, too, from the men and women in laboratories, business offices, shops. But often these professionals are exploring a path first glimpsed in college. How do we know? Because of the many college people who have come into the Bell System, where big ideas and a lot of dreams have taken their place in progress. The human voice, carried along a wire, first across a town, then a state, a nation, and now the world. Music and pictures and things happening delivered into cities and hamlets all across the land by radio and television networks. We're always looking for the men and women who get big ideas - whether they're about people, or machines, or ways of doing things. It's the only way the Bell System can keep on giving this country the best telephone service in the world. BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM January, 1952 23 a hill whose name the RCA-NBC enginE!'!rs hoped UHF TV augured well. It was called "Success Hill." (Continued from Page 15) In the meantime, engineers from the RCA Victor Division had been applying their know-how to designing frequency network anywhere in the world, for the and building 50 experimental UHF television sets, and Mutual Telephone Company in the Hawaiian Islands. 50 converters to permit present sets to receive both In 1936, RCA completed a two-way microwave link for VHF and UHF broadcasts. The RCA Service Company commercial operations between New York and Phila- placed these sets and converters in various homes in the delphia. Bridgeport area, picked so that they would give a fair In the course of their work, RCA scientists and en- sampling of reception conditions. Regular daily records gineers have published well over a hundred technical on the performance of these sets are kept. papers on their findings in the UHF field. Much of On January 11, 1950, operating under the call letters this research has become basic information for the KC2XAK, the station inaugurated regular test pattern entire radio industry. and picture program transmission. It is the first and World War II greatly speeded up the exploration of only UHF television station to operate on a regular the higher frequencies-for radar, and direct-line, static- daily basis, a fact which was duly noted by the FCC in free communication links. its 16th annual report. But it took television-and the great postwar rush Programs do not originate at the Bridgeport station. to expand radio service-to bring the higher frequencies The images reproduced on experimental UHF television to the fore. sets are those of the regularly-scheduled programs of Because a television picture requires much more station WNBT, New York. They reach KC2XAK over information than a sound broadcast, television stations a 2000-megacycle beam from a transmitter on the 85th are big users of spectrum space. A television station floor of the Empire State Building. After the signals takes 600 times as much room in the ether as a broad- are picked up by a 6-foot parabolic antenna located cast station; it requires a band width of 6,000,000cycles on the 180-foot level of the Success Hill tower, they are (6 megacycles) compared with 10,000 cycles for standard led downward to receiving equipment in the trans- broadcast. mitter building, processed there, and then retransmitted The first step was into the VHF band. on KC2XAK's assigned frequency of 529-535 megacycles. But because the FCC must also satisfy demands from The combination of transmitter output and a high-gain, such services as government wireless, maritime radio, slot-type antenna radiates the picture signals with a air navigation, general navigation, radar, airport control power of approximately 14,000 watts. and commercial broadcasting, even space in this band To test signal strength throughout the Bridgeport began to get crowded. area, NBC engineers also installed receiving equipment It was apparent that the only place to move again and a portable antenna in a station wagon and a truck. was up. This mobile unit-<>ften accompanied by a police escort provided by the State of Connecticut-has moved up and That was why the FCC as early as 1944 set aside the down highways and parkways testing the UHF signal UHF band, from 475 to 890 megacycles for television strength in every location. broadcasting. Graphs, charts and diagrams, proving the capabilities To prove the practicality of the UHF band for tele- of UHF and comparing its performance with VHF, were vision broadcasting, RCA scientists, under the direction prepared by the engineers. As fast as information was of Dr. George H. Brown, launched a number of tests starting in 1946. collected, RCA officials made it available to the FCC, which in turn made this information available to the They wanted to find out what kind of tubes and entire industry and broadcasters from all parts of the transmitters would be needed to send out a good signal country. Members of the Commission also visited the for broadcast use. They wanted to know what kind of Bridgeport station to observe the tests first hand. transmitting and receiving antennas would be needed what kind of circuits would be needed for home tele~ In addition, RCA's competitors in the television manu- vision sets. facturing business were invited to use the Bridgeport signals to test their own experimental receivers and One field test the RCA engineers conducted was held converters. Already 64 manufacturers have taken ad- in Washington, D. C., under actual broadcast conditions. vantage of this opportunity. The results of this test led RCA officials to decide on a full-scale test in a city not adequately served by VHF. The idea was to make the station a custom-built proto- THE FUTURE OF UHF type of future commercial installations so that the results RCA officials, the FCC and the television industry would show the true possibilities of UHF television. generally agree that the Bridgeport field experiment has THE BRIDGEPORT TESTS proved eminently successful. Dr. Jolliffe says: "This pioneering station proves beyond doubt that UHF tele- The final selection was Bridgeport, Connecticut. A vision is a practical means for extending