.7 NO. 3 APRIL, 1954 • # "Reduced to the most favorable mere 7 % of the original ingot is left degree" describes exactly what hap- to do the job. pens to the huge U-S-S CARILLOY That U-S-S CARILLOY steel has steel ingots from which are formed been exclusively selected for this ap- the rugged main columns in the land- plication—one of the most exacting ing gears of every B-36. in the aircraft industry—is, we be- To provide the tremendous lieve, highly significant. The same strength and shock resistance re- care and skill, the same ability to quired to safely cushion the landing meet requirements that are beyond impact of 179 tons of bomber weight the ordinary, go into every order of —and, at the same time, to keep CARILLOY steel we make—whether the weight of the landing gear as low it's an ingot of giant size or a few as possible—calls not only for steel tons of special steel. of the highest quality but also for U-S-S CARILLOY is just one more unusual procedures in fabrication as example of the better steel products well. developed and produced by United Consider these facts. The original States Steel. If you are interested in ingot weighs approximately 37,500 additional engineering training, why lbs. From it are produced two cylin- not investigate your opportunities drical columns weighing only about with U. S. Steel? For more informa- 1200 lbs. apiece. Approximately 93% tion, contact the Placement Direc- of the steel is removed by machining tor of your school, or write to United to proper contour and in hollow- States Steel Corporation, 525 Wil- U-S-S CARILLOY electric-furnace aircraft boring the column. When finished, a liam Perm Place, Pittsburgh 30, Pa- quality steel meets every requirement for these vital parts. The precision machining and expert heat treatment it gets at Cleve- land Pneumatic Tool Company complete the job. U N I T E D S T A T E 5 S T YEARS OF NEW IDEAS Ao MAINTAIN a top position in the The achievements of the past 36 years at aircraft industry for more than 36 years re- Chance Vought, great as they have been, offer quires the engineering of new designs through little means of evaluating fully the potential of the application of engineering experience plus aviation's future. If you are interested in a po- imaginative thinking. Chance Vought Aircraft sition with an unlimited future, a position with has offered the opportunity for such a career the constant responsibility of evaluating and since the day of its founding in 1917 when it applying new ideas, if you are interested in began the design of the VE-7, a two-seated working for a company with a wealth of experi- biplane which was redesigned for the Navy as ence in its line and yet ambitious to create the the VE-9. latest designs in its field, investigate the em- ployment opportunities at Chance Vought. During the past 36 years young engineers and scientists have been an important source of these new ideas. Today, more so than ever Engineering and scientific graduates are before, many interesting career opportunities invited to contact their Placement Officer to are available at Chance Vought as the com- arrange for a personal interview when the pany designs the latest versions of the F7U-3 Chance Vought Engineering Personnel Repre- Cutlass, the "Regulus" guided missile and other sentative visits on campus. high speed fighter aircraft projects. CHANCE VOUGHT AIRCRAFT INCORPORATED exas TWO MORE WAYS TO CLIMB THE GM JOB LADDER PRODUCT PRODUCTION ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ' hen considering your first engineering j o b - and production techniques, with all the fine ask yourself this: career opportunities that this implies. What kind of person am I? The kind of person And the same goes if you have your sights fixed who likes to invent things—or design them? on Research, the exciting hunt for knowledge in The kind who likes to be in on the birth of an the field of applied science — or if you're contem- idea? Or the kind who likes to meet the challenge plating a career in Plant Engineering, the plan- of new designs, new inventions, new ideas — by ning, developing, installing and maintaining of figuring out how to build them in quantity at a GM plant equipment and services. price to make them available to the greatest Yes, there are all kinds of opportunities for the number of people? graduate engineer who has what it takes to climb For — the first type is bound to be happiest as a the GM job ladder. Product Engineer; the second as a Production Engineer. GM positions now available In Product Engineering, GM offers you a success- in these fields: ful career whether your interest lies in automo- MECHANICAL ENGINEERING tive or Diesel engineering, design, fuel and METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING plastic research, or creating new beauties of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING motorcar styling. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING In Production Engineering, GM also—as has been INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING proved by its success in mass production of fine BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION products—is a leader in manufacturing processes GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION Personnel Staff, Detroit 2, Michigan Spartan Engineer Future of Automatic Controls brings new opportunities for engineers and scientists at Honeywell As science advances, and as our coun- Here at Honeywell one oul of ton try continues to develop its industrial employees is engaged in research and might, the business of automatic con- engineering acth iiics. trol gets bigger and increasingly im- Shown below is part of our Aero- portant. nautical Division's analog computing For the prime force behind the 20lh equipment, which helps our research century revolution has been and will engineers lo develop and simulate continue to be automatic control. flight tcsis on automatic controls lor So at Honeywell, leader in this field aircraft. It's typical ol work being done for over 60 years, it of course means a by all of the company's cij:lit divisions bigger, more exciting, more challeng- in plants across the country. ing job ahead —all of which adds up to So if you're an engineer or scientist greater opportunities for engineers and and like to use your imagination freely scientists. in such fields as electronics, hydraulics, And that's why we're always looking mechanics, chemistry, physics, and a for men with ideas and ambition to wide variety of others, be sure to send prow with us. in the coupon below. America lives b e t t e r - w o r k s better—with Honeywell controls. M1NNEAPOLIS-HONEYWELL REGULATOR C o . Personnel Dept., Minneapolis 8, Minnesota Gentlemen: Please send me your booklet, "Emphasis on Research" which tells more about engineering opportu- M I N N E A P O L I S nities at Honeywell. Name- H March 1954 Whether you're in engineering, sci- ence, commerce or liberal arts, the DOW sales organization may offer just the future you're looking for What About Your Future? Your opportunities for advancement are excellent because —a real advantage if business slows—and certain to Dow is growing—continually building new plants, develop- ing new production operations—adding new products, multiply opportunities as business expands. Also at Dow opening new markets. —group insurance, pension plans and employee stock purchase plans have been a tradition. Dow fits you for the job with a comprehensive training If you or any of your friends majoring in other fields of course which explains company organization, policy, finance, research, production, technical service and sales study who have had pre-engineering or one year or more methods. of college chemistry are interested in finding out more about a future at Dow, write to Dow's Technical Employ- You'll find that Dow is a friendly company. You'll discover ment Department today. that promotions are usually from within, from Dow's own staff. Seldom is an outsider considered for a top job at Dow. Moreover, you'll find a highly developed spirit of coopera- Dow's Booklet, "Opportunities with The Dow tion between men and departments. Chemical Company" especially written for those about to enter the chemical profession, W At Dow, your future can be more secure because of Dow's available free, upon request. Write to THE diversification of products serving many different markets DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY, Technical Employment, Midland, Michigan. you can depend on DOW CHEMICALS DOW Spartan Engineer EDITOR PHIL SANFORD BUSINESS MANAGER LEE MAH ARTICLES ASSOCIATE EDITOR 13 Metallurgical Engineering TOM CLARK ASSISTANT EDITOR 16 One Engineer's Concept of Relativity ALICE JACOBSON 18 A Young Man's Business PHOTOGRAPHER AND PHOTO EDITOR 20 The Position of the Tool Engineer in Business RAY STEINBACH NEWS EDITOR 21 Your Time on the Drafting Board HARLOW NELSON 21 Fundamentals of Cost Estimation FEATURE EDITOR 24 Is There a Better Way? BRUCE HARDING 32 The 1953 Summer Surveying Camp ASSISTANT BUSINESS MANAGER JOHN ROOD 34 Engineering Research at Michigan State College ADVERTISING MANAGER 42 Research Improves an Old Product BILL BARTLEY 50 Re-refined Oil PROMOTION MANAGER JOE MEYERS 54 The Chemical Engineering Profession CIRCULATION MANAGER DOUG COULTER FEATURES STAFF 28 New Developments JAMES A. GUSACK 36 Clubs and Societies AL SUMMERS JIM JOHNSTON 58 The Engineering Council EUGENE SPELLER EMORY GEISZ 60 Feature Column TOM AYRES MADELYN FERGUSON 62 Index to Advertisers ZIGURDS J. LEVENSTEINS DICK TOMPKINS 64 Sidetracked RALPH POWELL i K the students of the SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, LEONARD EFRON Published * "STATEA ^ A COLLEGE T E G E E«t MICHIGAN hast Lans La s nyg, Michigon.2 5 The , E noff.ee is on the third t £ r e d a s xconc, dass DAVE MITCHELL floor O f the Union Bu, ding Phone ED 2 ^ ^ ^ ^ ]879 matter ot t ^ « ^ [ £ f ^ P 0 Box 468, East Lansing, Michigan ADVISORS u pushers -presen.t ; ve y _ Bamh||i D. D. McGRADY 101 Park Avenue, New York 60S W Michigan Avenue, Chicago Subscription rate by mail $100 per year. PAUL G. GRAY Single copies 25 cents. W. E. LIBBY March 1954 PROGRESS OF A PROBLEM To design and manufacture advanced radar and fire control THE PROBLEM: systemsfor military all-weather fighters and interceptors- equipment that must be light in weight, versatile, and capable of accurate operation day or night under extreme conditions. At Hughes the answers to these requirements for complexly interacting systems involving advanced radar and fire control have been under continuing developmeni from 1948 and in production since 1949. Even more advanced systems are cur- rently in process of development for supersonic aircraft. Beginning with systems engineering and analysis, the military studies are initially concerned with evaluation of the strategic and tactical needs of the services in order to establish design objectives. This is followed by the analysis of problems involving noise, smoothing and prediction, multi-loop nonlinear servos, aircraft dynamics and controls, and the properties peculiar to conversion of analog information to digital quantities. From the analytic stage evolve the requirements for systems design and circuitry, designs of computing sub-systems, microwave transmitting and receiving equipment, the presentation of information to an airplane pilot, and advanced testing needed to optimize over-all system performance. Aircraft shown in the accompany- SYSTEMS ing photographs arc among those ENGINEERS equipped with Hughes radar and fire control systems. CIRCUIT ENGINEERS Further advancements in the fields of radar and fire control are creating new positions on our Staff for engineers experienced in the fields of systems engi- neering and circuit design, or for those interested in entering these areas. SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING STAFF HUGHES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORIES Culver City, Los Angela County California Spartan Engineer World's Largest Steam Turbine Generators for Detroit Edison Mammoth generators of the cross com- pound type (2000 pounds pressure at 1050 F initial temperature and 1000 F reheat) being built by General Electric Company and Westinghouse Electric Cor- poration for Detroit Edison. Detroit Edison offers a firm foundation on which Largest turbine generators in the world are now to build a career. Planned on-the-job training, being built for Detroit Edison's newest power orientation programs, provide new engineers with plant, at River Rouge. There are two units, each opportunities to explore all major departments with a capability of 260.000 kw. When the plant in the Company. We have up-to-date, progressive is completed, it will house six units, together employe benefits . . . including group insurance, with their giant boilers . . . enough capacity to hospitalization, retirement and annuity plans. supply 2,500,000 people. To you young men thinking about your careers, pioneering like this is a symbol of expansion There is a future for you at Detroit Edison. and opportunities for advancement. You may Drop in and see us when we visit your campus; find just what you want in this rapidly growing stop in when you are in Detroit; or write. . . . electric company. The DETROIT EDISON Company 2000 Second Avenue, Detroit 26, Michigan 1954 Editorially Speaking In the previous two issues of the Spartan Engineer this school year, we have told you a little bit about Michi- gan State College's annual Engineering Exposition and its sponsoring body, the MSC Engineering Council. In this issue, however, we would like to offer a special salute to the members of that sponsoring body, for this year their work has been twice as hard and twice as great as ever before. For, this year, the Exposition has jumped from a two-day affair to one of three days duration, in preparation for a four-day Exposition in 1955. This will be in connection with the celebration of Michigan State College's centennial year. Page 58 of this issue carries a complete list of the membership of the Engineering Council and the duties each member performs for the Exposition. But more than just this listing of names, we wish to thank the members of the Engineering Council for their work. Therefore, we have decided to dedicate this issue of our magazine to the matters with which the Exposition and the Council are concerned—the engineering profession in action. We've tried to touch upon all phases of engineering, being by no means comprehensive. We've neglected sev- eral of the branches of engineering, but believe that we have given a representative cross-section of the oppor- tunities awaiting the engineering graduate entering his chosen profession, and the studies awaiting many of the high school graduates who wish to make engineering their career. This, then, is our salute to you—the members of the Michigan State Engineering Council. Spartan Engineer ENGINEERING GRADUATES HAVE EXCELLENT OPPORTUNITY WITH C O L L I N S R A D I O CO, Engineering and Research Facilities Expanded It's the nerve center for research operations in Engineering graduates have an excellent oppor- all Collins plants . . . the Main Plant and Aeronauti- tunity for top starting wages and every chance for cal Laboratories in Cedar Rapids and the research- advancement with Collins Radio in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. There's the advantage of association with manufacturing divisions of Collins' plants in Dallas a well known leader in the radio-electronic field, too. and Burbank. Collins is 20 years old this year and has spent each of those 20 years expanding—growing—improving. The new Engineering and Research Building pic- If you are graduating in Mechanical, Indus- tured here is a good example of what we mean. trial or Electrical Engineering, be sure to This building is located on a beautiful 52 acre wooded contact the Engineering Placement Office. tract in Cedar Rapids. It has more than 100,000 They are arranging interview-appointments square feet of floor space and contains the latest on campus with Collins representatives for architectural refinements. It is one of the finest, Thursday, March 11. Make it a point to talk most completely equipped engineering-research lab- with them about Collins. oratories in the country. For the best in engineering opportunity, it's . . • COLLINS RADIO COMPANY Cedar Rapids, la. 2700 W. Olive Ave., 42nd St., 1930 Hi-Line Drive, BURBANK YORK 36 DALLAS 2 March 1954 • Donald L. (Don) Dresser was a Physics Ma- jet engine in a test cell. Cables from the ane- jor at Beloit, class of '50. He was a member of mometer lead to the control room panel where Sigma Chi; played basketball, and shot golf in results are recorded and studied. the 70's. He received his Masters from the U. The very nature of Allison business contin- of Wisconsin in 1951. ually presents a variety of challenging problems Before coming to Allison something over a to the engineering staff, which—along with the year ago, Don was recalled to military service Mechanical Engineers, Aeronautical Engineers, and served another 16 months in the Navy. Electrical Engineers, Metallurgical Engineers, Now, he is a specialist in the instrumentation Chemical Engineers and Industrial Engineers- and electronics group at Allison. Don was as- includes quite a few majors in Math and Physics signed a problem in studying the air flow like Don. through jet engine compressors with a hot wire Allison needs more technically trained peo- anemometer. It was his job all the way, working ple, especially young graduate engineers to help with the vendor in supplying necessary equip- handle the increasing work load in a field where ment which was developed to study rotating future development is unlimited. Why not plan stall in axial flow compressors. NOW for your engineering career at Allison, Don is shown making an adjustment on one the only manufacturer whose jet engines have of the probe actuators of the anemometer on a accumulated over three million hours in the air. For further information about YOUR engineering career at ALLISON, discuss it with your Placement Counselor and arrange for an early interview with the ALLISON representative the next time he visits your campus. Or, write now for further information: R. G. Greenwood, Engineering College Contact, Allison Dmsion, General Motors Corporation, Indianapolis 6, Indiana. DIVISION GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION • Indianapolis, Ind. P W e r TURB NE ENGINES f lNSM.sSIONSf0r ° ' °< m o d e r " ° i ' " o H UP PARTS PRECmo* » L ^ . ° r d n a n C e a n d C«"«mer«i«l vehicles . . . DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE . PRECISION BEARINGS for aircraft, Diesel locomotives and special application. 