IOVEMBER , 1952 Vol. 6 No.1 Twenty Five Cents ~ , s1Jc.i.p · efV -tiJe )s/i;n j~ 'V~_ ~.v OK)J 'YlO.lrJrQlJr ) ) • Threading its way th~'ough a gi- gantic continuous-anneahng fu.mace ••• at 1000 feet at speeds up to 1000feet p~r minute, steel strip behaves erratically. It tends to wander and weave. It fouls the rolls. Sometimes it b~e~ks.Then per minute! production on a mu!ti-mllhon-dollar unit, designed for lugh-speed opera- tion, Blowsdow!l or stops dead ... a very costly bUSiness. To solve this problem-to keep strip from running crook.ed-all sorts of schemes have been tned; crown.ed rolls, higher tension on the stnp, side guides. None of them worked as hoped for. E.ach mer~ly added n~w problems of It~ own. ro make mat- ters worse, with recent trends to longer strip, ~o hi.gher speeds a~d longer proce~lng .hnes, ~hese track- ing and aligmng difficulties were fur- ther aggravated. liant application of basic engi!leering principles-is full of pro.mlse not But the answer has been found. only for continuous stnp hnes of all In the development of the Lorig kinds but wherever production de- Aligner, United States Steel h~s pend~ on accurate trac~ing of ~he come up with a novel, yet surpns- material. In other words, If centermg ingly simple solution. For these rolls, and alignment is the problem, the named for the inventor-a U. S. Lorig Roll is literally the key to con- Steel engineer-are automaticc:lly self tinuous high-speed production. centering. Set in the contmuous- annealing line shown here, they n~w The Lorig Aligner is another ex- track the strip-no matter what Its ample of United States Steel's active speed-relentlessly toward the cen- research program which has enabled (pr of the roll. These remarkable rolls countless manufacturers to improve e~cn anticipate trouble and realign their production methods and make wayward strip 30 feet before it better products in the bargain. In reaches the roll. the fieldand in research laboratories, The resul!'! Clean, bright strip, trained U. S. Steel engineers and flat and undamaged, uniformly and metallurgists are working to help perfectly annealed, reeling off the make the manufacture of steel-and delivery end at the rate of 1000 feet its use-more efficient. per minute. United States Steel Com- pany, 525 William Penn The U'S'S Lorig Aligner-a bril- Place, Pittsburgh 30, Pa. THEU'S'S lORIG ALIGNERconsists of a divided roll (conical effect exaggerated at the rilit"ht)with each conical half running on a common rotating axle that is 8li~htly deflected in the center 80 that the upper surfaces of the cones form a straight 8urfnce. As t he strip pnHSCSover the roll, strongly converging lateral forces are act up to eXert a powerful centering action on the strip that immediately corrects any deviation and keeps the strip running straight and true. They did what you can do to achieve success These Westinghouse executives have several things in common DR. CLINTON R. HANNA, As.cription rate by mail $1.00 per year. Theodore J. Brevik Single copies 25 cents. November, 1952 7 Opportunities at General Motors: a real chance- a real challenge! continuous talks with you engineering O UR seniors in schools from coast to coast con- vince us of one thing: upon the resources of GM's central and engineering laboratories. research Thus you have-at one and the same time- Most of you hope to find a job in a company the friendly, personalized setup of a smaller of sufficient stature in its industry to supply a company and the opportunities and facilities of real challenge to your brains and to your tech- a large successful organization - a leader in nical training. many major fields. A General Motors job in many ways gives you All of this naturally spells out a real chance just such an opportunity. And here's why. and a real challenge for the man who has the First-GM makes all kinds of products.requir- get-up-and-go to make the most of what GM ing all kinds of engineering talents-mechani- has to offer. Many engineering graduates now cal, electrical, metallurgical, chemical and in top jobs at GM testify to that fact. industrial. These products range from automo- So why not check with your College Placement biles, refrigerators, and fractional horsepower Office and arrange for an interview with our motors to Diesel engines. GM College Representative the next time he And, as a leading defense contractor, GM runs visits your campus or write direct to us. the production gamut from shells, bombsights and range finders to tanks and jet and Turbo- r------------------. Prop engines. I I I GM POSITIONS NOW AVAILABLE I Second-all this huge variety of work is decen- I IN THESE FIELDS: I tralized among GM's 34 manufacturing divi- I I . sions, its 112 plants in 54 towns and cities I Mechanical Engineering • Electrical Engineering I throughout the country. And each division I Metallurgical Engineering • Industrial Engineering I operates as an independent unit with its own I Chemical Engineering • Business Administration I engineering department. Yet each can draw IL ~I • GENERAL MOTORS CORPORAIION Personnel Staff, Detroit 2, Mlchlgon ~-t-~- 8 Spartan Engineer The Editor)s~Page. DESIGNING YOUR FUTURE THE ENGINEER'S PROBLEM Civil Engineerin,g American Society of Civil Engineer~ Many of you freshman and sophomore engineers are Chi Epsilon wondering, "What does the future hold for me?" This Chemical Engineering is a problem that the great majority of engineering American Institute of Chemical Engineers students have had to face at one time or another. Alpha Chi Sigma For each individual the answer is different, but many Electrical Engineering people are trying to help. American Institute of Electrical Engineers In 1951, the National Electrical Manufactures Associa- Institute of Radio Engineer~ tion took a step to insure your future. They set up the Eta Kappa Nu "NEMA Committee on Engineering Talent." The NEMA Mechanical Engineering Board of Governors assigned the following scope to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Committee: Society of Automotive Engineer~ 1. To analyze the situation which faces the industry Pi Tau Sigma during the next ten years in the highly competitive Metallurgical Engineering recruiting market which will result from the great American Foundry Society decrease in the number of graduating engineers. American Society of Metals 2. To consider and recommend what can be done by That is about it. Now do you know your society and NEMA directly with the colleges by providing informa- honorary? tion for USe of member companies, to bring to the You ask me, "Why should I know my society?" attention of graduates the opportunities in the electrical One of the ,greatest aids that you can have as a young manufacturing industry. engineer is the knowledge and experience of the society 3. To estimate the probable cost of any program and the people in it. Many of the societies have a which may be recommended. service whereby, if you come up against a problem that Althou,gh this committee was set up mainly for the you yourself can not solve, you may send it to a member electrical field their analysis of the problem is appliC'- that specializes in that particular type of problem. able to all other fields of engineering. Just a parting word. The next time that you see Summarized, it is as follows: there is ,going to be a meeting of one of your profes- Our nation is faced with a critical shortage of en- sional societies, drop in and take a look around. You're gineers, not limited to mechanical, electrical, or any always welcome. other field. and unless effective counter-measures are employed, this shortage will precipitate a national crisis. TECHNICAL WRITING A survey of the needs of 378 companies and govern- Have you ever thought of technical writing as a ment agencies showed that about 80,000 engineers were career? The field is wide open to the engineer with needed then. exclusive of the needs of the military. the proper background in English and writing. When the current graduating class of 38,000 is absorbed, Many of the old established firms, that have not had there will still be an unfilled demand for 42,000 en- technical writers on their staffs, are now setting up gineering graduates. The military may take 19,000 whole departments with but one function-to write engineering graduates this year, leaving an unfilled de- technical publications for and about their products. mand of more than 60,000 engineers. Several companies, such as McGraw-Hill publish in- This situation is expected to become more acute in numerable periodicals devoted only to the engineering the years ahead, and the problem will remain until 1960. field. Most of the professional societies have their own Therefore engineE;r. take a look at your future. It publication, in which they publish papers and reports looks a little brighter, doesn't it? pertaining to their particular field. The Sperry Gyroscope Company, a few months ago, KNOW YOUR SOCIETY published a paper in their Engineering Review on Pub- I have a few words for you engineers, be you basic lications Engineering. They pointed out in this article or upper school. the infinite possibilities for an engineer in the publi- A question please, "Engineer what is your major cations field. society and honorary?" You say you don't know. I If you have asked yourself, "What am I doing in en- thought so. We will help you a little bit. gineering?" why not look into the technical writing A,gricultural Engineering field? It may possibly be the solution to all your prob- American Society of Agricultural Engineers lems. November, 1952 9 SILICONES .AS ENGINEERING MATERIALS By TOM CLARK LIQUID SILICONES Chemical Engineer '54 At the top of the list are the water-repellents. They are important to the engineer where parts m~~ be Does your engineering problem require a material that exposed to harmful moisture. For example, a sl~lcone is water-repellent, heat resistant, or arc resistant? If water-repellent is used to keep water from formmg a so, perhaps a silicone can solve your problem. continuous film that conducts electricity over the surface of the glass insulator. Water-repellents of silicone Silicones are a new class of materials that resist heat and cold, repel water, insulate electricity, and outlive at also protect concrete and masonry walls from white least ten times the life-span of comparable organic efflorescence that spoils the appearance of the walls. The materials. Just what then are silicones and how can silicone water-repellents have the unusual property of they be used? being completely invisible. They do not change the color or the texture of the surface, and they do not Silicones are the chemical cousins of glass. They may prevent breathing. even be called a chemical hybrid: a cross between organic and inorganic materials. Silica, the element Silicone fluids are even more unusual in their prop- from which the name comes, is a brother to carbon in erties than are the water-repellents. Unlike most fluids, the periodic arrangement of elements. For this reason, silicone fluids do not thicken and become more viscous silicones look like many carbon materials, but have an as the temperature drops, nor do they evaporate until unusual combination of properties. they reach temperatures well above 500. F. Silicone Silicone materials take on such forms as oils, greases, fluids also oppose breakdown in their structure from rubber and resins. Such products as water-repellents, mechanical action. On top of all this, these fluids will fluids, release agents, lubricants, defoamers, rubber, not conduct electricity and they are not affected by protective coatings, and electrical insulations made from time and weather because they resist oxidation. silicones are all available to the engineer. Here are With these properties in mind, engineers have used some of the many ways in which they may be used: silicone fluids as hydraulic fluids, instrument fluids, liquid dielectrics, lubricants, and release agents. The fluttering of instrument pointers on the dash board of cars has been dampened by using a fraction of a drop of silicone fluid on the pointer bearings. Silicone fluids are used in overload relays because they do not thin out at high temperatures and allow the motor to be cut out needlessly, or become so thick at low tempera- tures that the circuit is not broken soon enough to save the motor. The Use of silicone fluids are limitless in that they are readily adaptable to almost any situation requiring a fluid that will do an unusual job. At present, silicone fluids are available in viscosities from 0.65 to 1,000,000 centistokes. A by-product of the fluids is the silicone lubricants in the forms of oils and greases. These lubricants have the same unusual properties as the fluids in that they are resistant to high and low temperatures and are non-volatile and non-sludging. They are used where parts are permanently pre-lubricated, since time has little effect on them. These lubricants are used in electric motors that are operated at high temperatures. As a result, the amount of work done by these motors can be doubled. Silicone lubricants are used on fans This DeCetex treated fabric looks and feels exactly like inside ovens that remain at 500. F. indefinitely. Con- any ordinary nylon marquisette with a weaVe as open as veyors that carry automobile parts through ovens at a window screen. But water rolls around on the fabric 700. F. are lubricated with a silicone. As another like blobules of mercury, unable to wet the fibers; re- example for a use of a silicone lubricant, bearings have pelled so strongly that it can't even squeeze through the been made to work at 70. below zero when lubricated open squares unless it is briskly shaken through them. with a silicone grease. EverYday, engineers are finding new Uses for the silicone greases and oils. 10 Fluids, oils, greases, and some forms of silicone resin cessing thousands of different materials ranging from have been used as mold releases. The advantage of a adhesives and asphalt to wine, yeast and zymes. silicone mold release is that it retains its structural and lubricating properties even under the high temperatures SILICONE RUBBER and high pressures of hydraulic presses. Most of the Silicone rubber is a product that has gained a wide rubber tires made in this country are released from variety of uses. This new type of rubber started about their molds with a silicone mold release agent. Before ten years ago with a bit of bouncing putty and has now the use of silicone release agents, tire producers used developed into the only kind of rubbery material that an organic lubricant that left the mold covered with a retains its properties from _100 to over 500 F. Silicone 0 0 carbon-like scale that was hard to remove. The use rubber withstands shocks and vibration, dissipates heat of the silicone release agents reduced the cost of mold rapidly, and will not crack or break while aging at high cleaning and maintenance by as much as 90 per cent. temperatures. It also is used to seal bomb bay doors One rubber tire manufacturer reported that before at _100 F. and anti-icing systems at 350 F. in air- 0 0 using the mold release agents, his factory had about planes. The durability of silicone rubber in oil