television city with a population of just over 200,000, it was on service to communities now without it. the fringe reception area for both New York and New "And make no mistake, Main Street is just as Haven television stations. The hilly countryside also anxious for television as Broadway-perhaps more so. produced the most difficult possible conditions for com- For Broadway has its shows and its lights. But for the mercial telecasting. The equipment was designed and living presence to be brought to the sitting room in a installed by engineers of the RCA Victor Division under lonely farmhouse miles from the nearest city-that is the direction of D. F. Schmit, and operated b; tech- truly pushing back the horizons of entertainment and nicians from the National Broadcasting Company, under education. the direction of O. B. Hanson. "We feel that the Bridgeport test, conducted by RCA The station was located in a small, white Cape Cod as a public service, points the way to a truly nation- cottage in Stratford, on the outskirts of Bridgeport, on wide television network." 24 Spartan Engineer Manufacturers count on Roeb.ing for ahsolutely uniform qua'ity FOR FLAPPER VALVES, shoe shanks, measuring dimensionally and mechanically uniform •.• cuts tapesl For steel rules, curtain, springs, snap springs, down machine stoppages ... minimiZes rejects. lock springs, drop wires, sinker steel and a thousand And Roebling Hat spring steel is made in a wide and one other exacting uses, Roebling high carbon range - annealed, hard rolled untempered; scaleless flat mechanical spring steel is unsurpassed. tempered; tempered and polished, blued or strawed. Roebling has one of the largest specialty wire Roebling technicians are always glad to help mills in America, and our complete facilities for choose the right Hat spring steel for top efficiency in producing flat spring 'steel give us positive control any given application. Joh~ A. Roebling's Sons over every phase of production. The Bnal product is Company, Trenton 2, N. J. * * * * - B Atlanta, 934 Avon Ave 80sfon,51 Sleeper St Chlcaf/o, 552S W. Roosevelt Rd Cincinnati, 3253 Fredonia Ave Cleveland, 701 St. Clair Ave, ,N.E. '" Denver, 4801 Jackson St '" Detroit, 915 Fisher Building'" Houston, 6216 Navigation Blvd'" 10s Angeles, 216 S. Alameda St 101M'""," '" New York. 19 Rector St '" Odessa, Texas, 1920 E. 2nd St '" PhiladelphIa, 230 Vine St '" San Francisco, 1740 17th St '" Seattle, 900 1st Ave, S. '" Tulsa, 321 N. Cheyenne St '" Export Sales Office, Trenton, N. ~. January, 1952 25 SOCIETIES SOCIETY PRESIDENTS: Do not forget to send your elected representative to a Spartan Engineer meeting in the Spartan Engineer office on Jan. 30 at 8:30 p.m. S. A. E. A dual field trip was the main activity for S. A. E. members in November. The members journeyed to De- troit on November 14 to take tours thru two Detroit PROBLEM - You are designing a machine which plants, the Chrysler plant and the Ethyl Corporation. includes a number of electrical accessories anyone The trip was capped off by having dinner at the of which can be turned on by means of a rotary Chrysler plant. switch. For reasons of assembly and wiring this More field trips are being planned for the future. switch has to be centrally located inside the machine. Your problem is to provide a means of operating the switch from a convenient outside point. How would you do it? * * * A. I. Ch. E. THE SIMPLE ANSWER - Use an S.S.White re- mote control type flexible shaft to connect the switch Two meetings were held during October and Novem- to its control knob. This arrangement gives you com- ber. plete freedom in placing both the switch and the At the October meeting plans were discussed for the control knob anywhere you want them. That's the arrangement of a field trip sometime in the near future. way one manufacturer does it in the view below of Entertainment was furnished by a representative of the part of the equipment with cover removed. manufacturers of Unibestos insulation. He covered two topics in the course of the evening, the first was "Indus- trial Insulation," the other was on the situation facing the chemical engineering graduate. Mr. H. B. Skamser, of the Engineering placement office was the speaker at the November meeting. Mr. Skamser covered the employment prospects for en- gineers and answered questions from the members concerning placement. Refreshments were served after the regular meeting. This is just one of drive problems to hundreds of remote control and power which S.S.Whlte flexible shafts provide * * * a simple answer. That's why every engineer should be A. S. C. E. familiar with these "Metal Muscles'" for mechanical bodies. 'Trademark Roq. U. S. Pat. Off. and elsewhere The American Society of Civil Engineers has been very busy during the months of October and November. WRITE FOR BULLETIN 5008 At the October meeting they were enlightened with a talk by Mr. H. E. Sponberg of the M.S.C. placement It gives essential facts and engineer- bureau on the method of obtaining jobs and the present ing data about flexible shafts and job opportunities. their application. A copy is yours "Employment in the Construction Industry" was the free for asking. Write today. subject of a talk at the November meeting. The speaker was Mr. George Combs, Secretary of the 'Association of General Contractors, Michigan section. Following the talk by Mr. Combs a movie depicting the construction of the United Nations building was THEcA~ DENTAL MFG. CO. INDUSTRIAL A- Dept. C, tHYISION 10 East 40th St. _ shown. Plans have been made for the future to arrange for a man from the Michigan State Highway Department to • NEW YORK 16, N. Y. speak on the opportunities for civil engineers with the highway department. 