10 Spartan Engineer diversification: another reason why Lockheed in California offers... better careers for engineers diversified production diversified development projects diversified living The most diversified development program You work better in Lockheed's atmosphere Huge luxury airliners, cargo transports, in Lockheed's history is under way —and of vigorous, progressive thinking—and you fighters, bombers, trainers and radar search it is still growing. The many types of aircraft live better in Southern California. You enjoy Planes are rolling off Lockheed assembly now in development indicate Lockheed's life to the full in a climate beyond compare, lines. Twelve models are in production. in an area abounding in recreational production in the future will be as varied opportunities for you and your family. as it is today—and has been in the past. This capacity to develop and produce such a wide range of aircraft is important to career-conscious engineers. It means Lockheed offers you broader scope for your ability. It means there is more opportunity for promotion with so many development and production projects constantly in motion. It means your future is not chained to any particular type of aircraft-because Lockheed is known for leadership in virtually all types of aircraft. Lockheed's versatility in development and production is also one of the reasons it has an unequaled record of production stability year after year. Lockheed AIRCRAFT CORPORATION BURBANK, CALIFORNIA II March 1954 \i Fig. 1 — Dendritic pattern found in as-cast bronze alloy of copper and tin. Magnified 50 diameters. Hg. 2 — Sketch of typical sharp, angular grainj characteristic of several pure metals and their alloys in wrought form. V Fig. 3 —Rounded grain shapes found in J f pure iron plate or bar. -V 12 Spartan Engineer II Metallurgical engineering by D. D. McGrady, Associate Professor of Metallurgical Engineering Have you been "dusted" with meteorites lately? An Outline of Metallurgy Probably so, because an estimated 146,000,000 small Webster's definition of metallurgy . . . "the science meteorites fall on the earth each year. Man has always and art of extracting metals from their ores, refilling been fascinated by The Metal from Heaven and it is them, and preparing them for use . . ." seems accept- quite likely that prehistoric man found a piece of able in a very broad sense. Chipman states that mod- meteorite and noticed that it was unlike the stones ern metallurgy includes the science of the metallic- he was using for tools and weapons. Our cave man state, of the structure and properties of metals and could not chip or break the iron-nickel alloy of his their chemical and physical nature and behavior. meteorite fragment, but could pound and form it into Metallurgy is an art in that it involves the skill and a shape he needed. ability to produce and employ metals, the scientific application of the knowledge of individuals and of Considerable evidence exists that metal was used organizations in the adaptation of metals to the uses in Egypt at least as early at 4,000 B.C. and in India of man. In short, metallurgy is engineering. This by 2,000 B.C. Thus man and metals have been closely dual nature of metallurgy requires that its students allied through the ages. Today every phase of our be trained in both science and engineering, a require- present life is dependent upon metals. Transporta- ment which is not at all unusual in modern engineer- tion, communication, and agriculture require a wide ing education. range of alloy analysis and properties. Steel, bronze, copper, and aluminum are every-day terms. What then is the scope of Metallurgical Engineer- ing? Broadly speaking, the metallurgist is responsible "Metallurgy is one of the oldest branches of engi- for the processing of ore into crude metal and lor neering and historically has been of such outstanding the refining, alloying, and shaping of this metal until importance that the great eras of history have been it becomes a useful and needed product — perhaps named in accordance with metallurgical develop- an automobile fender or wing of a jet plane. The ments. Thus we have the Bronze Age, the Iron Age metallurgist deals with materials. In fact, progress and now the Age of Alloys. Like all such ancient in the application of nuclear energy and jet motors activities of man, metallurgy developed as an art — will coincide with the progress of the metallurgical sometimes a black art. Many of its time-honored tra- engineers of the future. ditions and methods still cling to it, some of them The outline in Table 1 sets forth the main features still very useful, others merely obstructions to progress of the entire field of metallurgy not as a course of and improvement. study, but rather as a field of human endeavor. Course of Study "The new branches of engineering such as electrical engineering which have been established since science "The curricula in metallurgy differ widely from became the guiding factor of civilization are exact one school to another; metallurgical engineers and the sciences in a sense unknown to metallurgy. Here, in occupations and interests of metallurgists differ just brief, lies the future development of metallurgy - that as much. There is no established course of study for it becomes less and less an art and more and more a Metallurgical Engineering. Many acceptable solu- science." The science of metallurgy has improved tions are possible based upon such controlling factors markedly in the past 50 years and it is at present as local conditions, availablity of staff, equipment, undergoing very rapid development. and student needs. Spielman sets forth the following specifications for A publication of the American Society for Metals the newly graduated metallurgical engineer. described "metallurgy" as follows: "The science of 1. He must be able to speak and write the English metals which concerns the constitution, structure and language correctly and with reasonable fluency. Properties of metals and alloys. A young science, 2. He must be thoroughly grounded in the basic sciences and the fundamentals of metallurgy and metallurgy is also an old art. A part of this art con- engineering. cerns the application of the science of metals and or 3. He must be inculcated with the engineering other branches of science to the extracting of metals approach to a problem and the engineering from their ores, refining them for use, producing and method of solving it. Preparing alloys and using metals and alloys safely 4. He must have a knowledge of the field of human and economically. This part of the art embraces engineering. metallurgical engineering. The terms 'metallurgy and 5. He must have a knowledge of the functioning and the problems of the society of which he is 'metallurgical engineering' are often used interchange- a part and he must be willing and able to assume ably as are also the terms 'metallurgist' and metal- more than the average share of the responsibili- mrgical engineer'." ties of citizenship. 13 March 1954 6. He must have imagination, initiative, ingenuity, A fairly typical course of study for metallurgical and integrity. engineers might be outlined as follows: 7. He should enter industry with some understand- btg of the aeOBoniC ttruttnrt Ot American busi- I. Basic Sciences. ness. a. Chemistry—General chemistry, qualitative anal- K. He must he willing to work for his place in the ysis, quantitative analysis, physical chemistry. profession, learning as lie does so. b. Physics—General physics, modern or advanced physics. c. Mathematics—Calculus, differential equation, TABLE I statistics. An Outline of Metallurgy II. Basic Engineering Subjejcts. a. Mechanics—Graphics, statistics, dynamics. A. Metallurgical Engineering b. Strength of materials. 1. Mineral Dressing c. Electrical engineering—Alternating and direct current, electrical machinery, electronics. a. Crusihng and grinding of ores d. Chemical thermodynamics. b. Separation of minerals III. Humanistic-Social Group. c. Flotation a. English—Composition, technical and business 2. Process Metallurgy writing. b. History. a. Roasting and sintering c. Economics. b. Reduction and smelting d. Political Science. c. Fuels and combustion e. Sociology. d. Heat and fluid flow f. Psychology. g. Public speaking. e. Electrometallurgy IV. Metallurgical Subjects. f. Melting, refining and alloying A. Extractive Metallurgy g. Casting and solidification 1. Mineral dressing 3. Metol Processing a. Unit operations—crushing and grinding separaton of materials, classification, a. Hot and cold forming filtration. b. Foundry practice 2. Process Metallurgy c. Joining a. Unit processes — metallurgical calcula- d. Surface treatment tions, flow of heat, flow of fluids, combus- e. Powder metallurgy tion, heat and material balances, refrec- tories and furnaces, instrumentation. f. Heat treatment B. Adaptive Metallurgy 4. Application Metallurgy 1. Physical metallurgy a. Metallography—thermal analysis, dila- a. Selection and specification tometry, hardness testing, use of micro- b. Alloy design scope and metallograph. C. Quality control b. X-ray and radiographic analysis. d. Service behavior c. Metal processing—fatigue, corrosion, ma- chinability, extrusion, rolling, forging, B. Metallurgical Science stamping. 1. Chemical Metallurgy d. Heat treatment and engineering appli- a. Crystal chemistry and mineralogy cations of metals and alloys. b. Thermodynamics of systems and The metallurgical engineer at Michigan State Col- processes lege directs his studies largely to the field of physical c. Reaction kinetics metallurgy because of the extensive foundry and metal d. Surface chemistry processing industry in the state of Michigan. e. Corrosion and electro-chemistry During the past two decades, metallurgy has become 2. Physical Metallurgy more and more a science, and less an art. The train- a. Metallography ing of the metallurgical engineer is in physics and 1. Structure of alloys chemistry and in the creative science of engineering. Metallurgical education involves in part a study of 2. Equilibria in metallic systems the methods and equipment commonly used for 3. Recrystallization and grain growth obtaining metals from complex ores and raw mater- 4. Reaction in the solid state ials. Such studies involve the application of engi- b. The Physics of Metals neering science blended with practical experience. 1. Atomic and electronic structure The student of metallurgy studies the basic operation 2. Diffusion of crushing and grinding, size separation, filtration, 3. Electrical and magnetic proper- flow of fluids, and heat transfer, and then applies these ties basic concepts to his particular problems of roasting, 4. Theory of the solid state smelting, refining, quenching, or heat treating. c. Mechanical Metallurgy 1. Elastic behavior The various processes of extractive metallurgy are 2. Plastic flow and fracture identified as Pyrometallurgy, Hydrometallurgy, and Electrometallurgy. The final result of this series of The above specifications are general over the nation processing operation on the ore is a crude metal with no differentiation by geographical location and suitable for additional refining and alloying. no differentiation by fields or branches of the indus- try." Another major portion of metallurgical education centers around the study of alloy systems of metals. 14 Spartan Engineer The student of metallurgy studies not only the cast- A study of the categories ol work in which metal ing and solidification of alloys from the molten state, lurgists a r e e n g a g e d slmws a \ e i \ predominate empha but also the subsequent procedures of mechanical sis upon (a | Metal Production i w inning, refining, and rolling and forging, and of welding, heat treatment, shaping ol metals) and (b) Metal Consumption i pui and fabrication into a finished product. Metallurgical chasing, Fabricating, and consuming ol metals). engineers who are primarily concerned with refined More than thrce-lourths ol the metallurgists were metals and with the heat treatment and properties concerned with Teelinieal Production problems "i of alloys, are identified as physical metallurgists. The with Technical Research or Development Manage tools of the physical metallurgist are such things as: nient. Supervision, and Technical sales account lor microscopes, x-rays, hardness testers, tensile strength about ten percent machines, and impact testers. The microscope, for example, will reveal much infor- mation about the internal structure, composition, and grain size of metals. Fig. 1 shows a typical pattern found in a cast bronze alloy of copper and tin. In contrast Fig. 2 illustrates the typical sharp, angular grain shapes and formation in pure copper that has been wrought and drawn into wire and then heat treated to soften it. Thus it is evident that metals can be identified and their condition and properties recognized by proper use of the microscope. Fig. 3, which shows rounded grains of various sizes in essen- tially pure iron, reveals that even pure metals may have quite different grain outlines. Certain fundamental concepts, common to all alloy (HIT systems, are studied by the student of physical metal- lurgy, and he then applies his knowledge to the under- standing of various commercial alloy systems of alumi- num, copper, magnesium, zinc, tin, and iron. Employment Opportunities Alumni records show a wide diversity in the fields of work in which metallurgical graduates are engaged. A large majority of the graduates go into industry. Some 10% may elect to take up specialized study and research leading to advanced degrees. High speed continumis strip mill producing A classification of the types of employment avail- steel sheet at a 'mile-a-minute' rate able is given below: For the purposes ol developmenl and research MM- I. Research and Development work metallurgical industry has customarily expended II. Production and Quality control III. General nearly \'/< of the gross sales income. This am..mil a- Selling and servicing is equivalent to more than 50 million dollars used lor b. Teaching the advancement of the industry. c Writing and editing The metallurgical engineering graduate finds oppor d. Consulting tunities presented by this vast industry at every Stage Metallurgical personnel are employed by all indus- of research, development, engineering, production, tries that produce or process metals and alloys. This and sales. includes fabricators of metal as well as service indus- tries which supply transportation, communication, and Summary power. A total of over 35,000 industrial organiza- The entire field of metallurgy is conveniently divid- tions in the United States produce, consume, or fabri- ed into two broad classes (1) extractive metallurgy, cate metals and alloys. which deals with the extraction of metals from their ores- and (2) physical metallurgy, which deals with Occupational Analysis microstructures, strength, hardness, forming, and A survey of persons actively engaged in metallurgi- application of metals. cal pursuits reveals that nearly one-half of them are Special emphasis of metallurgical engineering is employed by companies that have only one or two to apply the basic principles of engineering to pro- Plants with fewer than 5,000 people on the payroll. cesses and operations in which metals and alloys are Larger companies, with three to ten or more plants the materials undergoing treatment. To this end the and 5,000 to 15,000 or more on payroll, employ slightly student in metallurgical engineering, after securing Ov er one-half of the metallurgists. a sound foundation of basic scientific knowledge in Three-quarters or more of all metallurgists are nis first two years of college, concentrates his efforts employed by companies that produce basic metals, during the junior and senior years upon basic alloy or that do commercial processing, or that are manu- (Continued on page 44) facturers of assembled parts. 15 March 1954 II One engineer's concept of relativity by William C. Bartley, E. E. '55 To what is gravitational force due? Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Faraday, Maxwell, Lorentz, Michelson, and others pondered this problem. But the laws resulting from their theories were based on excessively hypo- thetical reasoning. Then came Einstein with an A note from the author: approach to the problem which revolutionized scien- tific thinking. He made science his life work with Knowing that I have this as an objective: delved into Einstein's "The grand aim of all science is to cover the theories of relativity for greatest number of empirical facts by logical several years, some of deduction from the smallest number of hypotheses my friends have asked or axioms." me to write this article Galileo believed that all "flying" bodies were sub- on my interpretation of ject to two fields of force: (1) inertial force and (2) general relativity and gravitational force. Newton took these principles, gravitation. I have at- and applying "cut and try" mathematical deduction, tempted to present the formulated the laws of Inertia (First Law) and ideas in terms which will Universal Gravitation. be familiar to most engi- However, there was a mystery in connection with neers. I hope this article these Galilean and Newtonian conceptions. In the will stimulate others to Galilean dual force theory the magnitude of "pull" investigate the subject, on a body in an inertial field is proportional to the for it leads to a very in- "inertial mass" of the body and the "pull" in a gravi- teresting avocation. tational field is proportional to the "gravitational mass" I believe that relativity of the body. Every body (piece of matter) was should be of interest to assumed, therefore, to possess two kinds of mass the engineer, for he is corresponding to the two types of field. But, the most continually confronted refined physical experiments invariably proved the with field problems. Al- strictest proportionality between these two kinds of though an understanding masses; so, that by choosing units suitably, it is possi- of general relativity is ble to represent both the inertial and gravitational not necessary for solving masses of a certain body by the same number. ordinary gravitational force problems, it does This equality seemed a miraculous coincidence for carry the engineer's con- there appeared to be no connection between the two cept one step beyond the types of field. The "inertial field" can be explained F = km,mo rJ equation. mechanistically using Newton's First Law. For ex- ample, the explanation for the inertial force which "pulls" an auto passenger toward the front of the car when the brakes are applied can be made by an observer outside the car, who will argue that a mechanical force (road friction to brake wheels) was applied to the car, interrupting its forward motion, but the passenger continued in "uniform motion" tending to leave the car behind. However, this sort of reasoning did not seem to apply to gravitational force in any way. One of the steps taken by Einstein in dealing with gravitational phenomena was to make an assumption which did away with the "dual mass" mystery. To 16 Spartan Engineer explain — if a person is standing in an elevator and with itself; (b) an object is straight if no "bumps" it starts downward suddenly, for a moment he will are apparent when looking from one extremity; (c) the feel very light. If the elevator cables break and shortest distance between two points is a straight line the elevator car accelerated at a rate g equal to that (the Special Theory of Relativity limits this), lint caused by gravitation, then the passenger will have in every case it is apparent thai intuitive recognition no weight at all (in relation to the elevator). In try- of straightness will always be based on physical cri teria dealing with the behavior ol light and material ing to explain this phenomenon, the classical scien- bodies. From this viewpoint several non Euclidian tists would have said that the gravitational field geometries arose, including those developed b) the seems to vanish because it is "compensated" by the mathematicians Lobatchewsld and Riemann. inertial field of the accelerating car. On the other Roughly, Einstein's reasoning in the development hand, Einstein assumes that if the gravitational field of the gravitational equations (Crucial Theory ol seems to vanish, then it does vanish. Relativity, 1916) might go something like this: Ever) Continuing with this same reasoning, if the elevator thing in the universe is moving (all matter having car accelerates upward at the gravitational rate, g, relative velocities less than the speed of light, c), the person inside will weigh twice his normal weight Some things, like electrons and planets, appear to be and, therefore, the gravitational field has been dou- traveling in curved paths while energy often appears to be traveling in a "straight" line (in relativity, light bled. Now, if this elevator were carried out into and time make possible changes in the coordinates ol space, far away from the earth and other large pieces the observer such that a straight line will appear of matter, and were allowed to travel at uniform curved and vice versa). If the hypothesis be taken velocity, there would be no fields of gravitation or that everything in space behaves by non-Euclidian inertia present. But if it were forced to accelerate geometry, then things which were assumed to be in space at the rate g, then an inertial field would straight in the Galilean system are actually curved. exist causing the passenger to have weight. Thus, a concept of curved space time is developed. This "car" or room (of relatively small mass) could It is conceivable that in curved space time all matter be accelerated in space in different ways (transitional accelerates along complicated non-Euclidian loci. The and rotational) to produce an inertial field. One way problem is to represent mathematically a locus and would be to accelerate it along a Euclidian straight find a form of acceleration which will give an "inertial" line (if such a line can be determined in space). If field which is identical (same configuration) to the the acceleration were g along this "straight" path, field measured around matter called "gravitation." then a field would exist in the room similar to the Einstein's General Theory of Relativity uses tensor earth's field. However, it would not be identical, the analysis a shorthand representation of vector calulus) configuration of its surfaces varying from that of the to approach this problem. The tensor used is sym- gravitational field. It follows then, that if an inertial metrical and of the second degree (nine components). field is going to be made to approach the configura- In the appendix of the December 1919 edition of tion of a gravitational field, the inertial field will have The Meaning of Relativity, Einstein published his to be produced by accelerating along some locus other "General Theory of Gravitation," often referred to as than a "straight" line. the "Unified Field Theory." Although it covers rela- tively few pages, it is of great importance for it pre Human sences unreliable sents the mathematics of the old General Relativity In the study of sensory continua or continuous Theory in a new form of mathematics which may be manifolds it is demonstrated that the human senses compared with the mathematics of electric and mag- cannot be relied upon to analyze physical character- netic fields developed by James Maxwell (Maxwell's istics. For instance, it is possible to produce several equations are formed by an assymetrical tensor of the audio tones, one after the other, which, although hav- second degree). The objective of "General Gravita- ing slightly different frequencies of oscillation, will tion" is to interrelate all electric, magnetic, and gravi- sound identical. If tone X be slightly higher than tone tational fields. * and tone Y slightly higher than tone Z, it may seem Thus, Einstein has suggested the answer to the that X=Y and Y = Z when the tones are sounded in problem - To what is gravitation due? - by conceiv- Ae order X-Y-Z or Z-Y-X. But if X be sounded fol- ing the hypothesis that gravitation is a form of lowed by Z, the continum may be broken by the omis- "inertial" force generated by accelerating bodies sion of tone Y so that the ear can perceive that X=Z. (matter) resulting from the curvature of space. From Thus, the inadequacy of the senses is shown here by the mechanics of his curved space equations he has the inconsistency of their mathematics (X=Y, Y=Z, been able to draw many conclusions, using mathe- matics alone. Among other things, he predicted: (a) The light from a star will be bent 1.75° as it passes Realizing the manifestations of the sensory con- through the field of the sun; (b) atoms will vibrate hnua, it is possible to recognize the possibility of slower in a strong gravitational field than in a weak deviation in geometry from that described by Euclid. rh field- (c) the planet Mercury will travel around the e question arises, "Is one capable of recognizing, sun in a prescession perihelion. These conclusions and and thereby defining, a straight line?" Several criteria tor many others have been verified by accurate measure- straightness may be suggested: (a) a line is stf ments. aight when it can be turned over and superposed 17 March 1954 II A young man's business —reinforced plastics by Paul E. Sanford, Chief Engineer, Molded Fiberglass Co., Ashtabula, Ohio A young man's business — that's reinforced plastics. electrical industry have utilized the insulating prop- A young man's business because the business itself erties for years. Millions of sportsmen use fiberglass is not yet ten years old. A young men's business be- fishing rods. Chairs, awnings, paneling, window fans, cause today's problems are new, tough, and nerve- and lamp shades have given the material household wracking, and it takes hard work and ingenuity to appeal. And the military has long been the biggest lick them. A young man's business because it looks single customer; in fact, the use of reinforced plastics to the future and its hope. A young man's business for aircraft radar housings is what started the industry because it needs the optimism and faith that abound during World War II. And what a dramatic life this in young men. ten-year-old has seen since then. Reinforced plastics is still a small business, amount- What problems it has seen. Sometimes it seems as ing to only one percent of the total plastics industry. though the industry has been one continuous problem. In fact, the largest processors number their employees Before all else, what are these reinforced plastics to only in the hundreds. But it is doubling itself every be made of? First requirement is a reinforcing ma- two years, and it doesn't take long at that rate to terial, and the usual selection is fiberglass. The strands IMT e In", business reallj big, and profitable. The of glass fibers have high strength, excellent insulating men who stick out the early years will some day be ability, and workability. Most important, they will bond with certain resins while these resins are curing, to give the cured solid a "backbone" and much greater strength. In fact, it compares pound for pound with the strength of steel, aluminum, and other metals. The resin is another variable, with even tougher requirements. It must flow through the fiberglass strands as a liquid at room temperatures, permeat- ing the strands without displacing them. Yet as a cured solid it must bond with the glass, for it is the bonding of strands by resin that provides strength. And its curing should be at low temperature, even as low as room temperature. Polyester resins are usually chosen, though phenolics, epoxies, and others are being developed. Polyesters are so commonly used, however, that their production is taken as the gauge of the reinforced plastics industry. Another The Chevrolet Corvette—first mass-produced MHI advantage is that they easily mix with thinners, fillers, coloring agents, and several catalysts. American sports car—features a body molded of fiberglass reinforced plastic. The Corvette, the Materials mean nothing until they are molded, and Kaiser Darrin, and other sports cars are the most this is problem number two. Here more choices exist, recent and most dramatic use of this material, for two leading processes are available, and each has and point toward new horizons in the automobile industry. its place and value. The first jobs ever made with fiberglass reinforced plastics were radomes for mili- "in the chips," but for everyone who hits the top, tary aircraft. Because these housings for radar units many will fall short. "The road to riches is strewn were large and cumbersome, bag molding was devised. with rocks" was never truer than in reinforced plastics. Woven cloth or mat of fiberglass is laid by hand over Recently a new, highly publicized application has a model of the shape to be molded. As additional captured public imagination and dramatized the future layers of mat or cloth are laid on, they are impregnated of reinforced plastics. The Chevrolet Corvette and with polyester resin. The operator is the most impor- the Kaiser Darrin, first American mass-produced sports tant element, for it is entirely a manual task. cars, have all-plastic bodies. To a sports-car-crazy American public this is an ideal marriage — the new- Once the fiberglass and resin are built up to a ness of the sports car, and the newness of its plastic desired thickness, they are covered by an airtight body. But the sports car is only the most recent use enclosing overlay, usually a rubber bag. Either com- of reinforced plastics. Boats from rowboats to yachts, pressed air may be applied to the bag, or the basic have been a famous product. Refrigeration and the mold and layup may be evacuated. In either case, at least six pounds per square inch pressure is desired 18 Spartan Engineer to cure the resin and wet the glass strands. Heat may a clean edge on the piece, but they trap the resin and be applied by lamps or by an oven, but many bag- prevent its loss and waste and keep it under pressure molded parts must be cured at low temperatures. while curing. A clean, smooth-surfaced piece is cured Obviously a layup is a slow, manual job, and curing in minutes, rather than in hours, still another Feature is also slow — in fact, a full day is taken for many of matched-metal dies is that, for deep-draw pieces, bag-molded parts. Smaller parts may be "speeded instead of undergoing a long, tedious hand layup up" to a one-hour cycle, but still the process is limited process on the die itself, "preforms" nia\ he made. to small quantities, or to pieces so large they can be Chopped strands of Fiberglass are blown and drawn molded no other way. For example, boat hulls and onto a screen having the shape of the molded product. gasoline tanks can be molded in one piece, but only Bonded loosely together by a resin spray, the glass after a long, arduous layup job. fibers make up a preform — actually a presliaped Form, If reinforced plastics are to hit their stride as "big made entirely apart from the dies. It may then In- production," it must be with matched-metal die mold- molded with resin in the same manner as mat and ing. Dies, corresponding to steel-forming dies, may cloth, without tying up a die and press with a manual be heated and transmit pressure, both of which speed operation. Indeed, the future of the industry lies in curing and give a better surface. A cycle is reduced matched-metal die molding. from terms of hours to minutes. Of course, a greater And the future had better hold some improvements investment is involved in dies, presses, and a heating in finishing reinforced plastics, too — yet another prob- system than with bag-molding; therefore, larger quan- lem for a young industry. A surface free of air pockets, tities must be produced to be economically sound. pinholes, resin cracks, exposed fibers, and blisters is a But for the popular concept of American mass- production, matched-metal dies hold the future of reinforced plastics. This was recognized when it was Chopped strands of fiberglass arc blown on a shaped screen to make a preform. This is the first step in producing a loudspeaker horn of rein- forced plastics. seldom-attained goal. Almost every piece requires sanding to some degree; and in bag-molding, finishing is as big a job as is molding. Painting presents many problems, still unbeaten. Surface imperfections are actually highlighted rather than covered by paint. Bonding to plastic surfaces has been poor, especially when silicones are used as molding parting agents. And the more complex the molding jobs taken on, the more complicated are the finishing problems Polyester resin is poured over the preform. When the dies are closed, pressure forces the involved. resin throughout the preform, bonding the fiber- All right, a young man will ask, these are some ot glass in a cured plastic solid. the problems - and like any new industry, there are decided that eventually all the Corvette body parts plenty of them. But what good is the material when Will be made in matched-metal dies, despite the size the problems are licked? What is the end result? oi some of the pieces involved. It's not an easy question to answer. John Q. Public Among the advantages of metal dies are the heating likes to make the snap judgment that "plastics are made possible by steam, hot water, or electric resist- cheaper than metals," and therefore will soon replace ance strips; pressure applied by hydraulic presses; metals because of the cost advantage. Nothing could and the use of cut-off edges. The last are closely be more wrong. Reinforced plastic items, as molded matched shearing edges at the parting line of the and sold to the user, run from three to ten times the m (Continued on page 38) °ld. Not only do they shear the glass layup, giving 19 1954 The position of the tool engineer in business by John L. Harding, Chief Tool Designer, Waltham Watch Co., Waltham, Mass. Ft is entirely possible that a very large number of tities may require the use of a special purpose ma- persons are unaware of the extremely important role shine, designed only for this part. The same part played by tool engineering in modern manufacturing. made in relatively small amounts will not pay for \ clianical or electrical device (automobile, food such a machine and must be produced at a slower mixer, kiddie kar, television set, or any of the host rate by different methods using simple tools and of things we use and take for granted every day) standard machines. This procedure is known as could be manufactured at a price we are able to processing and sheets are written showing exactly afford, without well-engineered machining processes, what is to be done to the part at each operation. and tooling capable of turning out large quantities of duplicate parts in as short a time as possible. These process sheets are then turned over to Tool Design, where each operation is carefully studied In 1798, Eli Whitney decided to establish a gun and tools are designed to perform them in such a factory, and in so doing, he made all his own gages manner as to conform to dimensions, ease of opera- and tools for producing duplicate gun parts. This is tion, and at minimum cost. The tool designer must believed to be the recognized successful beginning know not only the capacities and capabilities of the of interchangeable manufacture. Previously each gun production machines for which he is designing tools, and other device was hand-fitted from hand made but toolmaking methods, practices, and short-cuts parts. Consequently no two were quite alike and in order to embody in his design accuracy where it parts were far from interchangeable. is needed and not call for accuracy where it is un- It is obvious at once that to produce in today's vast necessary. Tool room accuracy and time are expen- quantities by such methods would be impossible. sive, and should not be used indiscriminately. The The very limited possible supply of the things we designer will resort to the use of standard tool parts consider commonplace would be far beyond the wherever feasible, and not use fancy and expensive- financial reach of all but a few. to-make components simply because they are ingen- ious. Modern methods of manufacture call for rapid duplication of close tolerance parts. This is accomp- lished through the medium of tool engineering, which It has been said that every new tool design is a is comprised of careful Processing, Tool Design, and new invention, and this is not without some truth. precision built tooling. Large plants have separate While the tool possibly incorporates several individual processing and tool design departments that work tried and true methods of holding or location, it is closely together, while in smaller plants the two are the simplicity of their arrangement and ease of fabri- frequently combined under Tool Design. In either cation that makes for better tooling and better pro- case the design and/or process engineers have a duction. great and very interesting responsibility. They must Thus, in today's industry we do not require a be very resourceful as they are constantly faced with great army of master craftsmen to tediously make the problem of turning out good parts at minimum and fit each production part. Rather, the craftsman- cost. Therefore they must have fingertip knowledge ship goes into the designing and making of tools of the capacities and capabilities of the available pro- which can be made to turn out enormous quantities duction machines and equipment in their plant. of duplicate precision parts in the hands of semi- Each different part to be manufactured is studied skilled and non-skilled labor. very thoroughly and decisions are made as to what Since the more we produce, the more we earn, and operations will be performed and their sequence. the more we earn the better we live; tool engineering Quantity is a great factor in reaching these decisions as a part that is to be made in extremely large quan- is a great field in which to advance manufacturing and lower consumer costs. 