has 1,000 scrap tires a day. After this factory adopted the made it possible to simplify and to increase the re- silicone mold release agent, almost no scrap tires were liability of fluid-drive systems in many automobiles. produced. In diesel-electric locomotive engines, silicone rubber One of the unusual and unexpected properties of O-rings are used to keep hot water from leaking out silicones is that of defoaming. Defoamers are important of the cooli'ng jacket and into the crank case. Failure in industry to reduce the loss and the hazard created of ordinary rubber seals used to run up large main- by foam. Foam will fill up fermentation vats, tanks, tenance bills because engines had to be almost com- stills and reactors. If these vessels overflow, materials pletely taken apart to replace the O-rings. are wasted. If these materials are f1amable, a fire SILICONE RESINS hazard is created. Overflowing can. be prevented only Research chemists have taken silicone resins and made by slower processing, by partially filling the vessels, or protective coatings with properties lying between those by using a defoamer. Silicone defoamers are inert, of vitreous enamels and a good alkyd or melamine paint. neutral and non-toxic, and are among the most effective Silicone coatings withstand temperatures in the range of and versatile of defoaming agents. Only a few parts 500 to 1000 F., temperatures that would blister or- 0 0 per million of a silicone defoamer are required. Its ganic paints in a few hours. They also have a high usefulness ranges from deflating bloated cows to elim- inating the need for a multi-million dollar expansion degree of water-repellency, weather resistance, and of a "cold-rubber" plant. It is commonly used in. pro- (Continued on Page 32) SILICONES, what they are and how they are used. SILICONE INTERMEDIATES I I SILICONES Stable to heat and cald Waterproof and water.repellent Non-corbanizing, nan.canducting LIQUIDS RUBBERS RESINS Change little in viscosity with temperature Stay elastic at high ond low temperatures Exclude moisture after aging Non-valatile and non.sludging Da nat mix with organic plastics ar rubbers . Weather-proof Arc-resistant Weather-proaf I FLUIDS I r ELECTRICAL VARNISHES l Damping Gaskets and .cals Motor. High hempcraturc Generators ttr~;:r~~:oofjng Mold u:lcosc Low tcm~rotu,c Low prelsure steam Transformers Solenoid coils Lubricating Chemically resi,tont Heat Tronshr Diffusion pump oils Diaphragms Tubing r BONDING RESINS 1 Antifoam additives Vibration mountings Electricol insulation Calking compounds Electricol panel board I COMPOUNDS I Heat resistont. flc.iblc coatings for conveyor belts Switch ports Transformer parh Ignition Icolin9 Antifoom I PROTECTIVE COATINGS 1 Mold release Stov .. Oven. I GREASES I Furnaccs Exhoult .toc .... Heating ducts Bearing greOlel High temperature Low temperature Valve lubricants laboratory greose. November, 1952 II THE DEAN'S PAGE TO MEET 'Ii THE NEW CHALLENGE By LORIN G. MILLER Dean of Engineering Engineers need constantly to be reminded that their Mass training, mass movements, evolution or revo~u profession is vastly broadening its scope. In fifty tion will not and cannot produce a glorious new moral1ty years the ratio of Engineer to Workman has increased It is inconceivable that the Russian people will per- from one in two hundred-fifty to one in sixty. This manently lose their human individuality or remai~ f,or ever increasing ratio has been largely responsible for ever docile even under the rule of ruthless matenal1sIT the revolutionary increase in the man hour output of and denial of the rights of individuals. Out of thos American industry, More leisure, better transportation, masses of submerged personalities will come some pure and more abundant comforts place our standard of minds with clean thoughts and high ambitions. As living above that of the rest of the world. The en- corollary we must expect that from our struggle f~ gineer's vista cannot, therefore, remain the narrow universal literacy some individuals, or a clan, wIl technological view. but must increase its scope to include emerge who are barbaric. Even now we see the shadow worldwide consumption. Clowns and blackguards make the headlines while th With increased outlook the engineer must expect to work of countless good citizens goes unnoticed. W see a challenge in new responsibilities. Can new pur- spend more money on institutions of correction thar chasing power be created to match the increase in pro- upon education. W. H. Auden describes this character ductive capacity? What reasonable incentives can be devised to induce motives for work and human co- "the new barbarian is no uncouth operation in productive effort? Will the engineer en- Desert-dweller; he does not emerge deavor to achieve cooperation by working directly with From fir-forests: factories bred him; individuals or by working through organizations of Corporate companies, college towns trade unions? Can engineering specifications be written Mothered his mind, and many journals to emphasize ethics and morals? The engineer finds Backed his beliefs. He was liorn here ... " himself in the best position to devise answers to these challenging problems. In other words he is a product of the education we haV given him. It is our duty as individual engineers t Michigan State College was established to make reshape our education to such a form that We stand a possible the education of the children of the producers; morally correct citizens as well as able technologists! to provide an education that would help them achieve In order to properly shape our education to this ex- individual success in a chosen vocation. It was the panded scope, it is necessary to leave at intervals th thought of the time that if students could be given the ivory tower and make little journeys into lands where technical and vocational training they demanded even our neighbors dwell. We must leave behind for briel at the expense of a liberal education, that they could periods the problems which can be solved by formulaE go on and become successful individuals. Then as in- dividuals Were successful and built up their own and slide rule. Itineraries for these trips should includE fortunes they were also building up the country. It is memberships in professional and social societies, trip~ now clear that we can no longer afford this extrava- to legislative halls, concerts and lectures, participatior gance. The increase in "shady" politics, "kickbacks" in student government, work on the college journals on contracts, and "mink-coat" bribes makes it evident and last but certainly not least the church of yoU that we must take more than a side glance at ethics, choice. It should be held without reservation GeorgE morals and politics. With the establishment of the Washington's position expressed in his farewell address Basic College, Michigan State has taken a long positive "Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political step toward providing a training in how the other half prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable sup- lives. ports-and let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion." 12 Spartan Engineer THE BLUEBERRY HOE AN MSC DEVELOPMENT By RALPH KONDAl Agricultural Engineer '54 The back-breaking chore of cultivating and weeding is transmitted to the cylinder which pulls the head in. blueberries is but a memory, thanks to Dwight Kampe, When the head is returned to its extended position the a graduate student at Michigan State College, who has oil flows from the cylinder to the storage tank to be used developed the Blueberry hoe. again. Cultivating and weeding automatically as the tractor The standard hydraulic life system on a tractor will travels along the rows of bushes eliminates expensive raise the hoe at the end of the rows by means of a -and almost unavailable-hand labor. Since the hoe cable and pulleys. operates between the bushes, an ordinary cultivator is The frame is constructed of pipe and is mounted on the pulled behind the tractor to work between the rows front of the tractor frame with bolts to ease mounting as has been done in the past. and dismounting operations. The two arms supporting The essential parts of the hoe are the head, shield, the head are held with pins allowing them to be pulled bumper and hydraUlic system, and frame. toward the tractor when the bumper touches a bush. The head extends from the side of a tractor and is The rotary head shaft bearing, on the lower end of constructed and rotates similarly to the rotating blade of the arms, is constructed of hard wood, such as maple. a lawnmower. The principle difference of the two is the Since they will be operating in the dirt they will need heavier construction of the hoe head. As the head replacing often. The wood is cheap to replace and any rotates, it chops the weeds and makes a fine mulch of farmer with access to.a wood lathe can turn his own the soil to a depth of one inch, the maximum safe. bearings if necessary. depth of cultivation around shallow rooted bushes. Different types of heads, two feet wide and six inches The Blueberry hoe is not limited to blueberries, but in diameter, are used for varied soil conditions. Since can be used for many kinds of small bushes, vineyards, the space between rows which the drag type cultivator and nurseries, as long as the rows are more than five does not reach is eighteen inches, there is ample over-lap feet apart. of cultivation when the row is worked from both sides. This allows the operator to travel faster without ex- cessive care in steering the tractor. The shield, constructed of sheet metal, covers the head to prevent the soil from being thrown around and serves as a mount for the bumper. It also protects any- one from coming in contact with the rotating head. The bumper is a metal rod which upon coming in contact with a bush wiIJ open a valve to the hydraulic cylinder that pulls the head from between the bushes. It is bent to the shape of the resultant of the velocity of the tractor forward and the velocity of the head toward the tractor. Thus the head is moved around the bush, neither hurting the bush nor missing any excess ground. A different shaped bumper must be used for different tractor speeds as the resultant will change direction. They are easHy changed and are inexpensive. The bumper is mounted on a pivot so there will always be a minimum lever arm of six inches between the point of contact of bush and pivot pin. This assures adequate leverage for the translation of bumper move- ment to the hydraulic valve. A tension spring returns the head to its original position after the bumper passes the bush. A pump mounted on the frame of the hoe and driven by two Vee-belts from the tractor crankshaft supplies the pressure for the hydraulic system. Since the pump A working drawing best illustrates the hoe's operation. runs continually, there is an oil line from it to the tank As the bumper hits a bush it causes the hoe to eliminate pressure when not needed. When the bumper opens the valve on the shield, the oil pressure to move, making clearance for the bush. 13 November, 1952 HOW A TURBOJETOPERATES Courtesy Westinghouse Electric Corp. A boy on roller skates pushing on a wall to get multiplied by the change in velocity imparted to the started; a man pushing down on the arms of a chair mass. Therefore, to increase the forward speed of its so that he can stand up; an automobile tire trying to craft, the engine must either handle a greater mass, push the pavement backward so that the car can move or it must propel a given mass faster. It is easy to see forward-all use the same basic principle of propulsion that the thrust of propeller-driven craft can be increased as does the turbojet engine. This principle is stated by by using a larger propeller, or by driving a given Newton's Third Law of Motion: "For every action there propeller at higher rpm, just as the oarsmen in a racing is an equal and opposite reaction." Although in each shell would have to increase the effective size of the of these examples movement in one direction is gained oars, or row faster. by directing a force in the opposite direction against a Actually, the turbojet engine is a mechanized version relatively immovable mass, Newton's Law applies equally of the racing-sheIl-oarsmen engine, converting the The exterior view of the J -34 engine shows its simple lines and streamline design. This is the type of engine that is placed in wing pods on all jet and jet-repercussion engine power air craft. well in cases wherein the opposite force is directed chemical energy of fuel into the mechanical energy' against an easily movable mass. needed to increase the momentum of a portion of the For example, consider the oarsmen in a racing shell, fluid through which it is passing. It, too, may increase who impart forward motion to the shell by applying a its thrust by accelerating a greater mass of air to the rearward force to the water. Actually, they gain motion same velocity, by accelerating the mass to a higher by increasing the rearward velocity of the water velocity, or a combination of both. To see how this through which they are passing. Since the speed of the may be accomplished, it is first necessary to have an shell depends upon the size of the oars and the fre- understanding of the operation of a turbojet. quency of strokes, the reaction that moves the boat As shown in Figure 1, the basic components of a forward-called "thrust"-must depend upon the amount turbojet are (1) an air inlet diffuser, (2) an air com- of water, or mass, handled and the extent to which its pressor, (3) a combustor, (4) a turbine, and (5) an velocity is increased. exhaust nozzle. The compressor and turbine are directly To more easily explain the phenomenon of gaining connected by a shaft. forward motion by increasing the rearward velocity of Depending upon the speed of the airplane, atmospheric a fluid-water, air, or gas-Newton's Third Law of air is either drawn or rammed into the inlet diffuser. Motion was expanded and restated in the Momentum This diffuser changes a part of the velocity of the air Law. The Momentum Law states that "the resultant of into pressure and directs the air into the compressor. forces acting on the boundaries of any arbitrary region The compressor then increases the pressure of the air is equal in magnitude and direction to the summation to the point where, upon entering the combustion of the time rate of change of momentum of the particles chamber, the air may be at a pressure of anywhere from or bodies within the region. The region (not necessarily 3 to 16 times that in the inlet diffuser, depending upon rigid) must contain the same particles during the differ- the designed compression ratio of the engine. ential time dt." In other words, the thrust developed by the men and their oars, the propellers of a plane or In the combustion chamber, about 25 per cent of the ship, or the turbojet engine, is equal to the change in air is mixed with fuel and the mixture ignited. The momentum they impart to the fluid through which they balance of the air is used to cool the metal parts of the combustion chamber and to provide sufficient are moving. Utilizing the definition of