26 Spartan Ensineer GIGANTIC Towering high above the many pipes and towers that dot the Midland, Michigan horizon is one of Dow's newest additions to its vast supply of technical equipment ... the new 207 foot, 400 ton Hypersorber. Erected in April of 1951, it is used for the separation of light hydrocarbon gases. Because of its huge size, transporting it from Cartaret, New Jersey, where it was made, to Midland was a difficult problem. Finally it was decided to transport it in two sections, on specially built, low slung rail cars. It was transported only in the daytime and moved no m"orethan 100 miles per day. For the erection of this tall tower, special 190 foot vertical steel columns were employed, as well as two hoisting steam engines controlling % of a mile of cable, eight sheaved blocks and 17 one- inch cables. The largcst single drum evcr erected in onc piecc, the Dow Hyper- sorber is part of thc continual program of development and expan- sion of tcchnical and plant facilitics taking place at Thc Dow Chemical Company ... cxpansion necessitatcd by growing demands for its high quality chemicals by industries throughout the world. Dow's hoole/.', .. Opportunities with The Dow Chemical Company," especially written for those a bout to enter the chemical profession, is available free, upon request. Write to The Dow Chem- ical Company, Technical Employment, Midland, Michigan. THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY Midland, Michigan January, 1952 27 and working with the contractors on the project. He ALUMNI NEWS may be reached at 623 N. Stadium Drive, Xenia, Ohio. (Continued from Page 18) Lt. j. g. William E. Pearson, '49, is stationed on the - -'l! Gen. U. S. S. Mann (T-AP-1l2). His work is in the field Merthyn E. Evans, E.E. '48, is Electrical Engineer for of propulsion engineering, and his home is at 646 General Electric Company and lives at 2205 Brooklyn, Mandana, Oakland, Californ!a. Fort Wayne, Indiana. He has one daughter two years Pfc. Theodore V. Seling, '49, is employed by the Signal old. Corps' Evans Laboratory. His address is 9471st TSU, Evans Signal Lab., Belmar, New Jersey. 2nd Lt. Charles J. Stahl, '49, is also in the Signal Corps. * * * He is now stationed in Japan. 1st Lt. Theodore E. Thompson, '49, was recalled to ENGINEERS IN SERVICE active duty March 26, 1951. He is now stationed with Btry. B, 235th F. A. Obsn. Bn., Camp McCoy, Wisconsin. 2nd Lt. Carl E. Christenson, '49, is stationed at the Robert L. Tripp, SN, '49, is on leave of absence from Lackland AFB in San Antonio, Texas. He may be the Ford Motor Company. He is presently stationed reached through his home address, 22919 Hayes, East on the U. S. S. Siboney, CVE, and working with radio Detroit, Mich. communications. Lt. William W. Covey, '49, is with the lIth Airborne Lt. Donald L. Welling, '49, is a battery commander, Division in EI Paso, Texas. Called into the army in Btry A, 2nd Tng. Bn., FARTC, Fort Sill, Oklahoma. He October of 1950, he is assigned as a platoon leader. works as an instructor for basic trainees and survey Lt. George A. Custer, '49, is executive officer of Co. B, specialists. 35lst Inf., APO 209, New York, New York. Believed to Lt. Mark M. Frimodig, Ch.E. '50, Co. L., 35th Inf. Reg., be located in Trieste. A.P.O. 25, San Francisco, California, was seriously Lt. j. g. Downing L. Jewell, '49, is a naval aviator. His wounded in the neck in Korea about Oct. 26. His work, varying from flying in hurricanes to adminis- parents report that they have heard from him recently trative, will carry him to VP 23 in Miami, Florida. Lt. and that he is recovering satisfactorily. Jewell suggests that there are many openings in his 2nd Lt. William G. Clemons, M.E. '50, Hq. FEAF, "company" for those interested. A. P. O. 925, San Francisco, California, has just informed Edward Lan, '49, is in the U. S. army. He gives no the Dean's Office of his new address. address on the card returned to the Dean's Office. 2nd Lt. Jack Marsh, Ch.E '50, is also enroute to 2nd Lt. Donald T. Lowe, '49, is doing work on an Korea. He called at the Dean's Office during the Thanks- aeronautical power plant project for the U. S. Air Force. giving holidays. His wife and young son will live at His work includes developing engine lubrication systems Ravenna, Michigan. DISTEL HEATING COMPANY Established 1922 Air Conditioning Power Plants Plumbing Refrigeration Industrial Piping 1120 Sheridan Heating P. O. Box 298 LANSING, MICHIGAN Automatic Sprinklers 28 Spartan Engineer This is a Torrington Needle Bearing Designed for Today's Needs and Tomorrow's Trends- Needle Bearings Offer A Unique Combination of Advantages The Torrington Needle Bearing has with its turned-in lips provides a be hardened and ground to proper two component parts-the full com- natural reservoir for the lubricant. dimensions. However, where it is de- plement of relatively small diameter, Thus the needle rollers turn in an sirable to use an unhardened shaft, thru -hardened, precision -ground oil or grease bath and continually an inner race can be supplied. rollers and a case hardened retain- bring up a fresh film of lubricant- ing shell by which they are held. insuring rotation of all moving For Modern Design The bearing is a complete unit in members on a fluid film. Where the efficiency of anti-friction itself, and is easily pressed into posi- operation is desired, and where tion in a bore machined to proper Low Cost space, weight and cost are vitally dimensions. The advantages of this The size of the Torrington Needle important considerations, Needle unit construction in simplifying in- Bearing, coupled with the simplicity Bearings provide a logical answer. stallation and speeding assembly of its construction, makes it a com- That's why you will find them are readily apparent. paratively inexpensive anti-friction used in an ever-growing list of unit. Its compact size encourages applications. High Radial Capacity simplified design which requires less This is one of a series of adver- Of special importan~e is the high material in surrounding compon- tisements designed to give you the capacity of the Torrington Needle ents. This also contributes to further latest engineering information on Bearing. This efficient anti-friction cost reductions. Needle Bearings. Should you have unit can carry a greater radial load The shaft serves as the inner race occasion to work with bearing de- than any other bearing of compar- in the majority of Needle Bearing sign or wish more information, write able outside diameter due to the applications and therefore should our engineering department. large number of rollers. The small THE TORRINGTON COMPANY cross section of the bearing allows a Torrington, Conn. South Bend 21, Ind. District Offices and Distributors in Principal Cities of United States and Canada large shaft which permits a rigid de. sign with minimum shaft deflection. Efficient Lulrrication TORRINGTOrf NEEOL~EARlNGS The method of lubrication is an. other feature of the Torrington NEEDLE. SPHERICAL ROLLER. TAPERED ROLLER. STRAIGHT ROLLER. BALL. NEEDLE ROLLERS Needle Bearing. The retaining shell 29 January, 1952 ;... ~ ~ .....