20 Spartan Engineer II Your time on the drafting board by Bruce L. Harding, M. E. - Design, 1954 Many of us, when we enter industry as junior engi- will be involved in its production. This knowledge neers, will find ourselves at the drawing board with he may gain to a limited degree by sitting at his a pencil in one hand and a drafting machine in the board and asking questions, but better by watching other. This is the stage of their career which many such processes in operation if the opportunity presents engineers dread, and strive by whatever means possi- itself. By observing the machinery or other equip- ble to avoid. Let's look into this probable phase of ment he is drawing, the detailer can learn a lot by our future, and see what lies ahead. seeing what the designers have done and by asking Draftsmen usually start by detailing; that is, draw- why they did what they did, if he is in a shop where ing and dimensioning the separate parts of a machine. the draftsmen and designers are together. In his This is the part of the draftsman's work which is so idle moments, a draftsman can study the equipment tiften considered dull and uninteresting; but look a catalogs which abound in every drafting room, and little closer. In order to draw the part and give it will thus broaden his knowledge and prepare himself proper tolerances, the draftsman must understand for things to come, the first of which is making minor the operations of the machine so that he may apply layout changes. running fits, sliding fits, press fits, etc., and he learns The layout is the birthplace of the product, for it the proper use of each of these through his drafting is the original design of the overall machine, and is experience. Furthermore, to dimension the part in a often very complex, showing all of the components logical way, making it easier for the workman to follow, he must be familiar with the processes which (Continued on page 43) II Fundamentals of cost estimation by Vic Marshick, Head, Estimating Depart- ment, Mercury Tool and Die Co., Inc. metal specified for each detail, these costs varying The success of any tool and die business, large or as to shape, size and analysis. A metallurgy course small, is based on the accuracy of estimating the proves to be a great asset to an estimator. cost of each tool, die or special machine, this cost being requested by the buyer before an order is The estimator must know the setup, the method placed. Due to the keen competition confronting required to machine each detail, and on which ma- companies in this line of work, an accurate cost chine it may be best processed. To estimate the time must be estimated if there is to be a profit. required to make each detail depends primarily on practical knowledge entailing how each operation MEKCURV TOOL \ DIE CO. INC TOOL N O . _ is to be performed, such as setup time, the actual ECXJKD DWG. N O . _ machining time, and hand operations if any Also, time and material required to make up special tool- ing to help expedite the operation on each detail are necessary considerations. This machining and fabri- cating knowledge is best obtained by a person's actual participation in machining similar details or by time study of others performing similar operations Time study courses also prove to be very beneficial. For the purpose of efficiency and organization in evaluations, all information is usually entered on a staple estimating form sheet with a column for each S 3 of machine required to the work such as the A n estimator must be able to read blue prints S h e mill shaper, etc, also columns for material thoroughly and know the analysis of different kinds patterns, heat treat, etc., as shown. ot metal, their heat treatments, and the cost of the 21 I954 Nickel—a history by Joe Myers, Met. E., '54 (copper-nickel) base; for competition with Sheffield plate, and the other was nickel plating itself. In 1859, a Belgian commission on currency reform recommended a 75-25 copper-nickel alloy for coinage purposes. This was adopted in 1861. The United States did likewise in 1865, Germany in 1873 and Switzerland in 1879. In 1865, Joseph Wharton made a contribution to metallurgy by the production of malleable pure nickel. In 1873, lie sent to the Vienna Exposition, samples of nickel forgings and at the Exhibition in Philadelphia, he displayed some remarkable wrought nickel objects. About that time, Fleitmann patented the method of obtaining malleability by adding small amounts of magnesium to the melt. Nickel so treated could be Although used in natural alloys even in ancient rolled into sheets and drawn into wire. Fleitmann times, nickel was unknown as an element until 1751. also succeeded in rolling sheet nickel upon iron and Probably the first use of nickel by man was in fashion- also sheet steel. This development led to the manu- ing implements and later swords from nickel-bearing facture of nickel culinary ware. meteorites. Meteorites were perhaps the first metal known to man. The fallen star sought out with fear overborne by curiosity, was found to be a better First sources of nickel stone than the earth-given. The invincible blades of The first sources of nickel in Europe were the the great warriors of old in China, Persia and northern arsenical and silicate ores of the mines in Saxony. Europe were Heaven sent, a fable which sounds sig- Mines were active also in Cornwall, England; Sweden nificant of meteoric iron. and the Russian Ural Mountains. Norway controlled Man found another natural alloy of nickel known the nickel market from 1870 until 1887, the advent first to the Chinese as paktong or "white copper." of New Caledonia as a producer. In the U. S., mines This rough reddish-white metal was sent from southern were worked in Connecticut, Pennsylvania and China to Canton, where zinc ores were added and Missouri, but the most important mine was at Lan- the whole smelted to form a malleable alloy used caster Gap, Penn. The New Caledonian deposits, dis- for ornamental purposes, candlesticks, and the like. covered by a geological survey in 1865, were opened By 1760 the unwrought metal was imported into Eng- in 1875 and by 1887 had brought all nickel mining land for domestic manufacture. While English crafts- to a standstill except that in Norway. The occurrence men were attempting to rival Chinese workmanship, of nickel ore in Canada was reported as early as 1848, new mines which showed great promise of copper but it was not until 1883 when the Canadian Pacific and silver were opened near Schneeburg in Saxony; Railway in its track laying operations dug into a where from time immemorial copper and silver mines vein of the Sudbury district, that deposits were laid had existed. After innumerable trials, instead of a open. The size of this deposit was found to be an useful metal, all that could be obtained from this new oval of length thirty-three miles and breadth fifteen ore was a brittle, worthless metal; named by the miles, with the ore bearing norite outcrops of igneous superstitious miners kupfer-nickel (Old Nick's origin, an irregular oval band varying from one-half copper). to four miles in width. Mining operations were started In 1751, a Swedish scientist, Cronstedt, after five in 1886. In 1903, Canada surpassed New Caledonian years work with an arsenical-silicate ore from Helsing- production and by 1910 produced 75 % of the world land, succeeded in extracting a new element, which total. Since then their production has increased to he named nickel. about 95 % of the world total. Recently, large deposits The advent of electroplating by Prime & Co. of of lateritic nickel ore have been discovered in Cuba. England in 1854, made an important change in the The Norwegian nickel ore is a pyrrotite-chalcopy- uses of nickel. The effect was two fold, one in intro- rite similar to the Sudbury ore, while the New Cale- ducing silver-plated ware with a German silver donian ores are a hydrated Ni-Mg-SiO, which contain 22 Spartan Engineer no copper or sulfur. Nickel is found as pendalite lytic sheet, malleable nickel which is deoxidized re- (Ni, Fe)nSio associated with the pyrrhotite, Fe8 S9 melted electrolytic sheet, nickel rondclles from New in the Sudbury ores. Other nickel bearing Canadian Caledonian reduction nickel salts, nickel Oxide and ores are millerite NiS niccolite, NiAs, and Gersdorffite, nickel powder. NiAsS. In 1889, when Samuel Ritchie's Canadian mint* The present treatment of New Caledonian ores is were in full production, lie found thai the market based on the production of a matte by adding suitable was heavily over-stocked. German diver, electroplai fluxes and a sulfur bearing material of some kind. ing and coinage were practically the only uses for The usual source of sulfur is gypsum. The ore, fluxes nickel. Of all possible Future uses, the NiFe alloys; and gypsum are briquetted and smelted with coke, first produced by an Englishman, John Gamgee, producing a matte with 30-45% nickel. The matte caught Mr. Ritchie's imagination as the most promis- is then besemerized in small convertors, with flux ing. This same year, the Frenchman, Marbeau, pre- being added to slag off the iron oxide. This product sented his famous paper "Alloys of Nickel and Steel.' contains approximately 80% nickel and 20% sulfur. In the discussion of the paper J. F. Hall of Sheffield It is next ground, then roasted to remove the sulfur; reported independent work confirming the results giving NiO which is reduced with carbon to give published by Marbeau and another investigator, Riley. nickel of about 99.25% purity. Mr. Ritchie brought these papers and reports to the attention of the Secretary of the Navy of the U. S. Canadian ore As a result of this and further investigation the U. S. Navy made an order for the purchase of Ni to be The Canadian ore, concentrated by flotation to used in making nickel steel armor plate for its ships. 6% Ni & Cu, and 26% sulfur, is roasted to about The next thirty years witnessed an increased growth 16% sulfur. These calcines are then charged into in the use of nickel steel in bridge building, automo- a reverberatory furnace with proper fluxes; producing biles, and navy ordnance. At the end of the first a matte which is 17% Ni & Cu, 27% S and 51% Fe. World War, the nickel industry was again faced with The matte is then blown down in Pierce-Smith con- the problem of creating new markets. It was at this vertors, using a siliceous flux until practically all the time that the nickel producing companies established iron is removed and the convertor is full of high grade departments of Development and Research. The matte, containing 75% Ni & Cu, 20% S. This matte nickel industry since then has developed nickel chrom- is cast into slabs, broken into small pieces and sent ium and nickel-chromium-iron alloys for use as elec- on to the "top and bottom" process. The "top and trical, heat and corrosion-resistant alloys, magnetic bottom" process depends on the fact that in a molten nickel-iron alloys and nickel cast iron. The growth system of sodium sulfide, nickel sulfide and copper of the automotive industry brought about an increase sulfide two liquid layers separate out, the upper layer in the consumption of nickel in many forms. Nickel consisting of sodium sulfide and copper sulfide, the has profited indirectly, too, by the engineering ma- lower, primarily nickel sulfide. The Bessemer matte terial research done by the automobile: companies. is melted in cupolas, and poured into pots, where stratification of the sulfides takes place. There results Other nickel products "first tops" containing about 40% Cu and "first bottoms" with 65% Ni. The "first bottoms" are smelt- Other nickel products and uses which have been ed with sodium sulfate. This yields "second bottoms" developed are: nickel steels which are strong, tough of 72% Ni. The "second bottoms" are ground leached and resistant to low temperature shock loading; lieal and treated with hot HL,SO4 to dissolve the iron. This and corrosion resistant steels such as "stainless" elec- washed sulfide is roasted to remove sulfur, chloridized trical resistant alloys for electric furnaces, heating appliances and thermocouples; special alloys such as to form CuCl2 leached to remove CuCL. This gives "Invar" which exhibits no expansion under ordinary "green oxide" of about 77% Ni. This oxide is mixed temperature changes, used for watch springs and with soda ash and roasted, then leached to remove surveyors' tapes; "Permalloy," a magnetic alloy used NaS giving "black oxide" (77.5% Ni, 0.25% Fe and in telephone installations and current transformers; 0.005-8% S). Another treatment for "second bottoms" non-magnetic alloys for use in electrical machinery. ^ used to produce electrolytic nickel. The sulfide is Other products include high strength non-magnetic leached, de-sulfurized on a sintering machine, reduced nickel cast irons; nickel silvers for table ware, lighting to metal in a reverberatory furnace and cast into and plumbing fixtures, building and marine hard- anodes of 95% Ni. The Ni is deposited from these ware; "monel" metal, a natural malleable nickel-copper anodes by electrolysis on a "starting" cathode to alloy' which is a product of the Creighton ore of the give nickel plates of 99.95$ purity. Canadian mines. Other processes used for nickel recovery are the In the years to come as scientific research spurs Mond, which is based on the fact that Ni and CO industry on to new accomplishments the search will form a carbonyl which can later be decomposed into be intensified for metals having properties capable of Ni metal and CO, the Hybinette process and the increased or special performance. Tougher, stronger, "eeport Sulfur process for Cuban lateritic ores. abrasion, corrosion and high and low temperature Nickel products are marketed in various forms: resistant alloys will be needed. Nickel is sure to play nic an important part in the metals industry of the future. kel pellets from the carbonyl process, electrolytic cathode sheet, blocks or shot from remelting electro- 23 March 1954 Is there a better way? \>\l Harlow Nelson, M. E. '54 and P. J. Thorson, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering If one could define the objective.- in the broad scope uses a chart to record the motion or process being of time and motion study field in a few words, it studied, and this chart is the tool which he uses to would probably be something in the order of finding eliminate, combine, change the sequence of, or simpli- a be-tter way. Motion and time study is a phase of fy certain steps in a process. Industrial engineering that deals with systematic de- In recent years there has been a large demand for termination of better work methods and the time the services of trained methods engineers, for when appraisal of work involving human activity. The an industrial enterprise ceases to progress in the reduc- methods improvement sought may be as simple as tion of costs, it does not stand still but loses ground a change in the- hand movements used by the oper- in comparison with its own capacity as well as with ator of a machine or a relayemt of the work place, its competition. The recent demand comes not only but may range- te> changes as complex as new equip- from the large manufacturers employing a substantial ment and to changes in the design of the product to number of production methods engineers, but also facilitate manufacturing operations. The increase in from the smaller companies which have need for this productivity through better methods or work simplifi- type of service. However, the scope of this work cations always being the objective in mind. The is not confined to manufacturing establishments. methods e-ngineer, therefore, will work with several Methods engineers have helped to devise better elifFe-reiit groups within the organization. He will methods to be used in cafeteria installations, ware- find hiinse-ll in day-to-day contact with line super- houses, offices, and even in hospital operations such as surgery. In the story, "Cheaper by the Dozen," two of the twelve children of Frank and Lillian Gil- breth write on the work of their parents. The Gilbreths were the originators of motion study. As many have learned from this book, motion study can be applied to most anything, including household activities. Students analyze methods of fellow students visors, with the product design engineer, with the Students in advanced course look over layout plan tool and die designers, and others. Civil Engineering—wind tunnel Those involved in the time study phase work direct- The mechanical engineering department of Michi- ly with the first line supervisor and with the operator. gan State College offers two courses dealing in this They make an analysis of an operation, recording special area of methods improvement and work mea- data on time study record charts, which are later surement, in addition to several other courses closely corrected with allowances and the normalizing of the related to this. One course is entitled, "Beginning speed rate corresponding to the rate of the average Time and Motion Study." The aim of this course is worker. This calculated timing is used in such things to familiarize the engineer with the basic tools and as incentive plans, labor cost, estimates, efficiency and techniques that the methods engineer uses as well plant synchronization. The methods engineer also (Continued on page 46) 24 Spartan Engineer THE DU PONT DIGEST ., • 1 What do YOU look for in an employer? Undoubtedly, you'll want most of the following characteristics: 1. Job satisfaction—the chance to do work you really enjoy. 2. Recognition—the assurance that good work will be noticed, appreciated, SOON AVAILABLE for stu- dent ASMEchaptersand other and properly rewarded. college groups, a 16-mm. sound 3. Opportunities for advancement—a growing company can provide them. colormovie—"MechanicalEn- 4. Security-the knowledge that a company is both stable and progressive. gineering at Du Pont." For further information, send post 5. Pride-a feeling that your company is respected by the public and produces card to E. I. du Pont de Ne- goods which contribute to a better way of life. mours & Co. (Inc.), 2521 Ne- 6. Good companionship—a factor which contributes greatly to happiness on mours Building, Wilmington, the job. Delaware. 7. Good p a y - n o t in salary alone, but also in terms of vacation plans, pensions, and other benefits. 8. Safe working conditions. How can you obtain this kind of information in advance? One of the best ways is to discuss the matter with an acquaintance already working for the company you are considering. You will also find it belpfulto BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER LIVING ...THROUGH CHEMISTRY insult your college placement officer, your professors and company repre- sentatives visiting your campus. Watch "Cavalcade of America" on Television The selection of an employer is one of the most important decfaons you 11 ma ke. It justifies considerable thought and effort. 