momentum, thrust is shown turbulence for complete combustion of the fuel. The to be equal to the mass of the fluid being acted upon (Continued on Page 30) 14 Spartan Engineer KNOW YOUR DEPARTMENTS AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING By CARL F. ALBRECHT Asst. Prof. Agr. Eng. Agriculture is America's largest nondefense industry. power and machinery, (2) farm buildings and conven- It is estimated that more than twice as much primary iences, (3) soil and water management, (4) rural elec- horsepower is used in agriculture as in industry and trification, or (5) processing farm products. that about 85 per cent of the problems in agriculture Upon completion of this course series the student re- involve engineerin~. ceives the degree of Bachelor of Science in Engineering Agricultural engineering is the application of en- and will be eligible for membership in the American gineering principles to these problems in the areas of Society of Agricultural Engineers, the recognized pro- farm power and machinery, farm buildings and con- fessional organization in this field. Graduate agricul- veniences, rural electrification, soil and water manage- tural engineers have the same status in the engineering ment, and the handling and processing of farm products. world as do those men in other recognized engineering Thus the agricultural engineer has an opportunity to fields. The technical curriculum in agricultural en- help man raise his standard of living by helping to gineering is administered jointly by the Schools of make farm life more enjoyable, remove the drudgery Agriculture and Engineering. Michigan State College's from farm operations, reduce the hazards of farming. curriculum has been accredited by the U. S. Engineering reduce the cost of production, retain and improve the Council for Professional Development. quality of farm products, profitably use farm by-pro- Wide Range of Opportunity for Employment ducts and surpluses, and conserve and efficiently use our natural resources. After graduation the student will find opportunity for many different kinds of employment. He may be em- Michigan State College has one of the newest, largest, ployed by private industry, such as farm machinery and most modern agricultural engineering buildings in manufacturing companies, building materials manufact- this country. The building has over 60,000 square feet urers, trade associations, food processing companies, of floor space, most of which is devoted to laboratories irrigation equipment manufacturers, or electric power in which teaching and research activities are carried companies. Here he may develop and test new ma- on in the five fields of agricultural engineering. chines, equipment and processes and introduce them A well-qualified staff of about fifty members has been to the public, or he may be involved in sales, public selected by the college administration for their special relations, or the supervising of service work. training, experience, and abilities in the various fields Some graduates of the Michigan State College Agri- of teaching, research, and extension work. Most of the cultural Engineering Department are employed in all of staff have earned advanced degrees in their fields and these types of industry, while others have elected to do many of them have had considerable experience in research work in federal and state governmental industry and government service. Several staff members agencies, and still others have found employment in are national authorities in their special fields and are teaching and extension work in colleges both in this the authors of textbooks which are widely used through- country and abroad. More recently there has also been out the country. considerable demand for agricultural engineers in ad- vertising and by farm publications. The Curriculum The demand for well-trained agricultural engineers Students of agricultural engineering receive the same has been steadily increasing in the past several years, basic engineering training as those in the other engineer- and this trend will probably continue for several years. ing fields. These courses emphasize fundamentals of engineering and include mathematics, engineering Graduate Work physics, chemistry, and mechanics. In addition to this, Michigan State College's Department of Agricultural they receive training in the agricultural field in courses Engineering has a well-recognized program of graduate in soils, animal husbandry, farm crops, dairy, and study and research with students from many other horticulture. General studies in the social sciences, states and nations enrolled. English, and economics are also required. Graduate students have an opportunity for further Special agricultural engineering subjects which special study in their chosen fields and to gain experi- utilize the foundation courses in engineering and agri- ence in research procedures. The degrees of Master of culture are taken in the junior and senior years. All Science or Doctor of Philosophy are granted to students agricultural engineering students get the same basic completing the proper requirements. training at Michigan State College and then choose one of the five specialized fields of study, namely: (1) farm (Continued on Page 40) November, 1952 15 1952 DEVELOPMENTS IN A TOMle ENERGY principle to an induction motor, the main difference Courtesy General Electric being that the electromagnetic forces are exerted on the sodium in a duct rather than on a conventional SHIPBOARD REACTOR rotor. A pump of this type is very good for use with In April, 1950, the AEC and the General Electric radioactive fluid as it avoids possibility of even small Company agreed that development of a power breeder leakage through seals and has no moving parts to re- reactor should be deferred, and that work should be quire service. shifted to a Ship Intermediate Reactor (known as SIR), for use on U. S. Navy submarines. Such a plant would PRELIMINARY PILE ASSEMBLY have great tactical advantage for a naval vessel, since On April 28, 1948, KAPL scientists began operation the small bulk of atomic fuel would permit it to cruise of the "preliminary pile assembly," generally referred for extended periods without need for refueling. This to as "PPA," which was the first controlled chain re- would be particularly advantageous for a submarine. action producing atomic energy in the northeastern part It was estimated that from 65 to 75 per cent of the of .the United States. Such a device, ,,'also called a research and development work previously done on the "zero power reactor," because it operates at very low power-breeder reactor would be applicable to SIR. The power for safety reasons, makes possible the quick chief difference between the two is that SIR will be a testing of mock-ups of different reactor designs. single purpose machine designed specifically to produce It is primarily an experimental tool, for testing those large amounts of heat which will then be employed phases of reactor design which are not connected with for generation of power. No effort will be made to the generation of large amounts of power. This re- breed new fuel. It is planned to construct the land- quired that it be taken down and reassembled in 11 based prototype at West Milton. As of late 1952, the different combinations between its initiation and the project is "well along." A large portion of this work time it was announced, in the autumn of 1950. It has is expected to be useful in the further development of now been redesigned and housed in a new building. peacetime atomic power plants. PPA has proved a useful tool for obtaining accurate Such a reactor differs considerably from the Hanford numerical data about atomic nuclei which are important "piles," which operate with neutrons of relatively low, in reactor design, both for the structural material and or "thermal," energies. It is possible also to use a the nuclear fuel. In addition it supplied the first thermal reactor to generate power, and the AEC has demonstration of a new method for the control of another independent program for constructing one of nuclear reactions which is particularly adapted to re- these for shipboard use. SIR, however, as the middle actors 6f this type. part of its name indicates, will utilize neutrons of inter- mediate energy. AIRCRAFT NUCLEAR PROPULSION PROJECT For efficient power generation, a reactor must operate The General Electric Company became actively en- at temperatures considerably higher than those of the gaged in' the problem of nuclear-powered flight when Hanford units. No feasible way is known at present the U. S. Air Force and the Atomic Energy Commission of converting atomic energy directly into electricity, so in February, 1951, asked the Aircraft Gas Turbine the reactor will be a source of heat. This will be Division to undertake the further development of a carried by a liquid metal to a heat exchanger, where nuclear power plant for aircraft. water will be converted to steam. The steam, in turn, This followed the conclusion of the NEPA (Nuclear will be used to produce useful power, in the same way Energy for Propulsion of Aircraft) project which was as if it came from a conventional coal or oil-fired boiler. described as the first phase of a study leading to an atom-powered plane. The NEPA project was directed SODIUM A PRACTICAL HEAT-TRANSFER MATERIAL by the Fairchild Engine and Airplane Corporation. Extensive experience had confirmed that liquid Nine other engine companies participated. sodium is a practical heat-transfer medium to rem9ve Ten years ago G.E. built the first turbojet engine in heat from the SIR power reactor, transfer it to steam, this country and the G-E Aircraft Gas Turbine Division and hence drive a turbine. Compared with water, it now produces the J-47, No.1 production engine for the has the advantages of low pressure at high temperature Air Force. In the nuclear research field, available when and superior heat-transfer properties. Sodium metal needed to consult with the G-E engineers and scientists will melt at a temperature a little below that' of boiling working on the aircraft project, are the scientists and water. engineers of the Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, the Research Laboratory and the General Engineering Lab- An interesting development that utilizes the metallic oratory, all at Schenectady, and other Company groups properties of liquid sodium makes possible the pumping throughout the nation. of sodium by direct application of electromagnetic forces. This so-called "electromagnetic pump" is similar in (Continued on Page 36) 16 Spartan Engineer GENERAL ELECTRIC GRADUATE FELLOWSHIPS EDITOR'S NOTE: In rej)ly to several requests, the Spartan American Institute of Electrical Engineers, American Engineer tOday publishes Information concernin~ three graduate fellowshIP and scholarship awards. Information about the first Society for Engineering Education, and the American of these is below, while news of the other two awards is on the following pages. Society of Mechanical Engineers. If news .of anr other such awards is brought to the attention of the editors In the future, the Spartan Engineer will print (6) Applications must be filed with the Committee by informatIOn about them as soon as po.sible. January I and should be addressed to Secretary, General FELLOWSHIPS FOR GRADUATE STUDENTS Electric Educational Fund, Schenectady, New York. The terms of the General Electric Educational Fund established with assets of $1,000,000 by the General WHERE OUR ENGINEERS COME FROM Electric Company make provision for the use of the Perhaps you, too, have wondered where all your annual income from 80 per cent of its assets for engineering classmates come from. Are they mostly Fellowships to graduates of the universities, colleges, local men, rural lads, or from the larger cities in Mich- and technical schools of the United States who need igan? financial assistance, and who have shown, by the char- acter of their work, that they could, with advantage, Did you know that students from 25 foreign countries continue their education by undertaking or continuing (and three provinces in Canada) made up five per cent research work in educational institutions either in this of your engineering classmates last year? Did you country or abroad, know that 20 different states were called home by your fellow lab partners? It may also surprise you, as it Since 1952 with each Fellowship the General Electric did me, to learn that 71 per cent of our men came from Company has made a grant of $1200 to the College or cities and 24 per cent of them were from places of less University where the fellowship winner does his grad- than nine thousand in population. uate study, One of the other four men sitting in your row in class These Fellowships are awarded' to graduate students came from outside Michigan. Nearly every county seat for work in the fields of Physical Science, Engineering, in Michigan is represented too. The following table and Industrial Management. Since 1923 when the will give you a summary of the home towns of your Charles A. Coffin Fellowships were established, 201 classmates. such awards have been made. The Gerald Swope Fellowships were begun in 1945, and 50 have been SUMMARY OF MSC ENGINEERING STUDENTS granted since then. AS OF JUNE 1952 GENERAL PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO BOTH 1I0:\IE AREA THE CHARLES A. COFFIN AND GERALD SWOPE FELLOWSHIPS *'& '" '" ::" (I) The amount of each Fellowship granted shall be ...- * :;:: .~t..