= ~ ~ ~ '"~ ~ = ~ ," ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r-F,e/' \ -~- ~ ~ ~ .....= \ .. '" Cl Cl Cl ;; cli ~ ~ ~ 30 Spartan Engineer Behind Every Success There's PLANNING by H. V. FULLER, Supt. Time Study and Planning Dept. General Machinery Division, ALLIS-CHALMERS MANUFACTURING COMPANY (Graduate Training Course 1939) H. V. FULLER Pufacturing is machinery-and LANNING an important part of man- engineering drawings and material specifi- range of products from small V-belt of build- cations. And from this data we plan the sheaves to massive crushers, steam and ing a career, too. This planning, however, sequence of manufacturing operations- hydraulic turbo-generating units, cement must be based on information and ex- determine the equipment and tooling kilns, sewage pumps, motors, flour mills, perience. You don't always have all the required, and set up time standards for and power transformers. facts about industry that you need at the each operation. time you leave engineering school and You can get some idea of the volume Look Before You Decide start planning your own future. At least, of work from the fact that our West Allis As a Graduate Training Course engineer that's the way it was with me when I got Machinery Division shops ship an aver- here you may become interested in manu- my degree in Mechanical Engineering at age of eight million pounds of finished facturing. There's a great need for trained University of Wisconsin in 1936. machinery per month-representing a engineers in this work. Or, you may find your interest lies in some other field- designing, research, sales, personnel, ser- vice anderection. In any case, theGraduate Training Course gives you a chance to look them .all over, gain practical first- hand experience, plan your career on a sound basis of knowledge. Do Your Onn Planning The course is flexible-you help plan it yourself and can change it as new interests or opportunities develop. There's no other spot in industry that offers such a wide range of experience-so many choices for a career. If you want to get further details as to qualifications, salary and operation of the course, get in touch with any Allis- New 30-ft. boring mill now operating in Allis-Chalmers' West Allis shops. It supplements Chalmers district office. Probably the older, slower 40 ft. mill, and greatly increases capacity on big, heavy work. Both mills are manager was a G T C himself. Or, write scheduled practically around the clock, seven days a week. for literature. I took a job with a big manufacturer, but within a year the work I was doing ended, and my employers referred me to the Allis-Chalmers Graduate Training Course. I enrolled in 1937-and then my knowledge of industry really began to grow. There was the usual round of the plant-shops, offices, various departments One of the three 6000 -where I saw a wide range of work at kw 3-machine AlIis- Chalmers motor-gen- first hand. I worked with steam turbines, erator sets in large pump testing, and on the electrical test Eastern steel mill. floor. About half way through the two- These units provide year course I got really interested in the direct current for manufacturing side of the business. After motors driving 68- four months of plant layout work I went inch hot strip mill. to the Time Study and Planning Depart- ment, and finished out my course there in 1 1939. In 1945 I became Superintendent. This Is the Starting Point In this department we really start the manufacturing operation. We're given the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company, ALLIS-CHALMERS Milwaukee I, Wisconsin January, 1952 31 ductors must be imbedded within either the floors, ceil- RADIANT HEATING ings, or walls, suitable materials must be used to prevent (Continued from Page 19) the very serious condition which will occur if the pipes begin to fail because of corrosion or because of the breaking down of .the material caused by strains set In many cases, the radiator which uses up to as high up by unequal expansion and contraction between the as 7 percent of the room area, will interfere with metal and the material in which it is imbedded. Heat furniture arrangement. Also, the low panel temperature may be carried in the form of hot air ducts, hot water (120 F maximum) allows full freedom of decorative 0 pipes, steam pipes, or electric conductors. Secondly, treatment. Window draperies, and venetian blinds can any alterations or changes of design in the house will be put up without the interference of radiators. be either limited or become a problem after the panels A third advantage of radiant heating resides in the are once installed. fact that greater cleanliness in enclosed spaces is ob- However, the most important factor in the determina- tained. This is because with the lower temperature and tion of a good heating system is in the comfort that it greater areas involved in radiant heating, there are very provides. What exactly is comfort as related to keeping low velocity convection currents. Everyone has noticed oneself warm and what conditions provide for this the discoloration that appears on walls and ceilings comfort? above conventional radiators. This effect is caused by Comfort is defined as the condition to which an in- convection currents resulting from the temperature con- dividual might be exposed which would render the centration present in the radiators. The absence of temperature correcting elements of the brain quiescent. these high convection currents