25 1954 million watt spark plug . . . Calling this jet engine ignitor a Good ignition is important. Yet million watt spark plug is an under- ignition research is only one small statement. Actually this picture phase of our development program. shows a 1,500 kw discharge that But this work does suggest how occurred in 25 microseconds. completely we explore technical One of a series of photographs areas to produce dependable air- taken as we vary voltages and craft engines. And it illustrates the ignition system design, it helps us wide variety of tools and tech- study the arc size and the pene- niques we use to solve difficult tration of the discharge into the problems. combustion chamber. These and Here, emphasis is put on "get- other studies provide the knowl- ting the facts" — all the facts. This edge necessary for the design of makes good sense to recent grad- dependable ignition systems — uates who want to do real engineer- systems that will start combustion ing — explains why so many are at 45,000 foot altitude and —65° attracted to a career at Pratt & temperature. Whitney Aircraft. PRATT & WHITNEY AIRCRAFT Division of United Aircraft Corporation East Hartford 8, Connecticut 26 Spartan Engineer By metallurgical controls and tests of materials, our members are able to produce cast iron pipe with exact knowledge of the physical characteristics of the iron before it is poured into the mold of a centrifugal casting machine. Cast iron pipe is the standard material for water and gas mains and is widely used in sewage works T h e great majority of cast iron pressure construction. pipe produced today is cast centrifugally, in metal or Send for booklet, "Facts About Cast Iron Pipe." sand-lined molds. Address Dept. C, Cast Iron Pipe Research Association, When this mechanized process was introduced 27 T. F. Wolfe, Engineer, 122 So. Michigan Avenue, years ago, its potentialities for improved production Chicago, 3, Illinois. controls were evident. For human fallibility was largely replaced by machine accuracy based on scientific principles. The improved production controls made possible by the centrifugal casting process have long since been realized. Hundreds of millions of feet of centrifugally- cast-iron pressure pipe are now in service. All of this pipe is more uniform in metal structure, in wall thickness, and in concentricity, than pipe not centrifugally cast. Better production control means better pipe; it re- sults in greater uniformity of quality. Production controls in cast iron pipe foundries start almost literally from the ground up with inspection, analysis and testing of raw materials; continue with Section of 114-year-old cast iron gas constant control of cupola operation by metal analysis; main still in service in Baltimore, M d . and end with rigid tests of the finished product. SERVES FOR CAST IRON PIP CENTURIES March 1954 New developments Gas Turbine Auto The two parts of the engine are called the gasifier section and power section. The gasifier section pro- The first gas turbine automobile ever to be built vides a source of compressed hot gas, and energy from and tested in the United States was announced this gas is delivered by the power section to the car's recently. rear wheels. The car is purely an experimental vehicle, not in- The Whirlfire gasifier section closely resembles a tended for highway use. It has been test run at complete small jet engine. The exhaust gas, instead the proving grounds. of firing through a tailcone to propel the car, is Constructed as an experiment to study future possi- funneled through a power turbine that is directly bilities of the gas turbine for commercial uses, the connected with the car's rear wheels through a trans- XP-21 has undergone preliminary tests since last mission. October. Backbone of the gasifier section is a so-called com- "The XP-21 is not the car of tomorrow," it was ex- pressor rotor and a gasifier turbine wheel, both plained. "Actually, it is a laboratory on wheels built attached to the same shaft. Air enters the compressor only for the proving ground and test track, not for where its pressure is raised to more than 31/2 times public highways." atmospheric pressure, before it enters the engine's two combustion chambers. "Possibly, this is a development along a road we may not wish to go, so far as passenger automobiles Kerosene is burned in these chambers, raising the are concerned. We built the Firebird to help us ex- gas temperature to approximately 1500 degrees plore commercial possibilities of the gas turbine and Fahrenheit. add to our knowledge of thermodynamics," a spokes- The hot gas goes through the gasifier turbine which man said. drives the compressor. The blast of hot gas from the gasifier turbine is funneled toward the second turbine, the power section turbine, which is connected with Has "Aircraft Motif" the car's rear wheels via a two-speed transmission. "The tremendous power and speed potentials of The Firebird's power comes from the power tur- gas turbines are well known by engineers. However, bine, rather than the thrust of exhaust gas through a we are not trying to develop either overwhelming tailcone, such as the high velocity thrust that propels horsepower or tremendous speeds in this test car. a turbo-jet aircraft. This is the major difference be- Rather, we are trying to determine whether the tur- tween an automotive and an aircraft turbine. bine can be harnessed to give efficient and economical The Whirlfire engine develops 370 horsepower when performance in the low and normal automotive driv- the gasifier turbine is spinning at 26,000 r.p.m., and ing ranges," the spokesman explained. the power turbine is revolving at 13,000 r.p.m. An aircraft motif is evident in the car's "needle" Total weight of the engine unit, including gasifier nose, delta wings swept back along the rear half of and power sections, is only 775 pounds. Overall the body, a vertical tail fin and a plastic bubble over weight of the entire car is 2500 pounds. the driver's cockpit. This gives the Whirlfire power plant and drive a "Moreover," he explained, "underlying the unique weight-to-power ratio of approximately two pounds styling is a series of special wind tunnel tests developed per horsepower. This ratio is about one-third of a at California Institute of Technology." conventional piston engine and drive. He explained that on a vehicle of this type, com- The wings have a functional purpose with their pletely streamlined, a tail fin or some flat vertical brake flaps on the trailing edges. They are electrically surface behind the car's center of gravity is necessary controlled from the steering wheel with aircraft type to give the body directional stability or hold it on actuators. course when it is in motion. The Firebird's main braking system differs from "This becomes particularly important with an aero- conventional design with brake drums outside rather dynamic shape such as the Firebird's contours. To examine this idea thoroughly, we called on California than inside the wheels. Location and design of the Institute of Technology to give a scale model of the brakes facilitate rapid cooling. car a wind tunnel test." The car's exhaust outlet resembles the tailcone of a jet aircraft. It is much larger than the exhaust pipe The gas turbine car's mechanical anatomy, the re- verse of conventional automobiles, includes a 35-gallon of a conventional engine, a necessity with gas turbines glass fiber-plastic fuel tank in the nose ahead of the because of the comparatively large air volume they driver. swallow, digest and expel. Behind the driver is an integrated power "package" At the wheel was Mauri Rose, an engineer and with an engine consisting of two mechanically inde- former three-time Indianapolis Speedway champion- pendent parts. In his trial runs, Mr. Rose concentrated on testing the car's handling characteristics and controls which 28 Spartan Engineer required specialized driving know-how. previously built employ lower-energy for "thermal" Two-way radio shortwave communication between neutrons. engineers and the driver was set up to check every SIR will derive its energy from the fissioning or phase of the Firebird's performance. To record the splitting of uranium atoms. Liquid sodium metal will performance were 16 dials, meters and other indi- be heated to high temperature by energy released cators on the car's instrument panel. from these splitting atoms and in turn will be used to convert water to steam. The steam will drive turbines to run the vessel's propeller shafts. Atomic submarines will be able to cruise at high speed for months without the frequent refueling necessary with oil-fueled vessels. In addition the atomic powered submarine will In- able to remain submerged for periods limited only by the endurance of the crew. Atomic engines, un- like combustion engines, require no oxygen to oper- ate and a supply of oxygen for the crew can be carried aboard. After SIR has been tested, a second and similar reactor will be built by the Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory for installation in the sea-going submar- ine, "Sea Wolf," which is now under construction. Quiet Motor One of the oldest and most annoying headaches in The Firebird industry — machinery noise — will be greatly alleviated as the result of a new electric motor design. Sphere for Atomic Sub Completed Engineers, after five years of extensive research into the causes of noise in electric motors, have developed The Atomic Energy Commission has announced the what they call a "sonant" motor. completion of the large steel sphere at the Knolls Special electronic tests prove the success of this Atomic Power Laboratory's West Milton, New York, latest concept of engineering: The new 10-horsepower site, where they will test-operate a prototype atomic mctor was shown to have about the same over-all noise power plant for submarines. level as the old 2-horsepower motor. Closing of the last openings — at top and bottom - By isolating the three main causes of motor noise — marked the end of ten months' work. A total of 682 bearing rattle, magnetic hum, and windage (the rush steel plates were joined together to make the struc- of air through the motor) — the scientists were able to ture which, together with its supporting columns, decrease the noise and, perhaps more important, make weighs 3850 tons. Two welds skirting its "equator" the sound frequency more pleasing to the human ear. are each 706 feet in length. The sphere, 225 feet in Since electric motors are the most widely used form diameter, rises higher than an 18-story building above of machinery in the modern world, attacking the noise one-time farm land at nearby West Milton. problem at this level is a major technical advance for The builders of the sphere said that the largest all industry, the engineers explained. previously-built structures of its kind are five fuel storage tanks in Connecticut - each 76 and x -> feet in diameter. Method Developed for Finding Purpose of the housing is to provide insurance Accurate Temperature of Flame against the escape of radioactive material in the Two scientists have called upon a discovery nearly remote chance that numerous safety devices fail a century old to improve performance of space ships simultaneously. Scientists sax there is no chance of of tomorrow. a bomb-type explosion. Thev needed an improved method for measuring The atomic reactor will be installed in a land- temperatures over the entire cross-section of a rocket based submarine bull section. Water will surround motor flame to determine the motors efficiency. Part of this hull inside the sphere to simulate actual Thev knew that almost any thermometer introduced sea-going conditions. into the flame would quickly disintegrate. Thermome- ter reiving on probes placed in the flame were not Background on Reactor: sufficiently accurate. So the pair harked back to methods based on the The reactor to be tested will be the first to use 1859 discovery of G. R. Kirchoff, a German physicist. natrons in what scientists call the "intermediate S o f f found that a flame containing sodium vapor !"wgy range. Consequently it has been named MK (Continued on page 40) tor submarine intermediate reactor. Most of those 29 1954 William R. Parlett, Cornell '48, Sets Sights on Executive Sales Job BILL PARLETT has learned that helpful engineering suggestions promote good customer relations. - iB "Within the next ten years", says William R. Parlett, young the product sales divisions and then in a district salss office. Worthington Sales Engineer, "many of the officers of the After obtaining sufficient product knowledge and sales training, corporation, district office sales managers and top salesmen I was ready to sell directly to industry. As more important will be retired. sales assignments are available, I feel I will progress in propor- "Appreciating the fact that someone must fill these jobs, tion to my own development and sales performance. our management is striving to develop capable leadership "As a Worthington salesman I contact a class of trade with among the younger men of the corporation. which it is a pleasure to do business. The company's reputation "As a prospective Worthington Sales Engineer, I received is a key to a welcome reception by my customers. several months of classroom instruction by works managers, "I have found that with Worthington you have job satisfac- top sales personnel and application engineers at all of the tion, adequate compensation, and unlimited opportunity." Worthington plants. The background I obtained was a sound When you're thinking of a good job, think high—think basis for further development and learning gained in one of Worthington. iA FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, see your College Placement Bureau or write to the Personnel and Training WORTHINGTON Department, Worthington Corporation, Harrison, N. J. The S i g n of Value Around the World 30 Spartan Engineer put yourself in his place.. A year ago he was knee-deep in textbooks, plugging for his B.S. Tonight he's on his way to Vancouver, or Miami, or Portland, Maine. Tomorrow he'll help an Alcoa cus- tomer make a faster ship, a stronger shovel, a lighter highway trailer. In Alcoa laboratories, plants and sales offices from coast-to-coast, ambitious young Sales Development Engineers are helping to make aluminum more useful, in more P ways, to more people. We need more men just like them to help us meet ever-growing demands for Alcoa Aluminum . . . Alcoa "know-how". Maybe you are already thinking about trading your textbooks for a position in production supervision, industrial research or sales engineering. Tell us about it, give us an idea of your background in Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, Metallurgical or Industrial Engineering. Good men go places fast with Alcoa, in their daily associations with leaders in I he aluminum industry. Right now it may be- quicker than you think from a seat in the classroom to your career with Alcoa. Why not find out? Your Placement Director will be glad to make an appointment for you wilh our Personnel Representative. Or just send us an application, yourself. ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA, 1825 Alcoa Building, Pittsburgh 19, Penna. ALCOA ALUMIN ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA , , ~ „ rHward R Murrow. Tuesday evenings on most CBS-TV stations. ALCOA ON TV brings the world to your armchair with "SEE IT N O W featunng Edward R. 31 March 1954 II The 1953 summer surveying camp by Leo V. Nothstine, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering To In .1 ••.,.MI engineer, one musi anticipate troubles and difficulties and have them eliminated before they occur, Although this doctrine is not original with me, I (bund myself anticipating almost every conceivable difficulty when preparing tor our summer surveying camp operation at the Dunbar, Michigan, Forest Station. li was well understood thai at camp the professor would have no escape, let's say, as he does on the Fij?. 2. Rusty Voorheis and Don Ryan | under campus. He would be in constant contact with the over a point set on a curve in the wood- with students through all classes and meals and most their field assistant Steve Galesewski. recreation periods. Fie would be part of all camp programs, academic, recreational, and accidental. This was much different than at East Lansing where there is a different professor or dean lor each pro- when a lead line knocked them into the water. I gram and activity. Actually, the chief concern was expect to catch a fish up there next summer that has one of maintaining morale at a high level, in order learned to wear them. Ethan Axtmann and Stew to have an efficient and effective academic program. Galezewski threw a raw egg (in competition) about 150 feet without breaking it — of course, they broke The chow was the most important factor in main- it on the next throw. It took quite a few eggs that taining morale. We were extremely fortunate in day. Bob Stone, a forester, chopped a 14" log through Fig. 1. Party ith their field assistant. this respect. The camp cook was Mr. John Russell, in 28 seconds, less than half the time anyone else regular at camp, and regular cook at the A. G. R. house could do the same in competition. Dr. Feurig and in East Lansing. It was soon recognized by one and family were in camp when he [earned he was to be all that, no matter what happened at camp, we knew team physician. How happy he was, as we all wen', that we wanted to take good care of the cook. the last three weeks. Assigned problems and draw- and what a year was starting! The Dunbar Forest Station is administered by ings also usurped some of this period so it took dili- I certainly hope that succeeding years at camp Dr. P. A. Herbert, Director of the Michigan Conser- gence and ambition to keep up the grades and partici- will see the high morale and industry that we enjoyed vation Division. The resident director is Mr. Maurice pate. The academic week was climaxed each Saturday in the camp of 1953. I )ay. who has charge of the station, operating the wood at 10 A.M. by one-and-one-half hour examination. Pig. 3. Prof. Nothstine photographs the C.E utilization projects, experimental plots, and the seed- Nothing was scheduled from that time until 8 A.M. camp personnel. ling plantations, along with maintaining the summer on Monday. camp facility for the Foresters and now the Civil Engineers. Professor Henry Stochs was in charge of Many things shall remain in our memories that administering the summer camp operation, while I stand out among recollections of the summer, like was in charge of the Civil Engineering students and some I mention here. Steve Galezewski has two ribs their academic program. cracked during "football a-la-Dunbar"; the little buck, Herbie, wandered into camp for softball and football. Our civil engineering staff included professors Mrs. Day had to chase him with aflyswatter to get G. Blomquist and B. J. Shell, instructor L. Davis and him out of her lettuce. We nearly went broke, shoot- assistants Steve Galezewski and Ethan Axtmann. We ing pictures of him in kodachrome. It took several had 47 young men to instruct. Right now, I want to meals before I was convinced that I couldn't keep up say that this fine group was a pleasure to be with. with the cook. I believe that if records were kept, We had a rugged schedule — usually two one-hour student Bob Gustafson would have won the prize for lectures and two one-hour supervised study periods weight gained in camp. in the forenoons, and a full afternoon of field practice on practical problems. After supper it was light until One night a siren kept us awake. It was a danger about 9 P.M. for softball, volleyball, horseshoes, target signal at the "Rock Cut," the downstream channel ransie. fishine ™ m m i n n, m- nz f~—, "wio^duwcs, -•- J—• target for the lake freighters when it was foggy. Doug Bruce range, fishing, swimming, or a scenic drive down to had his speed boat at camp, one which we used for Cozy Corners on the bank of the St. Mary's River many trips over to Sand Island, an observation point Field astronomy was practiced after dark until 11 P M for locating soundings. Phil Stout lost his glasses 33 32 Spartan Engineer March 1954 Engineering research at michigan state college by James A. Gusack, Graduate Assistant of Applied Mechanics Did you realize thai materials used in engineering Applied research and development work usually today have only about one-thousandth of the strength has a definite objective. The development of radar predicted by the physicists? Calculation of the known during World War II was undertaken with a very Forces which bind the atomic crystals together prove definite purpose in mind: the winning of the war. to be enormously optimistic when the materials are The results of this research usually have a practical practically tested. This problem is only one of many or commercial value and these investigations are often in engineering which, if solved, would initiate a revo- sponsored by private organizations only in the hope lution in the design of machines. Research is now of ultimate recovery of the funds used. Most engi- being carried on by industry, government, and uni- neering projects are of this nature. versities in all fields to help maintain our technical superiority in peace and war. Engineering Research at Michigan State College The department of Applied Mechanics under Dr. C. O. Harris is currently working on several research problems. A pilot wind tunnel has been built in Building A-4 on the South Campus. This tunnel has a throat section of six by nine-and-one-half inches and is powered by a one-half horsepower motor. Prelimi- nary tests have shown an excellent velocity distribu- tion. A second wind tunnel with a throat section of twenty-four by twelve inches and powered by a one horsepower motor is now being assembled. At its completion, many aerodynamic problems such as "singing" suspension cables will be investigated. A student in the department, Zigurds