> that increased lhe plant's capability to 582,000 kilowatts, and brought the system capability to 2,000,000 kilowatts. Southeastern Michigan Grows on Hrm Foundations The population of Southeastern Michigan has clectric gcncrating plants ... an invcstigation grown to almost 3,500,000. Ever mindful of pointing toward bcttcr ways to providc elec- the need for keeping well ahead of Detroit's tric power for the nation. and Southeastern Michigan's growth, Detroit Edison's customers have confidence in the Edison continues with its never-ending expan- supplier of their electric powcr ... confidence sion of power generating and distributing that whatevcr, whenever, wherever their facilities. power needs may be, Edison will fill them. Now, working together as one of industry's And Detroit Edison, through its expansion four atomic research teams, Detroit Edison program, is making certain that Southcastern and Dow Chemical Company enginccrs are Michigan will have a firm, dependable founda- investigating the use of nuclear heat in thermal tion for future growth. The Detroit Edison G>mpany November, 1952 25 PROGRESS IN THE FOUNDR By C. C. SIGERFOOS Associate Professor of workers means that the graduate engineer has an e Mechanical E,ngineering cellent opportunity to apply his professional know led! and at the same time expect rapid advancement. A other favorable aspect of this industry is its o:fer employment security. . b'~SIC, I.,e a The foundry IS. other industries rely either directly or mdlrectly u~c the production of castings and this fact tends to gl A recent survey of graduating engineers shows a (Continued on Page 48) sharp increase in the number of Michigan State College men attracted to the metal casting industry. Placement records in the Dean's Office indicate that during the years 1948 and 1949 only one percent of the total en- gineering graduates entered the foundry industry. Dur- ing the year of 1950 the percentage increased to two and in 1951 three percent of the engineering graduates or a total of twelve men entered the industry. A few of the important reasons underlying this trend should be carefully considered by the undergraduate engineer- ing student. Perhaps the most important reason for the above trend is that recent graduates have found the foundry an interesting as well as profitable place to apply scientific principles to a very old process. The found- ing of metal as an art has held man's interest from practically the dawn of history. In fact, the art of pouring molten metal into a desired shape by the use of a mold has fascinated man for approximately five thousand years. From the time of the pouring of the copper frog shown in the picture to the making of our present day complicated castings, man has found an interesting challenge to his ingenuity and his skill. At the present time a few foundries still produce metal castings as an art and make such items as bronze plaques, statues, etc. However, the bulk of the industry today is devoted to the casting of duplicate parts to supply the increasing demand for machines, engines, hardware, guns and thousands of other casting applica- tions. The cast metals industries as a whole have been somewhat slow to apply scientific knowledge to their processes. The acute need for technological advance- ment coupled with the fact that most foundries have COpper frog casting about 5100 years old. This is 1 not been successful in upgrading their production lieved to be the oldest casting in existence. -Courtesy Chicago Natural History Muse. 26 Spartan Enginl The Torrington Needle Bearing ••• designed for easy, effective lubrication . --- - The Torrington lip of the bearing rather than in the Needle Bearing of- roller contact area . .. fers many design 3. When speeds are low and loads .. ~ .... and operational ad- light, Needle Bearings may be • .. vantages. High packed with grease, which often rated radial load capacity is com- lasts for the life of the unit. Such an bined with compact size and light application is shown in Figure 3. weight. Installation is simple and 4. For high speeds and heavy fast. And one of the major advan- loads, a circulating oil system is pre- tages inherent in the Needle Bear- ferred, as it aids in carrying away ing design is the ease with which it heat as well as in providing a con- can be lubricated. tinuous supply of lubricant for the The full complement of small di- rollers to carry to the bearing con- ameter rollers continuously carries tact surfaces. (See Figure 4.) a thin film of lubricant to all contact FiAure 2. A hole alonA the a:r;s ot the shaft with a cross hole openinA under the lip 0/ the upper surfaces. The turned-in lips of the beadnA provides lubrication to the Needle Besr. inA! in this textile machine spindle swinl bracket. Selecting A Lubricant outer shell act as a retainer for lubri- While oil is the best lubricant, it is 1. When lubricant is to be deliv- difficult in many cases to retain it in ered through the housing, as in Fig- the bearing housing. In such cases, ure 1, an oil hole is furnished in the middle of the outer shell. Care Fi~ure I. The Needle BearinAs in this auto- should be taken to place this hole mobile kinA pin are lu- bricated with A/emite outside the load area. fittinAs throuAh an oil 2. If it is necessary to lubricate hole in the center 0/ the outer shell. These through the shaft, a hole drilled oil holes can be fur- nished on all Needle along the shaft axis with a cross hole i Bearin~s. leading under the lip of the Needle Fi~ure 4. Heavy shock loads are easily handled by the Needle Bearin~s in this valve rocker arm Bearing is satisfactory. (See Figure 01 a larte Diesel en~ine. Circulatin~ oil lubrics. tion assures a steady supply 01 lubricant. 2.) This hole is located under the grease offers the best means of lu- brication. In general, a soda base grease is used in the absence of mois- cant within the bearing and effec- ture and a lime base grease when tively sealoutforeign matter. Needle moisture is present. It is usually ad- Bearings in many applications run visable to consult with a grea~e for long periods of time without fur- manufacturer before making a final ther attention to original lubrica- decision for a particular application. tion. If you would like more informa- tion on the use of Torrington Needle Methods of FiAure 3. The Needle Bear;nAs in the frnAers 0/ Bearings, our engineering depart- Relubrication an automobile clutch aTe packed with Arease be. {are assembly. No additional lubrication ;s needed. ment will be happy to help you. When Needle Bearings are shipped, they are normally protected with a THE TORRINGTON COMPANY high - grade slushing compound Torrington, Conn. South Bend 21, Ind. which has lubricating value at ordi- District Offices and Distributors in Principal Cities of United States and Canada nary temperatures. This compound is left in the bearings in most appli- cations. TORRINGTO¥' NEEOlE}EARINGS There are several methods of providing additional lubricant to NEEDLE' SPHERICAL ROllER' TAPERED ROllER' STRAIGHT ROllER. BAll. NEEDLE ROllERS Needle Bearings: 27 November, 1952 Hughes Fellowship 1952 winners Tru- man O. Woodruff (left) and A lien I. Ormsbee (right) are welcomed to the cam- pus by Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, President, California Institute of Thchnology. \ \ \ \ \ -------------------------j I \ I I I ------------------------------------ THE HOWARD HUGHES FELLOWSfJ \ \ • \ ~n \ \ . .// sc~ence ------------------------ / / and / eng~neer~ng .. Semiconductor research is one of the important projects of the Laboratories. A development of immediate value is the Hughes Germanium Diode employed in miniaturized airborne electronic equipment. The apparatus shown in the photograph is a vacuum furnace constructed to produce single crystals of germanium. Discussing its operation are (left to right): Hughes Fellow Allen I. Ormsbee; Dr. H. Q. North, Head of Semiconductor Department; Dr. Allen E. Puckett, Head of Missile Aerody- namics Section; and Hughes Fellow Truman O. Woodruff. 28 Spartan Engineer ~eparation of men for mod- puting, physical electroni'~~, n industrial research ideally propulsion engineering, solid .ould involve both advanced state physics, mechanical en- lldyand practical experience gineering, electron dynamics, an industrial laboratory analytical mechanics, or infor- lder the guidance of stimula- mation theory. Ig associates. Each appointment is for The Howard Hughes Fel- twelve months and provides a Ivships in Science and En- cash award, a salary, and neering at the California tuition and research expenses. stitute of Technology were A suitable adjustment in the tablished to provide such amount of the award is made .ucation and training. when this will aid in the educa- tion of a promising candidate Any American citizen is whose financial responsibili- igible for a Fellowship who ties might otherwise preclude lalifiesin graduate standing participation in the program. the California Institute of • HOW TO ~hnology for study toward Salary provision is for the e degree of Doctor of Phil- portion of time spent on ad- A PP LY FO R A .ophy in physics or engin- vanced work in the Hughes !ring and who will have Research and Development FELLOWSH IP mpleted one year of gradu- Laboratories. Here the holder e work before the beginning of the Fellowship is in close Write Howard Hughes FelJowship ,teof Fellowship. Applicants personal association with Committee, Hughes Research and Development Laboratories, ouldplan to pursue research many scientists and engineers Culver City, Los Angeles County, California, for an application form the fields of electronics en- who are acknowledged leaders • and a brochure giving all details . !leering,microwave physics, in their fields. Completed applications Inust be received by the committee rodynamics, electronic com- not later than January 7, 1953. HUGHES i RESEARCH DEVELOPM AN 0 ENT LABORATORIES CULVER CITY LOS ANGELES COUNTY CALIFORNIA November, 1952 29 mass, ra ther than increased jet velocities, . to develop TURBOJET additional power. The reasons for thlS trend are (1) the metals used in turbine nozzles a~d blades cannot (Continued from Page 14) withstand the greatly increased turbme te~peraturei that would arise by adding more heat to gam greater greatly expanded hot combustion gases and the cooling jet velocities, and (2) wake efficiency-that percentage air are then mixed to prevent excessive temperature~ at of the jet power that actually results in useful thrust th turbine and directed by the turbine nozzles agamst power-increases with increased m.ass, a~d decreases th: turbine blades. The force of the gases against the with increased jet velocities for a given flIght speed. • Double Annular Combustion Chamber No.1 'Oil Nozzles Bearing .I 34 TURBO-.JET ENGINE P-37742_D Cut away view of the J-34, axial flow turbo-jet engine. The illustration shows the component parts of the comparatively simple designed axial flow engine. blades and the reactive force of the gases as they leave The fact that wake efficiency is proportional to mass the blades imparts sufficient torque for it to drive the and inversely proportional to the change in velocity of air compressor and the engine accessories. Unlike the the fluid also explains why a jet plane needs a longer turbine of the turboprop engine, which tries to extract runway for take-off than a propeller-driven plane of almost all of the gas energy for shaft torque, the turbo- similar power. _ jet turbine is designed to take just enough energy to do Since the reciprocating engineer propeller handles a this work and thereby allow the gases to retain a great mass of air and increases its velocity only moder- maximum amount of energy for conversion into jet ately, the propeller has a high wake efficiency for take- thrust. I off-most of its thrust is useful thrust. Conversely, the To give the engine thrust-by changing the momentum turbojet engine handles a relatively small amount of air of the particles of air passing through it-the gases are and increases its velocity tremendously, resulting in a ejected out the rear of the engine at great speed, through low wake efficiency at t~ke-off. Therefore, in a test an exhaust nozzle of relatively small cross-sectional between a turbojet plane and a reciprocating-engine- area. Some of the larger turbojets currently under- propeller-driven plane of equal thrust, the low wake going design may eject from 100 to 400 tons of air per efficiency of the turbojet plane would result in its hour at speeds of approximately 1200 to 1400 miles requiring more time (or a longer run) before it could per hour. reach flying speed. Actually, the turbojet does not As previously stated, the thrust of a turbojet can be enjoy a wake efficiency of 50 percent or more until increased by redesigning it either to handle a iI"eater the speed of the plane equals or exceeds one-third the mass of air, or to eject a given mass at a ireater speed of the jet exhaust stream. velocity. To handle a greater mass of air, tllle engine However, as the two planes gain altitude and higher must have a larger effective air inlet area. Tct increase flight speeds, the wake efficiency of the reciprocating the velocity of the air being ejected, it is aecessary engine propeller tends to decrease, whereas the wake either to expand the gases more by adding more heat, efficiency of the turbojet engine increases. As a result, or to increase the pressure ratio of the elllgil\e. the turbojet engine, besides being much smaller and It is interesting to note that all of tae nllw, JIlIlore ligher, soon produces more useful thrust and becomes powerful turbojets are dependiag mainly upon inl<':l'lIased the more efficient engine. 30 Sp.rt •• '"ginHf It sparked an electronic revolution! The 2A Transistor illustrated is designed to fit a plug.in socket. In one use In the Bell System, ribbon leads are employed as shown above. Perhaps you've heard something about the are required in their production. In one type of transistor-a tiny and mechanically simpleelec- transistor there are three thin adjacent regions tronic device based on an entirely new prin- of germanium, each region containing chemical ciple. It can do many things a vacuum tube can elements in exact quantities, the whole unit do-yet its greatest possibilities may lie in ap- being no larger than the head of a match! Suit- plications where vacuum tubes have not been able leads, or wires,must be positioned in proper used. relation to these layers with utmost accuracy, using microscopesand oscilloscopes. A few years ago this revolutionary device was invented and experimentally made by scien- Transistors can do many things: transform tists at Bell Telephone Laboratories. Today, radio energy for driving a telephone receiver or several types of transistors are in production loudspeaker-amplify weak signals-generate at Western Electric-manufacturing unit of a-c current-convert a-c to doc-respond to the Bell System. light-increase, decrease or halt the flow of current. Small and rugged, they're goingto work This didn't just happen! Its manufacture is the today in the Bell System and in varied types of result of a lot of teamwork by Western Electric military equipment. engineers of varied skills and training. Quantity producing these mighty mites-with Transistors are unimpressive looking little laboratory precision-is typical of many for- things, but don't let that fool you! The most ward-looking engineering projects at Western delicate metallurgical and manufacturing skills Electric. Western Electric ~ $ A UNIT OF THE BELL SYSTEM SINCE 1882 November, 1952 31 eliminate 90 per cent of the scrap in the rubb~r industry SILICONES and save 80 per cent of the cost of cleanmg mold~. Th are greases and oils that make permanent lubn- ey cation possible; foam killers that save mI.'11'IOns 0f dollars a year. They are also rubber matenals that (Continued from Page 11) won 't melt on hot aircraft engine parts, or freeze on 0 switches that operate bomb bay doors at 100 below zero. And they are electrical resins that double t~e color retention. Silicone aluminum paint was. fo~~d to power of electric motors or multiply the life of electnc have over 10 times the life of the best organIC fInIshes machines ten times. on an oil heater that operated continuously at temper- Silicones are relatively new and most of them are atures from 400. to 600. F. Engineers from a motor- expensive. Many silicones are still unavail~bl~ in. large cycle manufacturer approved a silicone-based alumi.n~m quantities. For example, there is some vanahon In the finish for motorcycle cylinders only after the fInIsh availability of the many forms of silicone resins, though survived emersion in water after heating at 1000. F. in general the design engineer can count on getting and a road test of 1890 miles. any of them in a reasonable time. Varnishes for elec- trical purposes will soon be readily available. Silicone --.. rubber which has been in heavy demand for specialized militar~ applications, is rather tight, but it is obtainable . They Blame The Engineer We could never do without the man Who figures stress and strain, Whose diplomatic files are full Of children of his brain. But no matter how well he does his job, Cotton-phenolic tube and dish insulators shank and And though his work is clear, charred out in less than a month on the switches of a 45.000-ampere graphitizing transformer. The switches If there's anything that goes "haywire," had to be tightened daily and each replacement meant They blame the engineer. several hours down time. The silicone-glass laminate insulators were installed in November of 1950. Stin in excellent condition, they are expected to last several Now the carpenter may nail a board more years. In some improper place, Or the plumber put his greasy pipes Silicone rubber, varnish, resin, and glass cloth have Through the furnace man's clear space. created a new class of electrical insulation known as Or if any worker pulls a "bone" Class H insulation. Silicone insulation has enabled To throw things "out of gear," electrical engineers to decrease the size and weight of electrical equipment by 50 per cent, and to make electric It has never yet been known to fail- motors last up to 10 times as long as they ever did They blame the engineer. before. This new insulation gives ten times more wet- insulation resistance than any other class of insulation If the architect should muff the deal under comparable conditions. Class H insulation is able to maintain its dielectric at high temperatures over And draw a faulty plan, an indefinite length of time. Tests have shown that And the contractor should build the thing silicone insulated motors, with a life expectancy of at Correctly as he can, least seven years at 220. C, may last up to several The abusive owner rants and raves, hundred times as long as Class B motors at the same temperature. In language quite severe, At the man who is just the goat- Laminates made from glass cloth and a silicone bond- ing resin are capable of withstanding temperatures in They blame the engineer. the range of 500. F and still retain their flexural strength and dielectric properties. Finished laminates weigh less than aluminum or magnesium and are strong- er than either at 500. F. These laminates are smooth, non-porous and easily machined. They are highly water- repellent and resistant to most commonly used chemicals. THE FIFTH ANNUAL A counterpart to the silicone laminates is a silicone moulding compound which will soon be on the market. ENGINEERING EXPOSITION Silicones seemed to have done the impossible for the engineer. They are resins that keep brick walls dry IS COMING in the rain. They are compounds that keep radar from going blind on a foggy night. They are fluids that polish without rubbing. They are mold lUbricants that MAY I and 2 32 Spartan Engineer SPRING WIRE • for uniform quality, we're sure this spring wire • the best we've ever made IS ROEBLING is about the largest specialty wire or oil-tempered M.B., II.B. and Extra II.B.; music manufacturer in America. And with progressively wire; upho:s:erers' spring wire and valve spring improved facilities and more positive contro!s we wire ... all in a full ranbe of physical properties are constantly turning out wires with a higher uni- and finishes. formity of gauge, finish and mechanical properties. Reduce your machine shut-downs and step up overall production with the Roebling specialty wire Among these products that save preparation that will meet your most exacting requirements. time and boost production for users are mechanical John A. Roeb:in:;'s Sons Company, Trenton 2, N. J. spring wires including hard drawn, soft, annealed ATL ... NTA. 93'" AVON AVE: • BOSTON. £1 SLeEPCA !IT CHICAGO. 5525 W. ROOSEVELT AD. CINCINNATI. 3253 FREDONIA AVE. CLEVELAND, 701 ST. CLAIR AVE, N. £• • OENVER, .. aOI .JACKSON ST. DETROIT. 915 FISH£R BLOG • HOUSTON. 6216 NAVIOATION BLVD. LOS ANGEL£S. 5340 E. HARBOR ST • NEW YORl(. 19 RECTOR ST. ODESSA. TEXAS. 1920 E. 2ND ST • PHILADELPHIA, 230 VINE ST • SAN f"RANelseD. 1740 17TH ST • SEATTLE. 900 - 1ST AVE: S •• TULSA, 321 N •• CHEYENNE: !iT • EXPORT SALES ~ 0,.,..1[;£, TRE:NTON 2, N. oJ. ~ 33 November. 1952 means of a "glory hole" which connects through a NEW DEVELOPMENTS channel to the outside of the reactor. An instrument panel near the water boiler records the amount of (Continued from Page 24) radiation for these experiments. The control rods to regulate the rate of power production are also operated WATER BOILER NEUTRON SOURCE from the instrument panel. A new atomic energy reactor, known as a water boiler neutron source, is being used to further the de- velopment of reactors and associated projects. * * * Care to take a spin? A new human centrifuge can spin its passenger from a standstill to a mile-and-a-half While the water boiler is quite small in comparison per minute clip, in approximately one and one-half with reactors for producing fissionable materials or seconds. The new machine is being used to study re- useful power, from it may be obtained information of actions of pilots under extreme gravitational conditions value in designing improved reactors for various pur- poses. The water boiler is a part of a facility for at sonic speeds. making reactor physics measurements to enlarge the basic information upon which reactor development is based. The water boiler neutron source will supply the neutrons, minute particles of matter, needed for these measurements. IN THE JANUARY The exterior of the reactor is shielded by a housing of two-foot thick concrete blocks each weighing 1,000 SPARTAN ENGINEER pounds. The concrete surrounds a cylindrical graphite reflector five feet in diameter and six feet high. The "Operation Cirrus" reflector surrounds the reactor core, a stainless steel sphere one foot in diameter. The production of atomic The Dean's Page energy takes place inside this sphere which contains a Uranium 235-enriched uranyl nitrate solution. It is Engineering Awards from the nuclear fission of this material in a water solution that the reactor derives its power-and its Clubs and Societies name "water boiler," Materials to be bombarded by neutrons and thus made radio active can be placed inside the core by Designed to simplify close-tolerance measurements Versatile Brown & Sharpe Electronic Gage Head Cartridge Measuring Equipment is easily adapted and Amplifier. to y?ur machine or fixture design. It prOVIdes fast, accurate selling or gag. ing to .00001" with human error prac. tically eliminated. You can design inexpensive Gage Head Cartridges into several fixtures and Use the same amplifier for all of them. Find out the many advantages of Brown & Sharpe Electronic Measuring Equipment. for detailed Write bul. Three ctlbles in one! That letin. Brown & was the solution sought, for supplying Sharpe Mfg. Co •• power, operational control and com. Providence I, R. I., munication to a pumping house 4V2 miles off shore in Lake Okee. U.S.A. chobee, Florida. A~ usual, Okonite .engineers were consulted on the problem. Their studies showed that It was possible to combine a three. fold function in one c~ble. ~his was accomplished by the use of Okolite high. voltage insulation whose electrical characteristics permitted carrier current to be superimposed on the power conductors. The result was a single Okonite.insulated cable _ steel.armored for t?e 4V2 1und~rwater miles, with a non.metallic sheath for an addi. ? tlonal Vz mdes underground - which supplies not only power and Gage Head CartrIdge mounted operation control, but a communication circuit as well. Special fixture utilizes Gage on a fixture to measure a fixed gag_sed with Amplifier. Head Cartridge and Amplifier to measure Internal angle accu- racy to :t 11/Z seconds. ••• !ough j?bs are the trUe test of electrical cable •.• and installations on such jobs usually turn out to be Okonite. o NIT E~ insulated wires and cables 8787 34 Spartan Engineer You'll find classmates-and a future-at Boeing! Plan no", to build your career as a memo Men from more than 120 top engineer- It provides the finest research facilities ber of Boeing's distinguished Engineering ing schools are building rewarding in the industry. It offers you work on personnel after graduation. Boeing has such exciting projects as guided mis- present and future openings for experi. careers at Boeing. So chances are, enced and junior engineers in aircraft you'd be working with some of your siles and the fastest known bomber in the world: the B-47 six-jet medium • DESIGN • RESEARCH classmates here. And in addition you'd • DEVELOPMENT • PRODUCTION be a member of an Engineering bomber, as well as the still-classified • TOOLING Division renowned for its trail-blazing B-52 eight-jet heavy bomber. also for servo-mechanism and electronics contributions to both military and You can work in Seattle, in the designers and analysts, and for physicists civil aviation. Pacific Northwest, or in Wichita, and mathematicians with advanced degrees. If that's the kind of engineering Kansas. Boeing provides a generous For further information, prestige you'd like to enjoy, look into moving and travel allowance, gives consul, your placement Office, or write: Boeing opportunities. This company you special training, and pays a good JOHN C. SANDERS, Stall Enzlneer - Personnel salary that grows with you. BoelnZ AIrplane Company, Sealtle 14, Washlnzton has been growing steadily for 35 years. 1I0EIND 36 Novembw, 1952 Congress which established it, all the locations used by ATOMIC ENERGY the General Electric Company at the Hanford Works, the Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, etc., are subject (Continued from Page 16) to strict security regulations. All personnel have been carefully investigated. Protection is afforded by a Upon being given responsibility for dev~lopment of highly trained uniformed patrol, provided with such the nuclear aircraft power plant, the AIrcraft Gas aids as patrol cars equipped with two-way FM radio. Turbine Division established an Aircraft Nuclear Pro- pulsion project (ANP), with headquarters a.t Lockland, THE OUTLOOK FOR A rOMIC POWER Ohio. Meanwhile, work went on at Oak RIdge, Tenn., Most people probably think atomic energy as a po- where NEPA had been headquartered, by a nucleus of tential source of vast amounts of cheap indu~trial highly trained scientists and engineers who had been power. Ultimately, considerable amounts of our power associated with NEPA and who were asked by General may be produced atomically but, in the foreseeable Electric to continue as members of its ANP program. future, it seems certain that any such production will Appointed as manager of the project was D. R. be subject to some fundamental limitations. Shoults, who while on a mission to England in 1941, No practical method is now known or contemplated became the first American civilian in an official capacity for converting atomic energy directly to electricity. The to see Britain's then top-secret Whittle jet engine. energy released from the splitting atom would appear Following the report to the late General H. H. Arnold as heat, which could then be carried by a liquid or a by Schouts and an Air Force technical liaison officer, gas to a heat exchanger, or boiler, where steam would General Electric was given the task of producing be generated. The steam would then drive a steam America's first turbojet. turbine-generator to produce electricity. In September, 1951, the Air Force announced that Thus, in an atomic power plant, the atomic reactor the Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corp., San Diego, Cali!., and some auxiliary equipment, including the heat ex- had been given responsibility for development of an changer, would merely replace a fuel-fired steam boiler. air .frame for an atomic-powered airplane. The an- From that point on the atomic plant will be essentially nouncement said that both General Electric and Con- the same as one burning coal or oil as a fuel. solidated Vultee would work closely with the Air Force and the Atomic Energy Commission on the nuclear aircraft project. COSTS OF ATOMIC POWER Consequently, it seems that the first cost of an atomic SECURITY REGULATIONS power plant will be at least as high as that of a fuel- In accordance with the policies and rules of the Atomic fired plant under normal conditions. It is believed to Energy Commission and the requirements of the Act of (Continued on Page 52) DISTEL HEATING COMPANY Established 1922 - ".".-....- -,- ....-.-,- - ..... - ~-- .,." .: ~~ :~~ :-:.$ Air Conditioning Power Plants Plumbing Refrigeration Industrial Piping 1120 Sheridan P. O. Box298 Heating LANSING, MICHIGAN Automatic Sprinklers 36 Spartan Engineer HOW MANY FEET TO A FOOT ••• THE AMERICAN INTER-COM SYSTEM ... A one-foot length of this six-strand, steel-sinewed Complete communication is the function, the unique piece of wire rope has 150 or more feet of wire. And contribution of the American business press ... a each wire in this precision product must be accurate great group of specially edited maguzines devoted to within a thousandth of an inch. the specialized work areas of men who wunt to man- age better, design better, munufacture better, re- It wasn't always so. But deeper mines and oil wells, higher buildings, greater logging, shipbuilding and search better, sell better, buy better. construction projects called for stronger, safer rope COMMUNICATION IS OUR BUSINESS ••• . . . without increase in diameter. So rope engineering The McGraw-Hili publications arc u purt of this became a science. American Inter-Communications system. SINEW OF INDUSTRY ••• As publishers, we know the consuming insistence of editors on analyzing, interpreting and reporting Special steels with the right combination of fatigue worthwhile ideas. We know that busineH.'lmen, in and abrasion resistance ... skillful wire drawing ... order to keep abreast of their jobs, subscribe to-pay lubricant-saturated fiber centers ... and scores of for-McGraw-HiII magazines edited for their specific sizes, grades and "constructions" are necessary to business interests ... for the editorial pages tell meet today's wire rope requirements. "how" and the advertising pages tell "with what." Wire rope manufacture represents the contribu- tions of countless craftsmen whose challenge was industry's need ... whose accomplishments, indus- A CAREER FOR YOU ••• try's gain. To a few 1953 engineering graduates. "McGraw- Hill" will mean "writing" as well as ureading." AMERICA WORKS LIKE THAT ••• Spurred by experience on college magazines. or Keeping alert to the needs of business and industry broadened by work in industry. these men will job •.. and meeting them under competitive conditions those of earlier classes who are now McGraw-Hill enl(ineering editors . . . . has characterized America's growth. If you are thinking their way. tell our Personnel And keeping people abreast of these developments Relatiol18 Department (CoIlege Section)-now- about your qualificatiol18 for an editorial career. is the job of America's all-seeing, all-hearing and reporting Inter-Communications System. McGRAW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC . HEAaQUARlERS ~ 330 WEST 42nd Fa STREET, NEW YORK 36, N. Y. BUSINESS • NFORIlAllall 37 November, 1952 CLUBS AND SOCIETIES A. S. C. E. The American Society of Civil Engineers held a business and organization meeting Thursday, October 16. Plans are under way to welcome many new mem- bers at their next regularly scheduled meeting under the direction of program chairman Ethan Axtman. Officers for this year are: President-Harold Jantzen Vice President-Walter Huss Secretary-Richard Couture A. I. Ch. E. The first meeting of the year for American Institute of Chemical Engineers was held Oct. 14. It was well attended and membership covered the range of all four classes. The purpose of the meeting was to iron out plans for the activities carnival and discuss plans for future meetings. A committee was appointed to select a speaker and a movie for forthcoming meetings. This year's officers are: President-Harry Schiefer The two products illustrated presented the Vice President-Robert Somerville same problem-how to carry rotary move- Secretary-James Otis ment around a turn. The designers might Treasurer-Billie G. Simpson have done it with combinations of straight PHI LAMBDA TAU shafts, universals, bevel gears and other Plans are under way to make this a productive year mechanical elements. Instead, they saved for Phi Lambda Tau. The objectives of this engineering pares and costs by using S.S.White Flexible honorary are to serve the school of engineering in any Shafts, and they eliminated a lot of unnec- way possible. At the present time several projects are being discussed and a formal initiation of new members essary assembly time and operations in the is being planned. bargain. Phi Lambda Tau's officers are: ••••• President-Burton Vice President-John Fierstine Loerch Many of the problems you'll face in in- Secretary-Harry Schiefer Treasurer-Ralph Dean dustry will deal with the application of power drives and remote control with cost s. A. E. being an essential factor. That's why it will The Society of Automotive Engineers endeavors pay you to become familiar with S.S.White through the Use of lectures and publications to promote Flexible Shafts, because these "Metal technical skill and social usefulness of students looking forward to a career in the automotive and aeronautical Muscles"@ offer important savings in trans- industries. mitting power or control Officers for SAE for the coming year are: President-Kurt Behrens Vice President-Dale Randall SEND fOR THIS fREE All regularly enrolled students expressing an interest FLEXIBLE SHAFT BOOKLET in automotive or aeronautical engineering management or education are eligible for membership in the society. Bulletin 5008 rontains basir flexible shaft farts A. S. A. E. and shows how to selert and apply flexible shafts. The Michigan Section of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers held their fall meeting October Write for a ropy. 25 in the Agricultural Engineering building on the Michigan State College campus. Approximately 75 members attended the meeting, which was presided YB.J~ INDUITRIAL DlllrAL MFG. CO. e-Dept. c, DIYIIION 10Eaat40lhse. _ over by R. L. Maddex. Members of the local student branch served a luncheon fOllowing the meeting. On November 5, the student society held its annual FacultY-Student Mixer. About 175 students and facultY NEW YORK 16, N. Y. members attended the dinner, which had been prepared for and furnished by the faculty wives. 38 Spartan Engineer ~. '\\"'"), r? Th, wing' nf • hnmmingbi,d beat 80 times a second. Transis- tors, developed experimentally by ReA, oscillate electrically 300 million times a second. ~ ""'"- 300 million times a second! mentally ReA bas now increased this to 300 Now science has discovered a new tool CONTINUE YOUR EDUCATION million time. a .econd and even bigber goals -a major advance in electronic research are sougbt -to increase the transistor's uses. WITH PAY-AT RCA -the transistor. Tiny as a kernel of com, Higher frequencies for transistors point Graduate Electrical Engineers: RCA a speck of germanium crystal embedded Victor-one of the world's foremost manu- to their use in television, radio, communica- facturers of radio and electronic products with wires in plastic performs many of tions and more efficient electronic controls - offers you opportunity to gain valuable, the functions of the electron tube .. for airplanes and guided missiles. The small well-rounded training and experience at a good salary with opportunities for ad- size, long life, and low power requirements vancement. Here are only five of the many Because it has no heated filament, no of transistors suggest entirely new electronic projects which offer unusual promise: vacuum, requires no wann-up and little devices-as well as use of transistors as work- • Development and design of radio re- power, the transistor is a device which has ing partners with electron tubes. ceivers (including hroadcast, short-wave and FM circuits, television, and phono- long been needed. It is also rugged, shock- resistant, unaffected by dampness and- • • • graph combinations). • Advanced development and design of properly made-it will serve for many years. Expanding the research in electronics of solids, AM and FM broadcast transmitters, R-F and the possibilities of transistors, u another ex- induction heating, mobile communications . Despite these advantages, the transistor, un- ample of RCA pioneering at work for your benefit. equipment, relay systems. til recently, was limited to a frequency region This leadership means finer performance from any • Design of component parts such as product or 'enlice of RCA and RCA Victor. coils, loudspeakers, capacitors . below 50 million oscillations a second. Experi. • Development and design of new re- cording and producing methods . • Design of receiving, power, cathode ray, gas and photo tuhes. Write today to College Relations Divl- .ion, ReA Victor, Camden, New Jersey. Also many opportllnitif'!I for I\.fechanicaJ and Chemical Engineers and Physicists. November, 1952 39 help to make it possible for American agriculture to maintain the standard of living of this country's large The Research Program and rapidly growing population at a high level. In gricultural Engineering Department has an order to accomplish this, a staff of five extension en- program of research carried on by the regular gineers is constantly working to carry these results to mbers assisted by graduate students. In this the people in agriculture and industry through group the department cooperates with nationally meetings and individual conferences throughout the anufacturers of farm machinery, farm equip- state. For many years radio has been used as another building materials, many of which are located means of carrying new practices to the people. and now gan. Other agencies, such as farm service the Agricultural Engineering Department at Michigan s, farm organizations and federal and state State College has also added television programs to help ntal agencies, are also important cooperators. serve the people of Michigan. ample of current research is the electrostatic project. In this experiment insecticide and dusts are charged with electricity as they leave g nozzle, and are thus attracted to the vege- oviding more complete, efficient, and uniform MAKE A DATE FOR THE n barn research project is another interesting 1st OR 2nd OF MAY. rtant one. Here methods are being worked require only a fraction of the usual labor for nd handling dairy cattle. BRING YOUR GIRL TO projects include experiments with mechanical of sugar beets; hay, bean and other crop rost control; electrical treatment of seeds for THE FIFTH ANNUAL ontrol; and many others. Now, only five years earch on the mechanical harvesting of sugar ENGINEERING EXPOSITION begun at Michigan State College, over one-half ichigan beet crop is being harvested mechanic- * STAFF POSITIONS Open on The SPARTAN ENGINEER * Apply Third Floor, Union Building. Especially mlny years K&E has pioneered in the manufacture eve ~pm~nt of finest quality surveying instruments FRESHMEN u.rveYlng Instruments are renowned all over the world ~r super~ performance under conditions of all kinds lr mafgOlficent ~or~manship and for special feature; me 0 progressive Ingenuity. and KEUFFEL & ESSER CO. SOPHOMORES UT. 18n NEW YORK • HOBOKEN, N. J. St. Louis. Detroit • San Francisco. LosAngeles. Montreal * Spartan Engineer Bright, colorful Styron (Dow pol)'styrene), the plastic that 1111ds new eye-appeal and utility to many different prOllucts, will now be more easily available than ever to the Eastern molder. For Dow, the pioneer and producer of Styron, as wcll as other plastics, has just completed a large new Styron plant at historic Allyn's Point, Connecticut. This plant has 2,000 square feet of production space on each of four floors, along with a large warehouse and 1111ministration building. Because past experience has proved that rapid growth is a condition normal to Dow operation, the plant has been constructed to allow for future expansion. This Styron plant is located on an 80-acre plot on the Thames DOW PLASTICS PLANT Hiver. Dow also built an 800-foot dock to handle ocean-going vessels. Here they will recei\'e many raw materials from their Texas Plant amI ship Styron to Eastern markets and many TO SERVE export markets throughout the world. EASTERN This new Styron plant is but one of the many new developments at Dow. The increasing demands of industry for chemicals necessitate continued expansion in-every sphere of Dow operation INDUSTRY ... expansion that requires new plants, new technical facilities, as well as a continual increase in personnel talented in vary- ing phases of science. Dow's Booklet, "Opportunities with The Dow Chemical Company," especially written for those about to enter the chemical profession, is avail- able free, upon request. Write to The Dow Chemical Company, Technical Employment, Mid- land, Michigan. CHEMICALS THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY INDISPENSABLE TO INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE Midland, Michigan 41 November, 1952 JAMES F. LINCOLN (Continued from Page 21) L Beginning Its When papers involve the use of terms or words which are peculiar to a certain locality or industry 38th Year and are not in general English or engineering usage, A it is well to describe or define what is meant in the text and illustrations so that the text will be under- of SuccessFul standable to engiqeers outside of that particular N Stamping locality or industry. Authors should refrain from mentioning in the paper their own names or the name of the institution in which they are registered. All such identifying marks should S Service also be removed from all exhibits submitted with the paper. Use of Title Page I Papers must be jUdged by the jury without their knowledge of the identity of the author or his school. To make this possible all papers must give identifying N information only on an easily removable title page. A uniform title page has been prepared by the Foundation and is included in this Rules booklet on the inside of G the back cover. This page or a copy of it must be used on all papers. The information requested on the title page sheet must be filled in completely and the title page removed from the Rules booklet. This title page should be attached to the paper so that it can be easily removed and the paper submitted with this as the only title page. S The title of the paper, however, shall appear on both the removable title page and at the top of the first page of the text. T Upon receipt of the paper in Cleveland, the title page will be removed by the Secretary of the Foundation and the paper bearing only an identifying number will go A forward to the Jury of Award. The envelope containing the paper shall be addressed: Secretary The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation M Box 3035 Cleveland 17, Ohio p The envelope must be mailed and postmarked during the period June 29, 1952 to June 29, 1953, but not later than midnight, June 29, 1953. CLOSING DATE: JUNE 29, 1953 Serving Manufacturers 0/ I Jury of Award The Jury of Award will be drawn from engineering education or industry, or both. Selection of the jurors AUTOMOBILES AGRICULTURAL N will be under the direction of the Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Lincoln Foundation, Dr. E. E. Dreese, or in case of his failure to act, a person selected for the EQIDPMENT purpose hereof by the Trustees of the Foundation. INDUSTRIAL G The decision of the Jury of Award, as certified by the Chairman, shall be final. EQUI'PMENT Payment of Award Announcement and payment of each award and DOMESTIC scholarship fund will be made at the beginning of the EQUI!PMENT fall semester following the closing date. LAWNMOWERS ( The depositing in the mail of an envelope containing a check payable in the amount awarded to the name, 1159 Pennsylvania Avenue o or names, given on the paper as author, or authors, and addressed as directed on the title page of the paper, shall constitute full payment of the award therefor. Publication of Papers All papers become the property of the Foundation Lansing, Michigan • and mayor may not be published at the Foundation's discretion, but authorship and author's institution will always be indicated in the event of publication. 42 Spartan Engineer Another page for Weight-lifter is no dumbbell- it uses TIMKEN@ bearings When designing a lift truck that would handle like an automobile and lift two-ton loads, Yale and Towne engineers wanted to be sure of smooth, easy operation. That's why they mounted the wheels, pinion, differential and steering pivot on Timken BEARING TAKES RADIAL ~ AND THRUST -ID- LOADS OR ANY COMBINATION THE TIMKEN TAPERED ROLLER * D November, 1952 The car you'll drive tomorrow - is on the boards today! Tomorrow's finer cars are on the draw- a brighter future than Pontiac. This ing boards today-and the young men con~inual growth calls for a steady flow who are working at these boards today of young men with new ideas, young are the engineers of tomorrow who will men who want an engineering career provide better performing, better riding, based on opportunity, future advance- more economical cars. ment and liberal compensation and There are no finer engineering facilities employment benefits. in the world than those found in the automobile industry -and none finer in the industry than those of the Pontiac Motor Division. The future of the automobile industry is practically unlimited with more than 60,000,000 cars seen on the road by 1975 Pontiac's huge new engineering building is the -and because of its unsurpassed public . industry's most modern with every conceivable acceptance and reputation, no car faces facility for designing better and better Pontiacs. PONTIAC MOTOR DIVISION • PONTIAC, MICHIGAN GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION 44 Spartan. Engilieel Scoring and cutting rule steel is a cold-rolled specialty steel for use in preparing dies for cutting paper, leather, rubber and other materials. It is a pre-tempered product manufactured by skilled workmen, using precision rolling and hard- ening equipment, to close limits for chemistry, grain size and hardness. This product must also be capable of meeting intricate bend requirements in the hardened and tempered condition. This specialty is furnished with round edges and in coil form to the rule manufacturer who grinds the edges - the one edge square and the other to a knife edge as well as cutting the material into de- sired lengths. This is sold to a die-maker who bends the rule to the required shape. This is then the nucleus of a pre-hardened die, which when properly brazed and supported is used to cut out material for display cards - aircraft parts - pocketbooks - wallets - gloves - gaskets - washers. engineering service aViJilable Since there is a great diversity of cold-rolled prod- , ucts, our staff of field metallurgists can help you apply Wh3t you require. Take full advantage of Crucible's more than 50 years experience as the first name in Fpecial purpose steels. Crucible Steel Com- pany of America, General Sales and Operating Some examples of the many shapes of bends needed Offices, Oliver Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. CRUCIBLE first name in special purpose steels 52~of'~s~ Midland Works, Midland, Pa. Spaulding Wcrks, Harrison, N. J. Park Works, Pittsburgh, Pa. Spring Works, Pittsburgh, Pa. 