entirely eliminates In other words, a condition that would coordinate with streaking and dust deposits on walls and the ceiling. the body's natural heat output rate and not demand the With the elimination of the radiator under the window, nerves and muscles of the body to adjust to the lack of the draperies are kept far cleaner, so that actually the radiation or convection. Actually, no single heating time and expense involved in winter housecleaning can system will satisfy completely this requirement. But be reduced two-thirds with a radiant heating system. radiant heating because of the fact that it influences The suppression of air currents throughout the room, the largest single component of bodily heat output, the as effected by radiant heating, has a direct bearing on radiation component, and because it operates with very health, not only from the stand-point of eliminating little dependence on air temperature and, therefore, re- noticeable drafts, especially along floors, but also be- duces air current only to that which is required for cause there is far less tendency for germ-laden dust normal air circulation, is most in accordance with the particles to be picked up from the floor and circulated three channels of bodily heat output, radiation, convec- about the house. tion and evaporation, and exhalation. Radiant heating The disadvantages of radiant panel heating are, first, is, in fact, a distinctly different method of providing the high cost of installing the system. Since the con- comfort from any of the now known systems. NEW BROWN & SHARPE HAND SCREW MACHINES Handle Short-Run Jobs More Profitably Nos. 00, 0 and 2 Brawn & Sharpe Hand Screw Machines produce small-quantity bar-stock and sec- ond-operation jobs with high economy and efficiency. Write for detailed literature on these modern cost- cutting machines which' take stock from %" to 1" diameter. Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., Providence 1, Rhode Island, U.S.A. BROWN & SHARPE [1Il~ 32 Spartan Engineer adds up to Millions Perhaps you've noticed that lamp bases, tradi- We tested samples, changed alloys, varied tionally made of brass, now are being made of tempers, rolled different thicknesses. Lamp manu- aluminum. There's a story behind this change and facturers tried each, until one met all requirements. it tells a lot about the kind of jobs going on at Our development men worked long hours to get Alcoa. the right solder and flux to join the side wire to the It started several years ago when engineers of base. Adapted them to the high-speed, lamp- two leading lamp manufacturers agreed with our making machines. suggestion that bases of aluminum would cost less. All this time, the manufacturers had aluminum "But will they be as good ... will we have to bases installed in seacoast and industrial atmos- revise our methods?" they asked. pheres. Our laboratories ran other tests on lit and The potential savings, a few mills per lamp times unlit lamps under corrosive conditions. After 1~ the 830 million sold each year, made finding the years the reports came in: Aluminum bases answers worth-while. Together we started two measured up in every respect: conductivity, cor- long-range research projects. One, to test aluminum rosion resistance, ease of installation and removal. alloys in the weather, fumes and years of standing This is typical of the research and development idle that lamps must endure. The other, to find the jobs now underway at Alcoa. And others are wait- alloy that would take five progressive draws, then ing for the men with the skill and imagination to thread rolling and finally, the high temperature of tackle them. ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA, the red-hot glass that is poured in the base. 1825 Gulf Building, Pittsburgh 19, Pennsylvania. ALUMINUM COMPANY O' AM.RICA Jenuery, 1952 33 NEW DEVELOPMENTS L Beginning Its (Continued from Page 17) mitted through an extensive gear train, permits a maxi- 37th Year A mum speed of four feet per minute when the main hoist is under full load handling the spillway gates. Also there is an auxiliary trolley, with hoist that can of SuccessFul N Stamping handle 15-ton loads at approximately 20 feet per min- ute. Counter torque AC control with wound rotor motors is employed. This hoist will be used to pick up debris lodged against the up-stream face of the dam, S Service and to service the deck. I * * * STUDY OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS N Deadly radioactive materials, hidden behind a thick concrete wall, can now be safely studied and photo- graphed under a microscope by atomic scientists, using a G new instrument. The instrument is a special microscope for examining the structure of metals, combined with camera, peri- scopes and an illuminating system, in such an arrange- ment that light can get in and out through the thick walls of the test chamber, but dangerous radiations S from the radioactive specimens are completely blocked. Operated by remote control, the instrument permits atomic researchers to work in complete safety. A system of remotely controlled "mechanical hands" are T used to place the specimen in position, and to remove them after examination. Light for illumination of the specimen comes from an A arc lamp outside the thick-walled test chamber, and goes into the chamber through a lens system placed in a tubular hole through the wall. The light is reflected M from the specimen, and comes out again through another series of lenses, to form the magnified image. Both lens systems are offset by means of mirrors, p which change the light path from horizontal to vertical, and then back to horizontal again. Radio-active radia- tions from inside the test cell are not reflected and cannot get around the offset. If the tube were straight, Serving Manufacturers of I however, they might be able to emerge through the opening for the lenses. In using the microscope, which extends into the test AUTOMOBILES chamber, the specimen is placed on the microscopic AGRICULTURAL N stage. Looking through a single eyepiece, the operator employs the remote controls to get the specimen adjusted and properly focused. Then the visual eyepiece is ex- EQUIPMENT INDUSTRIAL G changed for a photographic one, and the' camera is swung into position to make the photograph. At the lowest power, the instrument shows the speci- EQUrPMENT men in its actual size, without any magnification, whereas 1,000 diameters magnification may be obtained with the DOMESTIC highest power. These different powers are achieved EQUIPMENT by the use of several objective lenses for the microscope, LAWNMOWERS ( which are mounted on revolving turret and can be swung into place, again by remote control, as desired. o The objectives are so adjusted that it is not necessary to refocus when changing from one power to another. 