Levensteins, Civil KnjfiiH't'rinR — wind tunnel is working on the problem of balancing field laundry units for the office of the Quartermaster General. The Nature of Scientific Research The department of Civil Engineering under Dr. John R. Snell has begun several major research pro- Scientific research may be divided into three broad jects. A new method of garbage disposal by compost- categories: (1) pure research, (2) background re- ing is being investigated at the site of the College and search, and (3) applied research and development. East Lansing sewage treatment plant. This fast pro- Pure research is investigation without specific prac- cess will produce a product usable for fertilizer having tical ends. Men engaged in this field try to find a high percentage of nitrogen and selling at an eco- general knowledge and understanding of nature and nomical cost. its laws. Although the pure research scientist may not The effect of calcium chloride on soil stabilization be at all interested in the practical applications of his is being investigated. A laboratory has been set up work, his initial efforts are necessary for the develop- in Olds Hall with the necessary testing machines. ment of new industries. Many of the most important The effect of various concentrations of this salt is discoveries have resulted from experiments under- important in building highway beds and building taken with quite different purposes in mind. foundations. Background research is the compilation of essential The Electrical Engineering department has under- data, after the theory has been formulated by the taken work for the United States Government. Secret pure research scientist. Examples of this work are projects are now being worked upon by Messrs. Robert the collection of meteorological data, determining Jeffries and Edward Vidro. Mr. James Cockrell is physical and chemical constants, and tables of stress maintaining experiments on transistors while complet- concentration factors in materials. The background ing the requirements for his Doctor's Degree. research may be thought to bear the same relation- ship to pure research as the detail draftsman has to The Mechanical Engineering department has several the layout man. The service performed by this group projects running in the automotive field under Mr. is important to the practical engineer, as well as Lewis Otto. Engine performance tests varying engine its supplying information for advances in pure science. compression ratio, air-fuel mixture, and ignition tim- (Continued on page 46) 34 Spartan Engineer This germanium refining method keeps impurities down to less than 5 parts in a billion In this refining apparatus, at Western Electric'n Allentown, Pa. plant, germanium is passing through multiple heating zones in tandem, producing a bar containing impurities of less than 5 parts in a billion for use in transistors. Note heathig coils on the horizontal quartz tube. Germanium crystals of the size required in transistors do not occur in nature; they are artificially grown at Western Electric. At this stage in transistor manufac- A new method of metal refining, currently in use at the ture other elements are introduced in microscopic quan- Western Electric plant at Allentown, results in the pro- tities to aid in controlling the flow of electrons through duction of germanium that is better than 99.9999995% the germanium. But before these elements can be intro- duced it is necessary to start with germanium of excep- pure - the highest degree of purity ever attained in a tional purity, so that the impurities will not interfere manufactured product. with the elements that are deliberately added. The need for germanium of such exceptional purity So Bell Telephone Laboratories devised an entirely new came about when research by Bell Telephone Labora- method of purification, known as zone refining which tories in the field of semi-conductors led to the develop- was developed to a high-production stage by Western ment of transistors, which are manufactured by Western Electric engineers. Electric. In zone refining a bar of germanium is passed through The transistor is a tiny crystal device which can amplify a heat zone so that a molten section traverses the length and oscillate. It reduces space requirements and power of the bar carrying the impurities with it and leaving consumption to a minimum. behind a solidified section of higher purity By the use of multiple heating zones in tandem a number of molten Various forms which germanium takes before being used in tran- secTions traverse the bar. Each reduces the impurity sistors are shown in this photo. Bar at top is an ingot of ger- content thus producing a bar which contains impurities manium after reduction from germanium dioxide. Next is shown ta the amount of less than five parts per billion. the germanium ingot after the zone refining process used by Recause of the importance of the transistor m elec- Western Electric. Below the ingots arc shown $ germanium crys- fronlcs the zone refining process - like so many other ™<« grown by »,,„.;, ,„,-, t slices cut from these crystals, and several WeTter'n Electric developments - has been made avail- hundred germanium wafers ready for assembly into transistors. able to companies licensed by Western Electric to man- ufacture transistors. This is one more example of creative engineering by Western Electric men. Engineers of all ski s - mechan- .Va? electrical, chemical, industrial, metallurgical, and d v i i ^ r e needed to help us show the way in funda- mental manufacturing techniques. A UNIT Of 1HI B£U SYSTEM SINCE 1882 aureldale, Pa. • Burlington, Greensboro Allentown ^ f o c t u r i n g p| Q n l 5 i n C h i c , „ . . Kearny, N. J. ' Baltimore, Md ' & W'nston-Salem, N. C. • Buffalo, Buffalo. N.N. Y. Y. • Haverhill & Lawrence, Mass. City. tion headquarters in 15 cities. Company headquarters, 35 March 1954 Clubs and societies this year has risen over 76 '/<. With 106 members, it ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONS is the fourth largest student branch in the country. (Editor's Note: To accommodate the many requests SAE helps prepare engineering students who are inter- for knowledge on who to contact for information per- ested in such fields as: development; design; produc- taining to the various engineering organizations, the tion; operation and maintenance of passenger cars, fallowing list of organizations and their presidents trucks, busses, and aircraft; fuels; lubricants, and has hi ( n compiled.) metallurgy by performing such services as mailing to them each month the SAE Journal, furnishing the ASAE Rolland Wheaton student branch with qualified speakers, and inviting ASCE Rocco Sylvestri the student members to all local and national meet- AFS Bruce Harding ings. AIChE Bob Somerville AIKK-I \\K Gene Lazarus Since this term began, there have been more than ASME Erik Brogren a dozen members from MSC who have attended the SAE John Kuly Annual Meeting in Detroit and also the Mid-Michigan ASM Dick Lambert Meeting in Owosso. In this manner students are able Tan Beta Pi Leo Jedynak to hear numerous engineering authorities, as well as Triangle Daniel Robins meet with practicing engineers in many fields. I'i Tan Sigma Bruce Harding Kta Kappa Nu Howard Newcomb Meetings on campus Winter term have included (Jlii Epsilon Fred Neils talks by Mr. E. M. Estes of Oldsmobile and Mr. H. C. Kngiiicermg Council George Pence Kirtland of GM's Alliscn Division. An engineer from Piasecki Helicopter Corp. spoke at the early March TRIANGLE meeting on the development and manufacturing of Triangle Fraternity, a relatively new social-pro- helicopters. Icssional fraternity for engineering and architecture The Mid-Michigan Section of SAE is again sponsor- majors, is enjoying a well earned success in its first ing a student paper contest. The award is $75. All year of operation on the Michigan State campus. regularly enrolled undergraduate SAE student mem- Membership includes 27 actives along with a sizeable bers at MSC are eligible to enter this local contest. group undergoing the pledge program. Society advisor Dr. L. L. Otto has complete infor- Perhaps the biggest step forward was the purchase mation on the contest rules. early winter term of a house which is located on a spacious lot at 1214 E. Grand River (next to the Student Branch Chairman Juhn P. Kuly says, "All Delta Sigma Phi house). The back yard of the Tri- engineering students are cordially invited to join angle property is located right off the Red Cedar with us and the more than 18,000 senior members of River. our professional society in technical thought and Presently, Triangle's main project is a general house discussion at our periodic meetings. We members "fix-up" program. With the constant work by the feel that the benefits of our association with SAE - pledges and actives the house will be occupied Spring the monthly issues of the SAE Journal, attendance term. According to president Daniel Robins, living at local and national meetings, reduced prices on a capacity is in the neighborhood of 25 members. great number of technical publications, and partici- Also, Winter term, Triangle was admitted repre- pation in student branch activities is an important sentation in the Engineering Council. There was some investment for our future." discussion as to whether they are entitled to three representatives, the same number as the engineering ENGINEERING COUNCIL socities, or are only entitled one member like the Primary activity of the Council is concerned with engineering honoraries. The Council decided in favor of a three-member representation. the 1954 Engineering Exposition entitled "Engineer- ing for Better Living." General chairman of the Greatly assisting Triangle in their promotion and Exposition is Council vice-president Joe Myers, senior organization is national vice-president William Brown, of Flint, Michigan. Faculty advisers are Charles from Owosso, Michigan. The 1954 edition is planned Harris, head of the department of applied mechanics; to be twice as large as in 1953; it will act as a step- James Apple, professor of mechanical engineering; ping stone to an extra-large showing expected in 1955 and Matthew Huber, assistant professor of civil for Michigan State's centennial celebration. engineering. To encourage student exhibits, an item that has been lacking in previous Expositions, the Engineer- SAE ing Council is offering a $50 savings bond for the The Michigan State student branch of the Society best student exhibit and a $25 savings bend for the of Automotive Engineers is one of the most active second best exhibit. Also offered is a plaque for the organizations that a student may join. Membership society with the best participation. 36 Spartan Engineer The Torrington Needle Bearing is designed for high radial loads The many lineal inches of contact provided by the larger number of small diameter rollers give the Torrington Needle Bearing an unusually high load rating. In fact, a Needle Bearing has greater radial capacity in relation to its outside diameter than any other Illustrates the fact that for a given housing 1* bore size, a larger and, therefore, stiffer type of anti-friction bearing. shaft can be used with Needle Bearings than with a roller or ball bearing. Precision Manufacture divd Unique Design The exceptional load capacity of the Needle Bearing is the result of proper selection of steels, pre- cision workmanship to close tol- • Shows the greater number of lines of con- erances, and the application of ' • tact in the load zone of a Needle Bearing compared with a ball or roller bearing. modern anti-friction principles. The one-piece shell, which The small cross section of the serves as the outer raceway and operation that might destroy the Needle Bearing allows a large retains the rollers, is accurately wear-resistant raceway surfaces. shaft which permits a rigid design drawn from carefully selected The full complement of thru- with minimum shaft deflection, a strip steel. After forming, it is hardened, precision-ground factor of utmost importance to carburized and hardened. There rollers is retained by the turned- good bearing design. is no further grinding or other in lips of the one-piece shell. THE TORRINGTON COMPANY Torrington, Conn. • South Bend 21, Ind. District Offices end Distributors in Principe, Cities of United Stotes ond Canada NHDlE.SPHERICALROLLER.TAPEREDROLLER.CYL1NDR1CAL ROLLER. — 37 March 1954 break is in labor, tooling, and overhead. One or two Reinforced plastics plastic moldings can often replace a dozen metal (Continued from page 19) parts requiring assembly. But notice — the cost ad- vantage is strictly due to design characteristics, not cost of the same weight of metals. Cost advantage? — actual raw material cost. none here, as far as simple weight comparisons go. And what else can reinforced plastics show? They No, the great promise of the material lies in its engi- show excellent insulating qualities. Their use in re- ne-ring advantages, in its design features which make frigerators, coolers, electric motors, and electric tools it superior to metals in spite of its higher per-pound is a result. They show beautiful effects when made cost. The engineer is king in the use of reinforced translucent and colored. Awnings, lamp shades, win- plastics, especially the young engineer with imagina- dow fans, chairs, tables, and wall panels apply these tion, ingenuity, and foresight. qualities. They show less noise under vibration, which I'm example, plastic bodies are perfect for sports explains their use in computing machines. Their im- cars — the Corvette, the Darrin, and others to follow. pact resistance is famous in bullet-proof vests used Corrosion resistance is complete — rusting is unknown in Korea. They can be given flame resistance with to fiberglass plastics. The high strength-to-weight ratio certain resins; thus, their employment in fuel tanks permits a reduction in weight, with a corresponding and pressure vessels. The automobile industry em- jump in speed. High impact strength makes a higher ploys them for short-run steel-forming dies. Indeed, speed safer lor the bod) will absorb more energy some automotive engineers foresee a greater future and show less damage than sheet steel. And once for plastic dies than for plastic bodies themselves. fractured (not "dented"), a plastic fender is easily And daily more uses are being devised by alert, in- patched with a repair kit of glass, resin, and catalyst, genious engineers. and a heat lamp. As far as direct material cost goes, reinforced plastic parts are about three times as Sounds great, doesn't it? But ask any molder, and expensive as steel parts; but, so long as quantities he will reply that his greatest problem is successfully are low, another factor enters. That is, die costs for making the jobs he has now, besides finding new the molding are much lower than for steel fabrication customers. The glass and resin suppliers are primarily because of looser die tolerances and because fewer dies are required. Die costs for an all-steel sports car, with its anticipated market of only a few thou- sand, would be intolerable; but for reinforced plastics they are much more reasonable. When demand goes above fifteen thousand, the shoe is on the other foot. Then direct material costs begin to outweigh die cost as a factor. Still another automotive advantage is that, even in high-production steel cars, certain featured body parts can be changed frequently by making them of plastic. Die cost being less, it is easier to suit the whims of public fancy. Military aviation was the first big customer of rein- forced plastics. Radomes housed the aircraft radar units, permitting passage of radar beams, while still giving the necessary strength, impact resistance, low weight, and aerodynamic shape. Other aircraft parts are now fiberglass-made: cowlings, airfoils, wing tips, fuel tanks, tail sections, etc. And the aviation and automobile industries are not alone among transpor- tation lines in their interest in fiberglass plastics. Any medium desires highest possible strength for lowest The molded horn as it is removed from the dies weight. It means bigger pay loads on railroads and after a three-minute cure. This deep, narrow part is an excellent example of molding in matched- truck lines. And it explains why bathtubs and shower metal dies, and one of the most difficult parts stalls and corrugated panels of plastic have become made by the process. popular in house trailers. Most recent use is the mold- ing of fuel tanks for transporting gas and oil by truck — worried that their materials are not good enough to a bag-molding operation. do the job molders demand. The one great problem of the industry now is with material — getting it to Now for a contradiction — the exception that proves do what it should; producing enough to keep up with the rule. Though the direct material cost is much demand; predicting what it will do, with very little higher in reinforced plastic than in metal, design data to draw from. There is no other industry in the changes can often reverse the advantage. In fact, nation that knows less about its own material than molded plastics can often do jobs metals cannot hope fiberglass - reinforced plastics. to match. For example, a machine housing or engine cover may be molded in one press operation, while Opportunity for young men? Scads of it! And cast or sheet metal would require a long series of problems? — even more so. Any young man entering operations to achieve the same end. Here the cost reinforced plastics business can expect long hours, (Continued on page 43) 38 Spartan Engineer Brig. General David Sarnoff, Chairman of the Board, Radio Corporation of America Sees No. 1 wish come true! INTRIGUING OPPORTUNITIES FOR Television Tape Recording You can imagine the future importance GRADUATING ENGINEERS of this development to television broad- by RCA Opens New Era of casting, to motion pictures, education, You're sure to find the exact type of industry and national defense. And you challenge you want in Engineering De- Electronic Photography velopment, Design, or Manufacturing at can see its entertainment value to you, KCA. Men with Bachelor's, Ma.sti-r's or in your own home. There the tape equip- Doctor's degrees in EE, ME, IE or Phys- In 1956, RCA's General Sarnoff will ment could be used for home movies, ics are needed. You'll find your optimum celebrate his 50th year in the field of and—by connecting it to your television career work among the hundreds of prod- radio. Looking ahead to that occa- ucts RCA produces for the home, sci- set—you could make personal recordings ence, industry and Government. sion, three years ago, he asked his of your favorite TV programs. If you have the necessary education ianiily of scientists and researchers Expressing his gratitude for this "gift," and experience, you will be considered for three gifts to mark that anniver- Gen. Sarnoff said it was only a matter of for a direct engineering assignment. Oth- erwise, you'll participate in our Special- ^ y : (1) A television tape recorder, time, perhaps two years, before the fin- ized Training Program, in which you (-) An electronic air conditioner, (3) ishing touches would bring this record- can explore RCA's many interesting en- A true amplifier of light. ing system to commercial reality. He gineering operations for a full year. described it as the first major step into Your rapid professional advancement Gift No. 1-the video tape recorder- an era of "electronic photography." is enhanced at RCA by the free flow of las already been successfully