'National Drawn Vvorks, East Liverpool, Ohio Sanderson-Halcomb Works, Syracuse, N. Y. Trent Tube Company, East Troy. Wisconsin November. 1952 45 Reserve Your Future Copies . of THE SPARTAN ENGINEER --------------------l ISPARTAN ENGINEER I I MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE SUBSCRIPTION RATES: P. O. BOX 468 $1.00 per year (4 issues) I EAST LANSING, MICHIGAN I Enclosed find $ for u u subscriptions to the I SPARTAN ENGINEER MAGAZINE. Send the copies to: I M~ I M~ ------ ------------ 1----_- ------1 ------------- L . J ------------- DAIL STEEL PRODUCTS CO. Incorporated 1913 Manufacturers of Metal Stampings and Assembly Work LANSING I, MICHIGAN 46 Spartan Engineer There's something here somewhere about laying an egg... NCE UPON A TIME there were two farmers. After all., they said, he had more than he needed, O Each had a hen that laid 20 eggs a month. and they were hungry. Both farmers liked eggs, so one ate his. But So, of course, the farmer wasn't going to raise the other did without, and put his eggs in an any more chickens just to have them taken away incubator which he bought by borrowing money. from him; he ate his eggs, too. In no time he had 200 chickens from his one. A shocking profit! (Before taxes.) In due time both the farmers' original hens died of old age, and then there weren't any eggs He sold some to pay down the loan on his for anybody. No chickens either. incubator; he ate some as a reward for all his labor in raising the brood. And he sold a good The neighbors were quite sure it was some- many to pay his income tax. how the chicken raiser's fault. He still had some left. Profit. Did the farmer, who used to eat all his So the farmer who had eaten all his eggs got eggs, enjoy his now-eggless meals any more a law passed. The neighbors divided up the for realizing that the farmer next door wasn't chicken-raising-farmer's "profits" and ate them. enjoying any chicken? You CAN MACHINE IT lETTER. FASTER, FOR LESS WITH WARNER & SWASEY TURRET LATHES, AUTOMATICS. AND TAPPING MACHINES 47 November, 1952 FOUNDRY (Continued from Page 26) foundry employees a job security not enjoyed in many of the newly developed or the unstable industries. In a united effort to inject new blood into an. old industry a group of far-sighted foundrymen established the non-profit organization known as the Foundry Edu- cational Foundation for the purpose of establishing scholarships and offering free placement service to college and university men especially in the field of engineering. In the past five years this organization has received wide support by the industry and has been responsible for attracting hundreds of graduate engineers into the foundry. In 1950 Michigan State College was taken into the Foundry Educational Foundation program. Under this program the F.E.F. provides five thousand dollars per year to be used for M.S.C. scholarships and for teaching aids directly connected to the foundry pro- gram. The trend of the graduating engineers to be attracted Michigan state College engineers at the Albion Malleable in greater proportions to the cast metals field has led Iron Company. Left to right: Donald Huizen&"a, '51 to the establishment of the Foundry Option in the new Core Room Foreman; Richard Dobbins, '51, Service En- Mechanical Engineering curriculum. Students electing gineer; Xelle Wyble, :Mold Development Engineer; John this option will have an opportunity to follow a sequence T. Ehman, '49, Industrial Engineer; John Kruse, '50 of courses that cover the various branches of Foundry Associate Quality Control Engineer; Donald Davis, '52 Engineering as well as other closely allied subjects. (not shown), Engineering trainee. Another valuable asset to the M.S.C. Foundry pro- gram has been the organization of the Student Chapter of the American Foundrymen's Society. In the past four years this group has established the reputation of The photograph of the M.S.C. engineers employed being a very active technical society by organizing recently by the Albion Malleable Iron Company, Albion inspection trips and by planning on campus programs Michigan, is an outstanding example of the manner in that include industrial leaders from the cast metals which one group of young men have moved rapidly into industry. highly responsible engineering positions. The thousands upon thousands of. men who use precision tools WIlltell you that there are none better than Lufkin. All Lufkin precision tools are the product Elimination of wasteful friction is a constant battle con- of rears of fi,,;etool.making ex- pet/ence .combmed with the very fronting Industry. Out on the job ... irrespective of your. late~tdesIgnfeatures. Experienced engineering role ... you'll be coming to grips with this engmeers know Lufkin tools are problem. the most accurate they can buy. See the complete line of Lufkin tapes, rules, and precision tools In the past, Industry has learned to rely upon !1l'lCSW for at your hardware or tool store. practicai solutions to anti.friction bearing problems. BUY IUJ:'KIN TAPES' RULES' PRECISION TOOLS In the future - more than ever before _ engineers can ~ - at your hardware ar tool store lookto !1l'lG$[fP for the finest in bearings, plus help in putting . THE LUFKIN RULE CO., SAGINAW, MICH 198 the right bearing in the right place. 73'4 ~ FR IE ._~~~.:a~~,:~.:...N.:.':_Y,::,~",:~,:~~nt. ~E LUFKIN RULE <;:0.,' Saginaw, Michigan -, SKF INDUSTRIES, INC., Philadelphia 32, Pa.- I .. ,eat. se send Rmedt.he ,"tetesting j't Icrometer ea mg Made Easy!". illustrated booklet , I I mllnufacturers of !1l'lG$[fP and HESS-BRIGHT bearings. NA .. r~ 1 -~." .p ADD.ES .. - ~ I CITY----- sTATr I 48 --------------....! Spartan Engine l Make the First Job Count! by PAUL CLARK ~lT ,I Applicatioll Ellgilleer, Electric COlltrol Sectioll WEST ALLIS WORKS (Graduate Traillillg Course 1950) Iowa State-EE-I949 II TSUDDENLY Ia senior, occurred to me while I was looking for a job, that my first job would be all important. In a way, it was going to be almost as much a part of Iiiii I my schooling as my last year at "State." • L Since then, I've been glad I thought of it that way, be- cause that's what the first year and a half was ... schooling. Among other things, I learned what I wanted to do, and learned a lot about products and indus- try problems. But I give much of the PAUL CLARK credit for the great amount I learned to the Allis-Chalmers Graduate Training Course and consider . .., ' ~.:- '1'~~T"'' _~_M[l myself very lucky to have chosen AlIis- r::-;-•. ~ ' Arrange Brain of a giant t07,()()()-kw steam turbo-generator is this complex Regulex voltage control. Clark finds such control a fascinating problem . Your Own Course The time spent in other departments :~~ , , has paid off too. It not only helped me , From this, you begin to see the freedom find the work I liked best, but I met people a GTC student has at Allis-Chalmers. in departments all over the plant that I " You not only have complete freedom in arrangingyourcourse, but you can change now work with in coordinating jobs for utilities. Even time on the Steam Turbine your course as you go along and your erection floor proved valuable, because it interests develop. Best of all, you have a helps me in talking shop to utility men. wide choice, because Allis-Chalmers builds such a wide line of products. Wide Choice at A-C ~ ': .~ Even after getting to the Motor and One reason you have such a wide choice Generator section, which had been my is the fact that Allis-Chalmers makes original goal, [ had a chance to change my equipment for every basic industry, in- mind. While [ found a certain glamour to cluding electric power, cement, mining, the big motors and generators, I became rock products, flour milling, and steel. really intrigued by the electrical brains of Just to give you an idea, here are some of these giants, and decided to go to the the products you might some day re- Power Transformer being installed in control section to learn more about them. design, build or sell: transformers, steam Midwest utility. I have been working there ever since. condensers, pumps, motors, blowers, unit Chalmers. Perhaps a quick review of my substations, steam and hydraulic turbines own experience will show why I feel that Today, I am in charge of pricing, apply- and generators, crushers, kilns, grinders, way. ing and promoting the sale of three lines coolers, rolling mills, sifters, and many of control devices: Rocking Colltacl volt- others. After graduating from Iowa State age regulators; Regulex voltage regula- tors; and liquid rheostats. Part of my That diversity can mean a lot to you in in 1949 helping you find the job you want. [t cer- time is spent traveling ... visiting cus- I started the Allis-Chalmers Graduate tomers and helping district office salesmen. tainly helped me make my first job count. Training Course on the Steam Turbine Rocking Con/uct and Regulex are Allis-Chalmers trademarks erection floor. From there I went to the switchgear and pump departments to familiarize myself with other utility equip- ment; and from there, to the Motor and Generator section, which at the time was ALLIS-CHALMERS For illformatioll call the Allis-Chalmers District Office ill your locality or write to my goal. Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company, Milwaukee I. Wisconsin 49 November, 1952 By metallurgical comrols and tests of materials, our members are able to produce cast iron pipe with exact knowledge of the physical characteristics of the iron before it is poured into the mold of a centrifugal casting machine. Cast iron pipe is the standard material for water and gas mains and is widely used in sewage works The great majority of cast iron pressure construction. pipe produced today is cast centrifugally, in metal or Send for booklet, "Facts About Cast Iron Pipe." ,;and-Iined molds. Address Dept. C, Cast Iron Pipe Research Association, When this mechanized process was introduced 27 T. F. Wolfe, Engineer, 122 So. Michigan Avenue, years ago, its potentialities for improved production Chicago, 3, Illinois. controls were evident. For human fallibility was largely replaced by machine accuracy based on scientific principles. The improved production controls made possible by the centrifugal casting process have long since been realized. Hundreds of millions of feet of centrifugally- cast-iron pressure pipe are now in service. All of this pipe is more uniform in metal structure, in wall thickness, and in concentricity, than pipe nor centrifugally cast. Better production control means better pipe; it re- sults in greater uniformity of quality. Production controls in cast iron pipe foundries start almost literally from the ground up with inspection, analysis and testing of raw materials; continue with constant control of cupola operation by metal analysis; Section of 114-year-old cast iron gas and end with rigid tests of the finished product. main still in service in Baltimore, Md. SERVES FOR CENTURIES so Spartan Engineer J. D. McHugh (at right), B.S. in M.E., • Rochester '50, and draftsman discuss working drawings for plant equipment improvement . • eN°" for M.E.'s rigid specifications. In addition, they must train men in proper equipment operation and maintain good person- nel relations. One area supervisor, also an ex- perienced man, usually has charge of from 125 to 150 people, including 6 to 10 foremen. Du Pont's manufaduring side offers opportunity to mechanical engineers The young mechanical engineer in- rects transfer of personnel from one terested in production finds plenty group or area to another, and assigns of opportunity at Du Pont. His skills duties. He sets up office and field are in great demand because so many work methods and controls the sup- ofthis Company's products are made plies of spare parts and stores. in equipment which must operate The importance of this work is continuously on automatic controls. emphasized in some Du Pont plants More than half ofDu Pont's M.E.'s where more men are needed to main- are currently engaged in some phase tain the equipment than to operate of production work. There are three it. At one plant, the division main- tenance superintendent, a man with Keeping comprellorl in top running condi- main categories. tion is a typical maintenance-group problem. several years experience behind him, 1. MAINTENANCE SUPERVISION. Re- is responsible for 1,500 pieces of 3. PLANT TECHNICAL. Other sourcefulness and initiative are equipment and 100 miles of pipe. He M.E.'s at Du Pont are assigned to needed in men selected for this work. has 120 men under him, including the teams of plant technical men re- Among their many duties are the 10 foremen. sponsible for process and production scheduling of preventive mainte- 2. PRODUCTION SUPERVISION.Other improvements. In this work, they nance and emergency repairs to mini- mechanical engineers at Du Pont help solve problems on machine de- mize down time, suggesting equip- use their knowledge of mechan- sign,strength of materials, control in- ment improvements to reduce the ical equipment in solving production struments, packing materials for maintenance load, and estimating problems. They must see that raw high-pressure equipment, etc. costs of changes or major repairs. materials are on hand, that maxi- Actually-in maintenance, pro- Normally, the supervisor estab- mum yields are obtained with mini- duction and development-the pos- lishes maintenance procedures, di- mum loss, and that the products meet sibilities are almost unlimited at Du Pont for the M.E. who likes the manufacturing side of industry. HAVE YOU seen "Mechanical Engi- neers at Du Pont"? 