1159 Pennsylvania Polarized light, consisting of vibrations in a single Avenue plane, as opposed to ordinary light in which the vibra- tions are in many different directions, is invaluable in the study of metals, and may also be used. This is made Lansing, Michigan • possible by a light-polarizing slide in the path of the light from the illuminator. By remote control the slide may be placed in Qf O\lt ()f po~ition as desired. Spartan En~ine~r • • Three dots in Morse Code - sent from England and received by Marconi in Newfoundland - proved that' wireless signals could span the Atlantic. Three dots that opened a new era t • Continue your education with pay-at RCA Graduate Electrical Engineers: RCA Victor-one of the world.s foremost manu- facturers of radio Rnd electronic products -offers you opportunity to gain valuable, wellarounded training and experience at a good salary with opportunities for ad- When Marconi, on December 12, 1901, panded hy invention and development of the vancement. Here arc only five of the many heard a "3-dot" radio signal-the letter electron tuhe, the harnessing of short waves projects which offer unusual promise: which made world-wide transmission a reality, • Development and design of radio re- "S" in Morse Code-across 1,800 miles of and the automatic transmission and reception ceivers (including broadcast, short.wnve and F?\.f circuits, television, nod phono- sea, it was an experimental triumph that of messages at high speed. graph combinations). opened a new era in communications . Radio, with its magic of spoken words and music • Advanced development and design of AM and FM broadcast transmitters, R-F Before this historic event, wireless teleg- broadcast over the world ... television, the miracle induction heating, mobile communications of pictures in motion transmitted through the air •.. equipment, relay systems. raphy had been limited primarily to commu- these mediums of modem communications have • Design of component parts such as nications between the shore and ships at sea. added notable links in the chain of electronic ad- coils, loudspeakers, capacitors. Marconi's success, however, was the fore- vances first forged in 1901 from the mere sound • Development and design of new re- of three dots. cording and producing methods. runner of many other developments which led eventually to ReA world-wide radio- • • • • Design of receiving, power, cathode ray. gas and photo lu bes. Write todny to College Relatioru Dioi- telegraph service that now operates more See the latest wonders in radio, television, and elec- sion, RCA Victor, Camden, New leney. tronics at RCA Exhibition Hall, 36 W. 49th St., N. Y. Also many opportunities for l\fechanical than 80 direct circuits to 67 countries. Admission is free. Radio Corporation of America, and Chemical Engineers and Physicists. As radio progressed, its usefulness Wll5 ex. RCA Building, Radio City, New York 20, N. Y. RADIO eORPORAPION aF AMERleA World Leader in Radio - Hrsr in 7e/evislon January, 1952 3S While out of town, a stingy husband sent his wife, as a SIDETRACKED token of his affection, a check for a million kisses. His wife, a little annoyed that the gift wasn't a real check, Skeleton-a stripteaser who overdid it. sent back a postcard which read: "Dear Jim: Thanks for the birthday check. The * * * Landlady: "A chemist formerly occupied this room, milkman cashed it for me this morning." sir. He invented an explosive." New roomer: "Ah! I suppose those spots on the ceiling * * * Lonely baby chick taking a look around the electric are the explosive?" incubator full of unhatched eggs: "Well, it looks as if Landlady: "No. Them's the chemist!" I'll be an only child. Mother's blown a fuse." * .* * * * * An old Indian couple who had never been off the Answer to question on physics test: A meter is the reservation before decided to have a fling, take a vaca- distance between two bars in Paris. tion, and stay at a white man's hotel. Their first night there the old brave awoke and growled, "Ugh, me heap thirsty-go get water." The * * * Fie upon thee, little man With thy slide rule in thy hand; squaw obediently padded down the hotel corridor and Seated at your work all day disappeared; soon she came back with a little envelope While your roommates drink and play; of water. Satisfied, he returned to sleep but woke up Throwaway your cams and charts later and made the same request again. The squaw un- complainingly got up and went down the corridor again. Now's the time to switch to arts. After a long time she returned empty-handed. The brave scowled at her, "Ugh, why no water?" "Ugh, heap big white chief sitting on well." * * * "You don't love me any longer. I'm going home to mother." "Don't trouble yourself. I'll go home to my wife." * * * Horatio: "We're not making any money on this amphitheater." * * * Just as the bus was about to pull away from the curb, Nero: "Yeah, the lions are eating up all the prophets." a feminine voice was heard pleading, "Just a minute, please. Wait till I get my clothes on." Every eye in * * * A street cleaner was fired for daydreaming-he the crowded bus swivelled expectantly. What they saw, however, was merely an attractive young lady struggling couldn't keep his mind in the gutter. onto the bus with a large bundle of laundry. BARNSTEAD DEMINERJ\LllERS When manufacturing processes reo quire only high-test mineral-free water, Barnstead Demineralizers are the best producers ..