demon- engineering information. str ed at - two years ahead of time! Both Such achievements as this, stemming co from continuous pioneering in research Write today to: College Relations, 'or and black-and-white TV pictures RCA Victor, Camden, New Jersey. and engineering, make"RCA"an emblem were instantly recorded without any pho- Or, see your Placement Director. of quality, dependability and progress. °graphic development or processing. RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA World leader in radio -finl in «*"•<— 39 March 1954 New Developments (Continued from page 29) L A Successful gives off the same amount of sodium radiation it absorbs from a tungsten lamp when both are at the same temperature. A Stamping Service The established method of measurement, based on Kirchoff's law, is to pass a light beam from a calibrated comparison lamp through the flame to which sodium N to Industry vapor has been added, then into a spectroscope. There the sodium radiation can be seen against the background radiation of the comparison lamp. S Since 1914 If the lamp is hotter than the flame, the sodium radiation appears dark against the background of the spectrum. If the flame is hotter, the sodium radia- I tion is bright against the background. When the two have the same temperature, the sodium radiation merges with the background. This N point of merging determines the flame temperature. But in flames that have varying temperatures through- out, the method does not give the correct reading G for a broad cross section. With this method in mind, the two scientists worked out extensive improvements that have enabled them to accurately gauge complicated temperature struc- tures in a single flame. To magnify the flame spectrum they substituted an interferometer for the conventional simple prism spectroscope. The scientists found that by using a sodium vapor T lamp as a means of comparison and the interferome- ter to magnify the spectrum of the sodium radiation, they could find more detailed information than by A the older method. In effect, the method enables the scientists to peer through various zones of a flame into more distant M ones and determine their temperatures accurately. In addition, it enables them to survey the tempera- ture structure in a large section of the flame in one observation. By older methods a flame could be Serving examined only one point at a time. Manufacturers of The gauge has helped rocket and jet technicians to AUTOMOBILES I determine accurately how efficient are various flames. Indirectly, the device also shows how much energy is converted into thrust for rockets, jets, ram jets and AGRICULTURAL similar propulsion mechanisms. EQUIPMENT INDUSTRIAL N EQUIPMENT DOMESTIC G Heating from Atomic Reactors It has been disclosed that large quantities of waste heat developed in atomic reactors at the Hanford EQUIPMENT plutonium-producing plant at Richland, Washington, shortly will be used for the first time in this country LAWNMOWERS for heating buildings. 1159 Pennsylvania C This practical industrial use of the excess heat will be achieved by indirectly using water carrying away reactor heat to warm the air drawn into certain Han- Avenue Lansing, Michigan O ford plant structures now under construction. Enough heat to take care of the needs of a thou- sand average-sized homes will be extracted from the reactor-cooling water and transferred to the air going through plant air conditioners. 40 Spartan Engineer The initial investment for the heat recovery system trainer, and is designed for advanced pilot training in is estimated at about $614,000, and an annual oper- high speed flight, gunnery and dive bombing. ating cost, excluding repairs, at about $2,200. The estimated fuel saving of $59,000 a year would pay In building the trainer, engineers added a tandem off in 7.5 years the $444,000 of the initial cost of cockpit, dual controls and a duplicate instrument panel to the original installations of the Air Force the heat recovery system that would be additional F-86F fighter-bomber. to the cost of a conventional steam system. As explained by the designing engineers, here is A proven airframe was used for conversion to a how the system will work. high speed trainer to reduce costs of development and production and to provide a ready store of spare parts Water from the Columbia River is pumped through and trained maintenance personnel. the great Hanford reactors where plutonium is made hy the transmission of uranium. The water absorbs The trainer has retained most of the performance immense quantities of heat generated by the process; characteristics of the original F-86F. It is rated in on its trip through the reactor, dissolved mineral the 650 miles per hour class, has a maximum service matter in the water becomes slightly radio-active. ceiling of 45,000 feet and a combat radius of over 600 statute miles. Because of this factor, the water from the reactor will be run through a heat exchanger to warm up the In converting the F-86F to the trainer, engineers water in a secondary piped circuit that will relay the returned to the slatted leading edge of earlier Sabre heat to an air conditioning system in the building, models. The moveable edge reduces stalls at low while the radio-active water is carried away. This speeds and allows the trainer to make slower landings. activity quiekly dies away by natural decay, but the Added to the instruments normally carried by the concentration of large volumes would create a radio- F-86F are an inter-communications system, an omni activity hazard to the plant areas before being harm- directional range receiver, instrument landing system lessly dissipated in the main stream of the Columbia. and a directional finder. To prevent the movement of contaminated dust particles from the reactor to working areas, a constant flow of air is maintained across the reactors to the outside. Consequently, no air is reheated and recirculated in the building. Instead, a large volume of air per minute is pumped from the outside, cleaned, heated and poured into the building. To pipe the water direct from the reactor through coils in the floor or walls to warm the building by radiant heat would be impractical because of this large volume of fresh air constantly moving in. The heating system itself is simple in both concept and in execution. It consists of three major elements connected by an appropriate system of piping. First, the primary exchanger, which transfers heat from New F-86 Sabre Jet the effluent stream to an intermediate fluid - second, the secondary exchangers, which transfer heat from Safety features of the trainer include separate this intermediate fluid to the air - and third, a by-pass ejection controls for both the hinged canopy and the exchanger, which is arranged to provide adequate seats and a seat belt that automatically opens after heating when the reactor process is shut down. ejection. The ejection controls may be operated from This heat recovery system will answer the question either seat armrest. of scores of engineers throughout the nation who have Provision has been made for the installation of two hoped for some economic use of this large energy 50 caliber machine guns for gunnery practice Re- source. Since September 1944. the huge reactor pro- tained were the battle tested APG-30 radar set and cess plants at Hanford have been pouring vast quan- the A-4 gunsight. tities of waste heat into the Columbia. This heat, a For extended flight, the trainer is fitted with dual necessary by-product of the nuclear reactions involved stores stations which allow the plane to carry the in converting uranium to fissionable plutonium. has normal two 200-gallon droppable fuel tanks and an been of great interest to engineers, who have looked Additional pair of 120-gallon tanks or two practice forward to its industrial application. F-86F Sabre Jet fighter-bomber entered the Wir during the late months of the conflict. Jet Trainer TZ cSted 3 boosting the ratio of "kills" over A two-seat trainer version of the Korea-famed Air ne Russian-built MiG-15 to an astonishing 14 to 1 *°rce F-86 Sabre fet capable of exceeding the speed a the end of hostilities. The F-86F also performed °J sound in a dive is undergoing flight evaluation La range fighter-bomber strikes and was used as a «er a successful first flight 1 I v e bombed in support of frontline troops. The swift prototype is the nations first trans-sonic 41 II Research improves an age old product American industry, as we know it, has come to American School of Classical Studies at Athens, flower in the twentieth century. Automobiles, air- Greece, uncovered a clay pipe line which was installed planes, washing machines, electronics and atomic in the early Fifth Century, B.C., in ancient Athens. fission arc notable examples. All have grown of age The clay pipe line was discovered during excavations in the last fifty years. of the ruins of Agora, a public square about 25 acres However, there is one industry, vitally essential and in size, just below the famous Acropolis. This may (it important size, which has been blooming for have been the world's first shopping center. (Fig. 1.) centuries. It has served mankind, not only for the Greek plumbers 2500 years ago did an excellent job of designing the pipe. A modified bell and spigot was used, which is similar to the house connection pipe used today. Engineers, who examined the pipe after it was excavated, said it was in good enough shape to be put back into use. Clay pipe manufacturers proudly boast of the an- tiquity of their product, but at the same time they are proud of their rightful place in the parade of modern production techniques and developments. They point to such innovations as continuous tunnel kilns, electrically-controlled grinding and mixing ma- chines, automatic forming and trimming, palletizing and fork-truck handling. With a raw material older than civilization itself, the clay pipe industry is pro- gressive indeed. Today, the annual volume output of the industry is approximately 2,000,000 tons. In the past five years the industry's capacity has expanded by more than 50 per cent to meet demand from municipalities, industries and other users of clay pipe. Vitrified clay pipe was first made by machine in this country in 1854. No one knows how much has since been made and used. It is estimated that in the last four decades over one billion feet of clay pipe have been used in this country alone. Raw clay must have certain qualities to be ideal for pipe making. It should be coarse-grained and uniform, and free from an excess of organic material and free metals. It should have a long firing range, meaning that heat can be applied to the pipe for a Fig. 1. Greek plumbers 2500 years ago really long time period to soften the clay grains to a fusing knew their business. This clay pipe line was recently uncovered during excavations of the point, without actually melting the grains. When City of Agora, near the famous Acropolis in deposits of clay with these qualifications are obtained, Greece. pipe manufacturers then employ modern mining and past fifty years, but for the past five thousand years — earth moving machinery to get the raw material to the vitrified clay pipe industry. the plants for processing into clay pipe. Clay is a stiff, plastic earth, composed mainly of At a typical clay pipe plant the clay is pulverized aluminous silicate, formed through the ages by ero- and mixed with water to form a uniform doughy mass. sion and decomposition of rocks. It is found, in some This is pressed through a die and shaped into pipe form or other, practically everywhere. And it is as under tremendous pressures. Both steam and hydrau- indispensable to modern living today as it was to lic pressures are used. The pipe is formed under a the ancient Greeks many centuries ago. vacuum which draws all air from the clay as the pressure is applied. Elimination of air bubbles results No one knows exactly when sewer pipe made from in greater strength, truer dimensions, decreased ab- clay was first manufactured and used. Recently, sorption, and elimination of flaking. Homer Thompson, Professor of Archaeology of the (Continued on page 48) 42 Spartan Engineer To be a successful engineer, Reinforced plastics above all you must (Continued from page 38) know how to cut costs hard work, dirt, sweat, and the fiberglass itch. He can expect frustration and fury when things simply will not work out right. But if he sticks it out, he SIMPLE DESIGN CHANGE can expect a tremendous future, limited only by him- self and his abilities. He can expect a reward un- matched by other industries, both in cash and in TO STEEL CUTS COST satisfaction. And he can expect to be fascinated by a business that has more hope, more optimism, more FROM $1.15 TO 31c aggressiveness, more spunk, more daring, and more ingenuity than any other today. Yes, it's a young man's business. B EFORE any product design is accepted, the manufacturer asks, "Can it be built for less money?" Un- less your designs pass this test they are likely to be rejected. Knowing how to use welded steel Drafting board gives you the advantage in develop- ing any product for lowest cost man- (Continued from page 21) ufacture. That's because steel is three times stronger than gray iron, two in position, and usually bearing evidence of much and one half times as rigid, and costs erasing. With the basic principles and configuration only a third as much per pound. determined, minor changes may be necessary, as is Therefore, where stiffness or rigidity is a factor in a design, less than half usually the case after trial operation of a new machine. the material is necessary. Thus, the junior engineer may find himself strengthen- Here, for example, is how one re- ing a part here, lightening another there, and so forth, sourceful engineer put these qualities exercising his initiative and imagination. to work: Fig. 1. Traditional Con- The next step in the design engineer's progress is struction. Machine foot* to become a designer, where the entire unit upon lever, 10 inches long, weighs 6 pounds. Cost which he is working is his own creation. Here college with broached keyway training comes to bat, with the good drafting experi- is SI.15. ence to swing it, and with this combination good design is expressed on paper in a way that is easy to understand, especially to the detailer. It is easy Fig. 2. Simple Steel Design to see, at this point, that training in the drafting Costs 41% Less. Can be built by ihe shop wilh room has made the designer aware of the problems only saw and shears. facing the detailer who looks at a scramble of lines Weighs 2.7 pounds. Cosls 681* complet* called a layout, and it is hoped that the designer will with keyway. try to avoid such confusion. Now let's look back over the whole scene and see what it has done for us. First of all, coming fresh Fig. 3. Saves 53% Cost out of college we were relatively unfamiliar with by forming lever arm and many of the processes and practices used in manufac- pad as integral piece from 10 gauge metal.Weighs turing, for our college administrators knew we would 2.5 pounds. Costs 54t. Pick these things up as we started working in industry. So we learned about tolerances, processes, and design, and became familiar with drafting standards. The intent of this article is to show that DO matter Fig. 4. Saves 73%, Elimi- now dull detailing may seem, a lot can be learned nates Broaching. Hub with integral key is produced through it. The detailer should try to perfect his by stacking stampings ftyle so that he can produce the best possible draw- in assembly. Arm is ln 10 gauge, brake g in a reasonable length of time, for his drawings formed and welded to hub. Cost is will be seen in the shop and in the front office long only 3 U . Weighs Wore, and many times more, than he will, and it will 2.2 pounds. be from the quality of his work that he will be judged "i these places. This is an opportunity for a young Back up your engineering training engineer to make a start towards a good reputation. with latest information on welded b0 steel construction. Bulletins and hand- when some college professors and some engineers books are available to engineering Wa m you to avoid drafting if possible, remember that students by writing drafting can be interesting and beneficial if you make we most of its advantages, and also remember that THE LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY « • Probably the best way to spread your name about Cleveland 17, Ohio he plant-to advertise and sell yourself according to THE WORLD'S LARGEST MANUFACTURER OF tn ARC WELDING EQUIPMENT e quality of your work. 43 1954 metallurgical engineer of today has an expanding Metallurgical Engineering area of opportunities before him. New applications (Continued from page 15) for the metals presently in use, and the production and development of commercial use for some 40 known systems, x-rays, atomic structure, crystal structure, but unused metals, offers an unlimited creative oppor- pyrometry, beat treatment, metallography, and similar tunity for the present and future generations of topics related to the metallurgical profession. metallurgical engineers. Little used previously, the Metallurgy is one ol the branches of science, engi- metal titanium has come into commercial production neering, and tec hnology. It is a very important branch and use during the past five years. Within the past because our modern civilization cannot exist without year the metal Zirconium has been produced in metals and alloys; without metallurgy there would be quantity amounts for use in nuclear reactors designed DO railroads, automobiles, skyscrapers, or airplanes. as a part of the atomic energy program. The current Opportunities arc unlimited in the field of metallurgy, demand for these two newcomers to the field of and the future will reveal developments in the metal- industrial metals far exceeds present output. lurgy of high temperature alloys for jet motors, and of new alloys lor diesel engines, television, and atomic The metallurgical engineer has extraordinary oppor- power plants, to mention only a few. tunities for research, development, and application of entirely new alloys, or for the more economic design Future metallurgical engineers will be interested and of a known alloy. The metallurgical industries in food processing, better sanitation, with textile are among the basic industries of civilization. machinery, oil well drilling, television, and farm equip- Out of some 98 natural elements, more than 70 are ment and machinery. The world awaits the avail- metals; and yet less than one-half of these 70 metals ability of new and harder metals, of metals that have are in commercial use today. Metallurgy has no greater corrosion resistance, and of metals that can more than scratched the surface of its possibilities. be used at very high temperatures or in sub-zero ft ft * ft weather. A young man whose father had been hanged was The student in metallurgical engineering today may filling out a college application. After the usual heredi- see his future in the production of stronger bridges, tary questions there was one asking the cause of death (aster aircraft, better diesel motors, safer ships, or of his parents. He thought for a while and finally lighter and more powerful electric motors. put down this answer: "Mother died of pneumonia. Metallurgy and its related engineering activities Father was taking part in a public ceremony when are in the front lines ol progress at all times. The the platform gave way." MELYIN • For many years K&E has pioneered