32 pages of facts about opportunities for mechanical en- gineers. For copy, write: 2521 Nemours Building, Wilmington, Delaware. a lB0QIb IJJ o::1(n {J\Y(9C7f3 c::J C7'i7 BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER LIVING ••• THROUGH CHEMJSTJ/Y listen to "Cavalcade of America," Tuesday Nights on NBC-See II Every Other Wednesday on NBC TV 51 November, 1952 used fuel, a large supporting chemical plant may have ATOMIC ENERGY - to be associated with the power plant. (Continued from Page 36) In other power applications, the requirement of a radiation shield around the atomic reactor is a serious be entirely possible that the cost of nuclear fuel may restriction. In the light of present knowledge, such a eventually become competitive with that of coal or oil. shield would weigh many tons, far beyond what a truck At present no reliable estimate of its cost can be given, or automobile could carry. Possibly it could be built for there are so many factors concerning which we do within the confines of a locomotive, which would then not have the knowledge and experience to evaluate be capable of running for a very long time without properly. refueling. The same is true for an airplane. A ship In areas where electricity is now readily available, could easily carry an atomic plant, as far as weight at reasonable cost, it is hardly likely that the advent of and space are concerned. That is why it seems likely atomic energy will cause any revolutionary reduction that the first major application of atomic power, in a in the cost of power. Of the total price now paid by unit specifically designed for its purpose, will probably the consumer for fuel-generated power, only 20-25 per be for ship propulsion. cent goes to pay for the fuel itself. Hence, even free nuclear fuel would cause a reduction in power costs WHEN? of only 20-25 per cent. While this would be significant, it is hardly in keeping with some of the more fanciful The Atomic Energy Commission's Fourth Semi-Annual pictures that have been drawn as to the effects of report, issued in 1))48, stated that it seemed impossible, atomic energy. even "under the most favorable circumstances, to have The great advantage of atomic fuel is that it is so any considerable portion of the present power supply concentrated a source of energy. This makes it seem of the world replaced by nuclear fuel before the expira- quite likely that atomic energy may bring economical tion of 20 years." electric power to areas where the transportation costs Nothing has developed since then which would shorten on conventional fuels are extremely high. this estimate materially; in fact, the statement still seems quite optimistic. The development of atomic power will LARGE PLANTS NEEDED be gradual, over a long period of time, and will be This does not, however, mean that small atomic power evolutionary rather than revolutionary. It may also be plants wilJ spring up in every isolated area. An atomic profoundly affected by military demands for nuclear power plant will necessarily be of large capacity, per- fuel as a material for atomic bombs. In any case, it haps a hundred thousand kilowatts or more. In addition, seems at present that atomic energy will only supple- to reclaim the potential energy remaining in the partially ment, and not supplant, present sources of power. LINDELL Established 1910 DROP FORGE COMPANY Incorporated 1923 Manufacturers of ..... '.~ HIGH GRADE DROP FORG I N G S " 2830 SOUTH LOGAN LANSING 3, MICHIGAN TElEPHONE 4-5403 52 Spartan Engineer Can future gh this Wi ow? This is an aluminum .J:DOfl not f"dvdeo prod\ldion in '9o't.rn~"t owrutd plonh built and 0 rct.ct by Alcoo durlrt9 World Wor 2 window, one of four million that will go into buildings in 1953. Twenty What can this mean years ago, it was just an idea in the as a career for you? mind of an Alcoa development engineer. Ten This is a production chart ... shows the millions years ago, only a few thousand were made of pounds of aluminum produced by Alcoa each annually. Now, production is increasing year between 1935 and 1951. Good men did good at the rate of over half a million a year. work to create this record. You can work with these same men, learn from them and qualify yourself This is just one of a torrent of new uses for for continually developing opportunities. And that aluminum which means that Alcoa must production curve-is still rising, we're still expand- continue to expand. Consider the opportunities ing, and opportunities for young men joining us now are almost limitless. for you if you choose to grow with us. Ever-expanding Alcoa needs engineers, metallur- gists, and technically minded "laymen" for produc- tion, research and sales positions. If you graduate soon, if you want to be with a dynamic company that's "going places", get in touch with us. Benefits are many, stability is a matter of proud record, opportunities are unlimited . . For more facts, consult your Placement Director. The best things in aluminum come first in <9 ALCOA ALUMINUM By ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA • PiHsburgh, Pennsylvania 53 November, 1952 Leftto right-C. Mead Hawkins, U. of Toledo, B.S.,Mechanical Engineering 1948, M. H. Thomas, Kansas State College, B.S., Mechanical Engineering 1939 and V. W. Peterson, B.S., Mechanical Engineering, Rose Polytechnic Institute. • V. W. (Pete) Peterson, who was graduated than harnessing the engine output of 5500 from Rose Polytechnic Institute in 1939, is one horsepower to a propeller. The long shafts, of the modern day pioneers in the design of jet rotating at high speeds, must be delicately bal- and turbo prop engines. His particular job is to anced with flexible bearing mounts so they wiII supervisc a group of engineers rcsponsible for not set up destructive vibration even though the hasic detail design of reduction gear boxes they are subject (0 many kinds of bending and and extcnsion shaft systems for Allison Turbo- twisting motions through various attitudes of Prop Aircraft Engines. flight. Each engine consists of a pair of turbine power This is another of the interesting problems at sections which revolve at more than 14,000 Allison which represent a challenge and an op- r.p.m. Two extension shafts transmit this high portunity for young engineers. Every day men rotative speed to a gear box which reduces the at Allison are making a new contribution (0 the shaft specd in the order of 16 to 1 to drive two science of jet engines. And, at the same time they concra-rotating co-axial propellers. Some air- are adding to their own experience in a field plane installations require extension shafts as which offers life-time careers for qualified young much as 14 feet long. Thus, the problem is more men. ~##K'hn 7l.et:Mv,v DIVISION, GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION. Indianapolis, Ind. Design, development and .production-high power TURBINE ENGINES for modern aircraft •.• heavy duty TRANSMISSIONS for Ordnance and Commercial vehicles ••• DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE PARTS ••• PRECISION BEARINGS for aircraft, Diesel locomotives and special application. 54 Spartan Engineer. The practically solid gear lubricant used in as are the two mechanisms. Yet both are diesel locomotives and the thin, soft lubri- greases-products of research that has de- cant used in a station clock are as different veloped thousancs of other special greases. It takes more than elbow grease to make the world go 'round! So different in other ways, the to dies. Naval greases prevent locomotive and the silent electric corrosion by salt spray. Almost clock have in common one abso- any kind of machinery embodies lute essential: grease-a special its own special lubrication chal- grease for each mechanism. lenge. And this merely hints at the Chemists and engineers apply wide range of needs. Coke-oven their knowledge, experience, and ~re~~e_must stand temperatures imagination to finding successful of 6000 F. Airplane grease must answers. Such research holds a lubricate at both desert heat and wealth of interest and satisfaction sub-zero cold. Stamping com- for young technical men at pounds keep metal from welding Standard Oil. Standard Oil Company 910 South Mithigan Avenue, Chitago 80, DUnojs 55 November, 1952 SIDE TRACKED The Southern father was introducing his family of There is a great difference between the right word and boys to a visiting governor. one that is similar but all wrong. For instance, you "Seventeen boys," exclaimed the father, "and all can caIl a woman a kitten, but not a cat; a mouse, but Democrats-except John, the little rascal. He got to not a rat; a chicken, but not a hen; a duck, but not a readin'." goose; a vision, but not a sight. Chats (Clark-Sprague Printing Co.) * * * "It's quite simple" explained one of the seniors in EE442 "to hook up an electric power circuit. We merely * * * Woman driver to companion after parking car: "That's fasten' leads to the terminals and pull the switch. If close enough ... we can walk to the curb!" the motor runs, we take our readings. If it smokes, we Dave Eastman in The Saturday Evening Post sneak it back and get another one." * * * "Have your fiancee's people accepted you yet?" * The modern co-ed's hair * * may look like a mop, but that doesn't bother her-she doesn't know what a mop "They sure have. I was bawled out yesterday for looks like. using a guest towel." Penn State Engineer * * * Worried freshman to hardened senior: "How do you * * * manage to keep on drinking that dormitory coffee?" It Can't Happen Here 1" "Beg Pardon, but aren't you one of the coIlege boys .. Senior: "I take a heaping teaspoon of Draino once a week." "No-it's just that I couldn't find my suspenders thIS morning, my razor blades were used up, and a bus just Purdue Engineer ran over my hat." Duke Engineer * * * I serve one purpose in this school Upon which no one can frown- * * * The old engineer pUlJed his favorite engine up to the I quietly sit in every class water tank and briefed the new fireman. The fireman And keep the average down. got up on the tender and brought the spout down al1 Purdue Engineer right but somehow his foot caught in the chain and he stepped right into the tank. * * * A spinster was shocked by the language used by work- As he floundered in the water, the engineer watched him with a jaundiced eye. men repairing a telephone near her home, so she wrote "Just fill the tank with water, Sonny," he drawled. the company. "No need to stamp the stuff down." The foreman was requested to make a report. The Rose Technic report read as follows: "Me and Spike were on this job. I was up on the pole and I accidentally let the hot lead fall on Spike- * * She was a hula dancer * right down his neck. Then Spike looked up at me and He was a guy from the fleet- said, 'Really, Harry, you should be more careful'." He forgot the sugar he left at home When she shook her shredded wheat. Purdue Engineer Duke Engineer * * * If exercise will eliminate fat, how in the world does a * * * woman get a double chin? "I'lJ bet you woudn't marry me," he said. She called the bet and raised him five. Okla. Covered Wagon Montana Engineer * * * "How did Herbert manage to inherit so much of his * * * uncle's estate?" Football coach: "You're out of condition, Buck. Whatta you been doing, studying?" "He married the daughter of his uncle's lawyer." Pacific; Weekly 56 Spartan Engineer Pholography ••• an able helper all through engineering In the.Jaboratory, in the drafting room, on the production line, photography has become a- most important tool. It records fleeting instru- The~e traces provide helicopter engineers ment traces for study. It examines metal structure with infonnation about blade stresses during through electron micrography, x-ray diffraction, and flight. Strain gages pick up bending at different locations. Photography with its microradiography. perfect memory catches the whole story The use of photography in engineering, business, and as fast as it happens. industry is increasing steadily. This has led graduates in the physical sciences and in engineering to find positions with the Eastman Kodak Company. If you are interested, write to Business and Technical Personnel Department, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester 4, N. Y. FUNCTIONAL PHOTOGRAPHY serves industrial, commercial, and scientific progress "What is General Electric's policy on employment in light of the draft?" ... Jon h C..Bennett , University of Rochester~ 1953 The answers to John Bennett's question - - excerpts taken from the panel discussion - - are given below. H . .1. CANNING, HIIsilless Training Department ... ]\f. ]\f. BORING, Engineering Services Division .:. llasicalIy, the Company is interviewing and considering Whether or not you are called into military service collq,e students for employment without regard to their C you can reasonably expect to follow you.r prolesslO • n fI~r draft status. \Ve're not passing o\'er men because they are approximately 30 or 40 years. Your solutIOn to the ma, Y eligible for the draft-we're hiring them if they have the problems, such as this one, which arise durin~ your eJlt,lr~ qualifications we want in our employees. Weare looking productive period will be a lifetime undertaklllg. A penOl at Ihe area of employment on a long-range basis, and we spent serving you~ country in a military way. will r~prese~~ think we arc going to carry a perpetual inventory of men a relatively small part of your total profeSSIOnal hfe: T in the lIrmed forces for a considerable period of time. It's way you handle a problem such as this, and the .111 fo1'- true we lose some men, but we get many back, and with mation you get to help in its solution, will determllle to this in mi'H! our /,oliey is based on personal qualifications, a large extent your ability to handle future problems, not on draft eligi lility. Now, where does General Electric stand in reRard t .1. L. l\IICIiAELSON, General Engineering Laboratory this draft situation? This is our policy. Regard ess () f ... We are experiencing a growing appreciation of the military status, we desire to interview all st~dents W~;? are interested in our Company. And, irrespective of mil- importance of an adequate supply of well-trained pro- tary status, we will make employment offers to all who fessional people to this country's immediate and future have the qualifications we are looking for, and whom Wi w..lfare. Although this situation creates excellent oppor- would like to have become members of the Gen~ra tunities for you students for future employment, the Electric family. If any of these people are called. ~nto draft may leave you plagued by uncertainty for the service before starting work with us, business conditIOns present. But, remember this, we are not only considering permitting, our offers will be waiting for them when tI~ey college people for employmellt entirely for the year 1952. We are also thinking ahead to the years '54 '55 and '56 return. Those with us before being called into ~ervlce will maintain continuity, and, barring unforeseen Circum- an,d.if we fin? a good .man. now, knowing h~ is going int~ nuhlary se~nce, we '~'Illstlllm~ke long-range employment stances, will be assured of employment upon return. k plans for Illm. We still would like to have him come with Following World War II we did not have to go bac, liS after he has completed his military service. on a single promise. When the present world situation IS concluded we hope our record will remain the same. Do you have a question-or seek further information? If so, write to e College Editor, Dept. 221-6, General Electric Co" Schenectady 5, N. Y. GEN ERAL ELECTRIC