• 5c per 1000 gallons of demineralized water with a minimum of supervision and maintenance. Barn- stead Demineralizers increase produc- tion, reduce rejects and insure better products control. 7080 36 Spllrtlln Engineer What's Happening at CRUCIBLE about permanent alnico magnets By varymg the number and strength of the magnets, almost any desired degree of adhesion can be obtained. In laboratory tests a light.weight plastic "Scout" loco- motive whose normal train load is 4 cars, was able, after installation of proper magnets, to pull a train of 24 cars, an improvement of 600%. A heavy miniature locomotive Diagram shows how magnetizing force is supplied by external sta- tionary Crucible permanent magnet and non-magnetic RAIL axle. Wheels are AAIL CAOSSI"" sinlered steel. Actual size Lionel truck body showing two Crucible alnico pulled 28 cars instead of its usual load of 7 cars. Then bar magnels in place. too, locomotives unable to start a normal 4 or 5 car train on greater than I degree slope were able with the special magnet assembly to pull them from a dead start up a 5° slope, while the new twin.motor Lionel Pennsy GG.l scooted up a 15° slope (i.e. 37% grade) without Lionel uses Crucible Alnico in new any apparent difficulty. Crucible's part was twofold. Not only were Crucible locomotive design metallurgists and engineers active in the initial design, but Crucible production experts precision cast these bar The Lionel Corporation, big name electrical toy manufacturer, magnets using plastic patterns. This is an innovation in has pioneered in the design of miniature locomotives for alnico magnet mass production. Commonly, alnico is table.top railroading. One of the principal aims of this design made in sand molds, and usually requires a great deal of is to achieve the highest possible degree of adhesion between finishing, but with precision.cast alnico magnets expen. the driving wheels and the track. sive machining is cut to a minimum. Lionel experimented with a conventional method of increas- ing the traction (i.e. load up the driving axles with ballast weights) ••• and then turned to magnetic materials. En~ineerin~Service Available Crucible alnico specialists were called in. Working in close cooperation with Lionel engineers, the Lionel "l\Iagne- Your permanent magnet problem will receive the same Traction" locomotive was born. As the name implies, "l\Iagne- experienced consideration from Crucible's unsurpassed Traction" utilizes magnetic attraction between powerful staff of metallurgists and production specialists. Please Crucible alnico bar magnets placed in close proximity with give full details. Crucible Steel Company of America, the wheels. General Sales Offices, Oliver Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. CRUCIBLE first name in special purpose steels Midland Works. Midland, Pa •• Spaulding Works, Harrison, N. J. Park Works, Pittsburgh. Pa. Spring Works, Pittsburgh, Pa. National Drawn Works, East Liverpool, Ohio Sanderson.Halcomb Works, Syracuse, N. Y. Trent Tube Company, East Troy, Wisconsin January, 1952 37 Staff Positions are now available on SPARTAN ENGINEER Leave your name, address, and phone number in Spartan Engineer • ALBANENE, • a K&E product, is the preferred tracing paper In thousands of drafting rooms. It is transparentized, not with office on the third floor of the messy oils that leak, but with a special synthetic trans- parentizer developed by K&E. ALBANENE does not turn brittle or lose its transparency with time. After years it is as Union Building. good as new. "Trade Mark@ KEUFFEL & ESSER CO. lST. tee7 NEW YORK " HOBOKEN, N. J. Chlcogo • St. Louis" Detroit" San>Francisco" LosAngeles • Montreal LINDELL Esta blished 1910 DROP FORGE~COMPANY Incorporated 1923 Manufacturers of H IG H G RA D E D R0 P F OR GIN G S 2830 SOUTH LOGAN LANSING 3, MICHIGAN TELEPHONE 4-5403 38 Spartan Engineer RALPH HANSEN of Green Bay, Wisconsin,a Standard Oil lubrication engineer, consults with the operator of a midwest machine shop. His recommendation lengthened by 50% the life of the cutting tools used in the automatic screw machines. The longerperiod betweenshutdowns meant higher production levels. How lubrication engineers help save industry's costliest commodity IN TODAY'S RACE for greater production, volving not only machine tools but also time has become one of industry's costli- diesels, turbines, gear drives, electrical ma- est commodities. Save time and you save chinery-just about everything. They deal real money. The right cutting oil enables with equipment working under extreme tools to hold their edge longer, and also lets heat, cold, moisture. They help select cut- them cut faster while they are at work. ting oils, drawing compounds, and temper- These savings in time are a significant con- ing oils. tribution to American industry's race with New machines and new operations create civilian and preparedness requirements. new lubrication problems: Ways must also Such was the contribution made by Ralph be found to keep old machines at peak per- Hansen. And it isjust one example. Standard formance. Here is a real challenge to lubri- Oil's lubrication engineers daily help main- cation engineering know-how. tain production capacity in many industries. Standard Oil lubrication engineers take They are college-trained men with advanced real pride in their training and experience study in Standard Oil's own lubrication en- which enable them to make countless con- gineering school. So, they are equipped to tributions to the smooth running of the help solve a great variety of problems-in- national economy. )anuary, 195~ 39 Little Johnny, with a grin A woman surprised her husband in a bar, sampled Drank up all his father's gin; his drink, make a wry face and demanded, "How can His mother laughed to see him plastered, you drink sueh horrible stuff?" Said, "Come to bed, you little darling." "See!" exclaimed the husband with injured dignity. "And all the time you thought I was having fun." *. * * A frosh was getting ready to go to a dance, and his house mother notic~d that he got dressed in record * * * Bride: "What's the best way to protect a wedding time. "Son," she asked accusingly, "Did you take a ring?" bath?" Mother: "Dip it in dishwater three times a day." "No mom," came the reply. "Now listen, son," she demonstrated. "You wouldn't go to a dance without taking a bath, would you?" * * * "Has your boy friend's English improved any?" "Sure," replied the frosh. "It isn't formal." "Well, he stilI ends every sentence with a proposition." Ohm to Amp-"Wire * * * you so revolting?" * * * An Englishman was conversing with a clerk in the Ambassador Hotel. "Here's a riddle," said the clerk. * * * An enemy, I know, to all "My mother gave birth to a child. It was neither my brother nor my sister? Who was it?" Is wicked, wicked alcohol. "I can't guess," said the Englishman. The Good Book, though, commanded me Clerk: "It was 1." To learn to love my enemy. "Haw! Haw!! Very clever-I must remember that." The Englishman then told the story at his club: "Here's * * * Bars are something which, if you go into too many of, a riddle, old chap. My mother gave birth to a child who was neither my brother nor my sister. Who was it? you are apt to come out singing a few of, and maybe What? You can't guess. Do you give up?" land behind some of. "Yes." "Haw! It was the clerk at the Ambassador Hotel." * * * Beginner at fishing: "Oh, I've got a bite. What do I do?" Her husband: "Reel in your line." * * * Most of us make good money, but not enough of it. Beginner: "I've done that, the fish is tight against the end of the pole. What do I do next?" Helpful husband: "Hold it, I'll elimb up the rod and * * * Applicant: "I'm Gladys Zell." stab it." Personnel Manager: "I'm happy myself. Have a seat." DAIL STEEL PRODUCTS CO. Incorporated 1913 Manufacturers of Metal Stampings and Assembly Work lANSING I, MICHIGAN Spartan Engineer o liS 1/ 6pas . _ ~ A-6 11-13 A-13 11-/3 A-!3QIt fr~ Pre tJ-(. I!rt: /3-(., Photography ••• the engineer's partner all along the way • Photography proves itself an important and valuable ally all through engineering. Its speed in copying and reproducing data saves valuable time. Its use in radiography and instrument recording improves manufacturing processes and finished products. High speed Here photographic oscillograph traces become an indisputable part of movies help solve design problems. an engineer's notes, recording the Applications of photography in science and industry are effect of a new electronic circuit steadily multiplying. This has attracted graduates in the physi- clement on wave form. This record of performance stands ready for new cal sciences and engineering to find positions with the Eastman c\'aluatioil at any time. Kodak Company. If you are interested, consult your placement office about arranging an interview with an Eastman represent- ative, or write direct to Business and Technical Personnel De- partment, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester 4, N. Y. FUNCTIONAL PHOTOGRAPHY serves industrial, commercial, and scientific progress TRADE-MARK We conducted a polr of '41 graduates to find ouf HOW HAVE THEY MADE OUT IN 10 YEARS WITH GENERAL ELECTRIC? Here are the results: press three main benefits derived fcom thc G-E rotational job programs: 1. TRAINING. Un the average. college graduate,. who came with Gencral Electric in 1941 have taken betwcen a. They provided opportunities lor deciding on a deli~J three and four Company-run training courscs. Some have nite field of interest. Typical comment: "I didn't kno" taken as man\' as sevcII'. These have included courses in what kind of work I wanted to do. Rotating assignments business managcmcnt and ilccounting, in sales. manufac. helped me make up my mind." turing, and in many phases of engineering. Graduates reo b. They complemented college traullng with practical port' thaI this training has been a big help in furthering experience. "They helped me realize methods of manu. their careers. As one cxpressed it: "These courses are facture and testing of different apparatus." essential to certain fields of endeavor--so essential I am c. They provided valuable associations and contacts. ,;till signing up for additional cour!'\es," "Changing jobs five times brought me a variety of friends and contacts I'm still grateful for." Other comments: "These program,; are not the purely academic ones of school days. They are practical, interest. 3. PROGRESS AND ADVANCEMENT. lill pcr cenl reported that they felt their progress in General Electric ing. enable one to do a better job and enjoy it more.'~ has been satisfactory. Nine per cent described their progress "The G-E Sales Training Program was definitely instru. a~ f(average~ 80-50 .." with three per cent reporting u un_ mental in helping me find my presenl position." The train. satisfactory. " ing programs have been a very essential link between my college training and my present work." "I wish I could Comments: "It's becn 110 Horatio Alger success story. have known then how valuable these courses were going' but I feel pretty good about it." "If next 10 years have to be later." "They confirmed my original opinion that the same trend, will be very happy." "Satisfactory and G.E. offered the best trainir,g for engineers." entirely fair." "I don't know anyone on the outside who has done any better in the same time." "Satisfactory. 2. EXPERIENCE. These graduates have had an average I've been a G.E salesman, field engineer, and am now of three different rotating assignments in various phases group leader in a G-E design engineering department." of the Company's work. A typical example included assign. "I have felt like a kid in a candy story owned by his ments in radio test, in motors and generators. and in the father. There are lots of choices and his only problem is industrial control development laboratory. Graduates ex. to pick out what he likes best." *Fads and statements in -this advertisement were compiled from a questionnaire submitted to '41 graduates still with General Electric. Participants returned questionnaires unsigned, enabling them to be full and frank in their answers. r:foa (XNt #~ ~~ VR_ GENERAL. ELECTRIC