in the manufacture and development of finest quality surveying instruments. K&E surveying instruments are renowned all over the world for their superb performance under conditions of all kinds, for their magnificent workmanship and for special features that come of progressive ingenuity. KEUFFEL & ESSER CO. CST. 1867 N E W YORK • H O B O K E N , N . J . Chicago • St. louis • Detroit • San Francisco • Los Angeles • Montreal by Modelyn 44 Spartan Engineer You Are Cordially Invited To Attend An ALUMNI REUNION CONSOLIDATED J 01V, meeting and work schools in all W * ' Noclear as i l s ( or the ta riad M « n ' C l m e « criterion tor tell Vultee 45 March 1954 Better way? making up jigs, fixtures, and workplaces for projects (Continued from page 24) in the advanced motion and time study course. as with a number of the attitudes and principles that Man has sought to improve his methods since he he applies t" effective work methods. Also treated in struggled with his first task, but it wasn't until the (his beginning course is the procedure by which time nineteenth century, with its scientific-management standards are set. An advanced motion and time movements, that it was made a separate study with study course is also offered. The purpose of this men specializing in the field. And they had a hard course is to give the student further practice in the time convincing management of their worth, but it application of the tools and techniques which he is apparent now that this field is well grounded and learned in the beginning course. This practice is has much to offer to society. It is human nature to accomplished through the setting up of laboratory resist change, but it also is an American characteristic exercises and by a term project in methods improve- to junk old ways in view of better ones when they ment. The term project is usually undertaken at are discovered. some local manufacturing plant. The student, alter first thoroughly analyzing a pro- Engineering research (Continued from page 34) duction problem, works up a solution; presents the solution to the management, and then installs an ing are now being performed. Experiments on the Improved method. The problem of installation of the flow velocity of water in the water jacket of an engine, new method familiarizes the student with many of and the power demands of fans are being studied ex- the human relations problems involved, as well as perimentally. Intake manifold design and the devel- with the technical problems. opment of a connecting rod for the tentative three Mulligan State College has a well-equipped labora- horsepower engine to be made in the MSC engineer- tory to carry on the course work in motion and time ing laboratories are examples of the analytical devel- study. The mechanical engineering department has opment work carried on in this department. recently purchased photographic equipment, includ- The above mentioned projects are a few of the ing a special camera for the taking of motion pictures research problems being investigated at Michigan ol industrial operations. The camera is equipped with State College. The various departments will be happy a constant speed motor drive capable of taking pic- to furnish you with additional information about the tures at speeds ranging from 50 frames per minute to projects. 10(H) frames per minute. Other recent acquirements o 'ou near graduation, you are about to make a Choose a company not for its bigness or small ness, dp° : ... lon —second in importance only to choosing your but for how it will treat you as an individual. Choose it llfe s partner. not only for its engineering activities alone, but also for how it is set up to help its engineers develop themselves iob 'wl/'k'" 2 '' °^ c o u r s c - about that all-important first professionally. Choose your company with an eye on the ans u C o m P a n y w i l 1 ^ be? I wouldn't presume to opportunities ahead—and an eye on the future of the V that • f question for you. But I would like to empha- company itself. Above all, select a company that has a ^ h e l m Portance of this decision. definite program to help you determine the work for takes" n aVe * l o t a t s t a k e - T h e direction your career which you are best fitted. With W, , m o s t c e r tainly be influenced by the company Ich > o u cast your lot. May I offer a few personal Only you can make this vital decision. Whatever it s may be-good luck! ^0275 For information on career opportunities with Westinghouse, consult the Placement *>U CAN BE S U R E Officer of your university, or send for our 44-page book. Finding Tour Place in Industry. March 1954 55 Research improves products (Continued from page 48) Another outstanding clay pipe installation was made by the village of Monsanto, Illinois. Though a village, They're Monsanto is no sleepy country settlement. It contains sonic of America's heaviest industries — and hence it easier puts unusual demands on its sewers. Most recent project at Monsanto is a twin industrial sewer which will serve several companies in the area. In specify- ing pipe, the engineers realized that the line would to handle be carrying weak acids and other chemical wastes. Hence, they chose vitrified clay pipe, which is proof thanks to against chemical attack. There was a complicating factor, however. Clay S.S. WHITE pipe is made no larger than 36 inches in diameter, and the volume of wastes to be carried here required more capacity than this. Yet rather than consider other FLEXIBLE SHAFTS pipe materials which are available in larger sizes, the engineers preferred to use multiple clay pipe lines. • LIGHT WEIGHT AND MOBILITY are essential fea- tures of any portable tool. That's one reason why Fig. 3. Many home builders are now using thiK the manufacturer of these concrete surfacers uses new and revolutionary system of duct heating for S.S.W'hite flexible shafts to transmit power be- basementless homes. Vitrified clay pipe is used as tween the motor and the working head. As he puts ducts to distribute warm air. it, the flexible shafts "provide flexibility of move- Engineers who safeguard the public and who ad- ment for the operator and eliminate the need for vance our nation's productive capacity play safe by holding the motor unit which is the heaviest part specifying clay pipe. Modern sanitary systems con- of the equipment." structed of clay pipe play an every-day role as guard- ians of the health of the people. Many of the design problems you'll face after The vtirified clay pipe industry is alert to its respons- graduation will involve ways of transmitting ibilities. It must anticipate the needs of a growing power or control at low cost. That's why you'll nation. want to become familiar with S.S.White flexible Research is meeting this challenge and will con- shafts noiv, because they are the economical solu- tinue to do so. tion to many of these problems. SEND FOR THIS FREE Chemical engineering FLEXIBLE SHAFT BOOKLET . . . (Continued from page 54) the design and construction of suitable equipment Bulletin 5306 contains for full plant-scale production becomes the problem basic flexible shaft data and facts and shows how of the chemical engineer. When processes are devel- to select and apply flexible oped from the test tube stage to the production scale, shafts. Write for a copy. ' there are many new factors to be considered. For instance, the chemical features of a reaction in a 40,000 gallon steel tank are different from those of the same reaction carried out in a 500 ml. Erlenmeyer INDUSTRIAL DIVISION flask. While the chemist deals primarily with the DENTAL M F G . CO. ^ D e p ,c , 0E a l , 4 0 l h s , _ fundamental chemistry of the new product, the chemi- NEW YORK 16, N. Y (Continued on page 60) 56 Spartan Engineer the specialized skills and knowledge of a myriad of HIDDEN HENCHMAN . . . men has led to the development of thousands ot Early man used Nature's rocks and stones to shape different styles and types of abrasive products for and sharpen his crude tools and weapons. Today, innumerable industrial applications. industry has at its command abrasives that will do America can work like that because it has an all- in seconds jobs that formerly required days of seeing, all-hearing and reporting Inter-Commumca- tedious toil. tions System. Yet relatively few people know or appreciate the vital labor-saving, back-stage role which abrasives THE AMERICAN INTER-COM SYSTEM . . . Play in the production of practically all mechani- Complete communication is the function, the unique cally finished articles. contribution of the American business press a Seat group of specially edited magazines devoted to MAN-MADE MINERALS . . . fhesoecialized work areas of men who want to Through the centuries man's ceaseless search for m a n S S t e r , design better, manufacture better, better abrasives has paralleled progress in produc- research better, sell better, buy better. tion. Wheel-shaped sandstones replaced rocks . . . °nly to give way to emery and corundum, which COMMUNICATION IS OUR BUSINESS . . . were sieved, sized, glued to paper and cloth or Many of the textbooks in which you are:now study- bonded in pottery mixtures to form artificial grind- d t l of your specialty bear the ing wheels. But it was by the discovery of silicon carbide and crystalline fused alumina—man-made minerals from W SSSSSSRSA the electric furnace—that the grinding wheel be- °After you leave school, you will want to keep came a high speed, precision production tool. ahfeast of developments in your chosen profess.on. abreast 01 ae v H i l l - S m a n y business maga- AMERICA WORKS LIKE THAT . . . S w ^ T p r S c^ent information that will help Industry's insatiable desire to improve its products you in your job. and make them available at lower cost has sparked MCGRAW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC 3 3 0 WEST 42nd STREET, NEW YORK 36, N. Y. I KF0 « « « ' ' » " „ „D B B SI H E » i II « I T £ I S ( 0 1 I ECHKI C« I 57 1954 The engineering council Organ- Council Here is a list of the entire membership of the Michi- Name ization Position Exposition Job gan State Engineering Council. Beside each name is \s\11. < .' Joe Myers in v> I ' I I M e \SM I'll V Sill. Ill r n s i i l t i i l Gena 'I (lhainnaii the Council position, if any, occupied by each mem- I ion |a||a ASAE S i < l i t . 1 1 \ ' R o u t i n g , ( ' n u l l s . . (rtlld ber; his job in connection with the Engineering Exposi- 1 ).inii S ' | AICHE I I I . I M 1 I I I I n . . 1 1 1 1 1.1I ( J i . l i r m a i l tion, and whom he represents on the Council. li.in Clark Hi, Lambda I ' n l i H . ' l . i . 1 .HI Offlen •Publicity Authorized membership of the Council is 38 repre- 1 -• n i ' r POI SAX S g t . iit \ i i n iKxhihits |.l( k ( j . l l l . ISAE "Sliulinl Exhibit! sentatives. Currently, however, the membership totals Ed < Ehampagne tSAE hiilustrial Exhibit! 111.' > a/ic .'/e *•* General Electric a/if/ ,s/it Yrone/e/fOMeny CONTROL MANUFACTURING • PLANNING • INSTALLING . SINCE 1885 "Inside front cover **Inside back cover ***Bock cover eer 62 Spartan Engin Good climate for engineering jobs! The finest research and engineering facilities are available to International Harvester engineers. Here they test truck performanceat 70 degrees below zero. • The American transportation system is the most operation, engineers are needed. Electrical, me- highly developed in the world. And International chanical, industrial, metallurgical, agricultural, trucks are part of this picture. design, research, and testing engineers find that At Fort Wayne, Indiana, International Har- Harvester offers unusual opportunity. vester maintains the biggest truck research, de- If you are interested in a career in the engineer- velopment and testing laboratory in the world. ing field, we suggest you write to F. D. MacDonald, The opportunity such an operation provides for Education and Personnel Department, Interna- tional Harvester Company, 180 N. Michigan Ave- young engineers is obvious. nue, Chicago 1, Illinois. Throughout the entire International Harvester INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER Chicago 1, Illinois W. ,„„„ 63 March 1954 Sidetracked I. S. Problem, Test No. 3: The judge, quizzing the defendant, asked, "You \ I inss eyed woodpecker with a COrk ley and syn- mean to say that you threw your wife out of the tlietie robber bill required V-i hour to peck 14 o r second story window through forgetfulness?" the distance through a cypress log 53 years old "Yes, sir," was the quick reply of the defendant. Shinglet lost 79 cents per hundred and weigh 8 "We used to live on the ground floor and I plumb pounds apiece. I lie lot; being pecked upon is 34 forgot we moved." leel long and weighs l() pounds per loot. Assuming » <* 6 o th.it the coefficient of friction between the woodpeck- Salesman: "I have here the one and only sure cure er's hill and the cypress log is 0.097 and that there for dandruff." is negligible resistance to diflusion, how many units Housewife: "Really, how does it work?" ol vitamin B, will the woodpecker require in pecking Salesman: "Oh, it's awfully simple — it's a mixture Mil enough shingles lor a $7,500.00 barn with detach- of alcohol and sand." .ible chicken house? The woodpecker has an efficiency ol 97 per cent, and gets time and a half for overtime. Housewife: "But how does it cure dandruff?" Salesman: "Well, you just rub the mixture on your hair; then the bugs get drunk and kill each other Then there's the tale ol the Australian Bushman throwing rocks." who invented a new type of boomerang. He went crazy trying to throw the old one away. Two drunks wandered onto a railroad trestle one dark night. "Calling all cars - ('ailing all cars — Be on the look- First drunk: "Boy! Thish is a long flight of stairs." out lor a one-legged hunchback! Second drunk: "I don't mind that so much, but Back from car 26 came this question: "Any dis- I'm having a helluva time getting used to thish low tinguishing marks?" hand rail." a * o * I love the Engineer, A small boy was seated on the curb with a pint I think it's swell. of whiskey in his hand reading a racing form and \iiil every month smoking a big cigar. I run pell niell An old lady passed and asked, "Little boy, why To get my copy aren't you in school?" And read each line. The child replied: "Gee's lady, I ain't but four." The stories and features » » » o I think are fine. Then there was the Scotsman who wrote the editor I laugh at the jokes, saying that if any more Scotch jokes were printed in I read all the ads; his columns, he'd quit borrowing the magazine. I note all the news # 9 O O And take up all the fads. When I praise it My parents taught me not to smoke; I scorn those who laugh. I don't. I'm really most loyal— Nor listen to a dirty joke; I'm on the staff. I don't. They make it clear I must not wink At pretty girls, nor even think A young engineer took his girl to the open air opera About intoxicating drink; one beautiful warm evening. During the first act I don't. he found it necessary to excuse himself. He asked To sew "wild oats" is very wrong; the usher where the men's room might be. I don't. "Turn left and walk down to the big oak tree, and Wild youths chase women, wine and song; there it is." I don't. The young engineer did as he was told and in due time returned to his seat. I don't kiss girls, not a single one, I don't even know how it's done, "Is the second act over yet?" he asked the girl. You'd think that I wouldn't have much fun; "You ought to know," she replied, "you were in it." I don't. 64 Spartan Engin<*r Alemite sets up scale models of their service station equipment on the customer's own floor plan—photographs them- and portrays the new custom-built station ready for action CALESMEN don't just pull lube racks, grease pumps bulky products to sell. Photography is a great sales- * and other service station equipment out of a sam- s man for any business, large or small. And it's very *«_ v a;er tsranon h e4 ya cr le fIt equipment out or a sam- much more. It works in all kinds of ways to save time, P case. 6 TThey're finalT ' far too o b i g f t o b l k v ° big-far too bulky. Besides,Besic ocation and arrangement count heavily in how cut costs, reduce error and improve production. we U they are are sketch0* I*1'8 W a v > T ^ e salesman sends in a rough chemical processes and the r W i "" n( colnrrL^ __ ? S P a c e av ailable, with windows and fit exact replicas of racks, S d returning to the plan, then put the you are a - . .ie customer pictures his new sta- service man, if you aie jD t^ effieient, handsome —and the sale is ties, w r i t e ^ ^ ^ w Eastman Kodak Company 4, N.Y. ay. It's an idea for any company with Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester 4, N.Y. 10 GENERAL ELECTRIC PROGRAMS FOR COLLEGE GRADUATES Career opportunities with a bright future await the college graduate who joins General Electric. To help him toward early success, G.E. offers these ten programs- each including both challenging work assignments and broadening classroom studies. If you are interested in building a career with General Electric, consult your placement officer for the date of the next visit of the G-E representative on your campus. Meanwhile, for further information on the career programs described here, write: College Editor, Dept. 2-123, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. ENGINEERING PROGRAM A P P A R A T U S S A L E S ENGINEERING This program gives engineers a sound foundation for Offered to men who have completed the Engineering professional careers in research, development, design, Program, this program develops young men who can manufacturing, application, sales, installation and serv- combine engineering knowledge with sales contact to ice, or advertising. sell G-E industrial products. MANUFACTURING TRAINING BUSINESS TRAINING COURSE Open to technical and some non-teehnical graduates, BTC's purpose is to develop business administration, this three-year program provides leadership training in economics, liberal arts, and other graduates in account- manufacturing supervision, manufacturing engineering, ing and related studies for leadership in G.E.'s financial purchasing, production control, or plant engineering. activities and other activities which require business training. PHYSICS PROGRAM MARKETING TRAINING For Bachelor and Master graduates, this program Open to MBA graduates, and to young men who have gives industrial training and orientation in many fields shown special ability in marketing, this program de- of physics at G.E. and oilers great diversity in place- velops men for future managerial positions through ment openings. training in all seven primary functions of marketing. CHEMICAL AND METALLURGICAL PROGRAM EMPLOYEE & PLANT Open to chemists, metallurgists, chemical, ceramic, and COMMUNITY RELATIONS TRAINING metallurgical engineers at BS and MS level. Assign- Open to technical and non-technical graduates, this ments extend from process development to plant liaison leadership training program provides assignments in —from research and development to sale of process engineering, manufacturing, marketing, finance, and instruments. employee and plant community relations. ATOMIC "TEST" ADVERTISING TRAINING COURSE Open to science and engineering graduates, this pro- This program combines on-the-job training with in- gram is conducted in the Hanford Atomic Products tegrated classwork courses and offers the opportunity Operation at Richland, Washington to train men for to learn all aspects of industrial advertising, sales positions in the atomic energy field. promotion, and public relations. GENERAL^ ELECTRIC