* A Bright Future * Chemical Engineering ... Pathway to Progress * The Engineering Society * New Developments ,* Topology OLUME 8 NUMBER 2 JANUARY. 1955 PRICE 25 John A. Bauscher, Class of '43 speaks from experience when he says ... "U nited States Steel offers first-rate opportunities In research and product development" JOHN BAUSCIIER graduated from col- has unusual latitude in selecting the ing and rewarding career with U.S. lege in 1943 with a B.S. degree in type of products and the type of re- Steel and feel that you can qualify, Metallurgy. After a stint in the Navy, search that interest him most. Work is you can get details from your college he returned to college as a metallurgi- done not only on steel, but on many placement director. And we will gladlY cal research assistant. In 1949 he re- raw materials and by-products as well. send you a copy of our informative ceived his M.S. in Metallurgy and "And," says Mr. Bauscher, "Oppor- booklet, "Paths of Opportunity," then came to work at the U.S. Steel tunities at U.S. Steel are better now which describes U.S. Steel and the Applied Research Laboratory. After than ever before because of the em- openings in various scientific fields. just four and a half years, Mr. phasis on product development and Just write to United States Steel Cor- Bauscher had progressed to Division the recent expansion of research poration, Personnel Division, Room Chief for Sheet Products Develop- facilities." 1622, 525 William Penn Place, Pitts- ment - responsible for the improve- If you are interested in a challeng- burgh 30, Pennsylvania. ment of present sheet steel products and the development of new and im- proved types. Why did Mr. Bauscher choose U.S. SEE THE UNITED STATES STEEL HOUR. It's a full hour of top flight Steel? Because, says he, "U.S. Steel TV drama, presented every other week by United States Steel. Con- produces such a great diversity of sult your local newspaper for time and station. products and maintains such a thor- ough research program on all its prod- ucts - not only theoretical research, but also applied research or product development. The graduate engineer UNITED STATES STEEL AMERICAN BRIDGE •• AMERICAN STEEL & WIRE and CYCLONE FENCE • COlUMBIA.GENEVA STEEL •• CONSOLIDATED WESTERN STEEl •• GERRARD STEEl STRAPPING •. NATIONAL TUBE Oil WEll SUPPLY •• TENNESSEE COAL & IRON .. UNITED STATES STEEl PRODUCTS •• UNITED STATES STEEL SUPPLY •• O;V;';O" 01 UNITED STATES STEEL CORPDRATlDN, PITTSBURGH UNITED STATES STEEL HOMES, INe. • UNIDN SUPPLY CDMPANY • UNITED STATES STEEL EXPORT COMPANY • UNIVERSAL ATlAS CEMENT COMPANY 5-41 Brtght Future ... YOURS? Today, Detroit Edison is installing the world's largest boiler. Soon the company will install the world's largest steam turbine-generator. In the last ten years Edison has doubled its capacity to produce electricity - but it's not stopping there. Opportunity comes with big plans like these. Big plans-bright futures for those engineers who create and carry them out. Can this be your bright future? See our representative when he's on campus. Stop in at our office, or write ... THE DETROIT EDISON COMPANY 2000 Second Avenue, Detroit 26, Michigan • • 1 January 1955 S. S. Marine Dow.Chern, lirst ship ever buill specifically for the transportation of liquid chemicals. CHEMICALS GO TO SEA ... REDUCING FREIGHT COSTS AND BRINGING FASTER SERVICE TO MANY DOW CUSTOMERS Newest link between Dow's important Texas Division and leaving California, heading through the Panama Canal eastern terminals is the 18,000-ton chemical tanker, toward the Atlantic coast. All have one common purpose "Marine Dow-Chem". First ship ever designed and built -delivering Dow chemicals by the most convenient, most to carry chemicals, this huge tanker has a capacity of economical routes possible. 3,500,000 gallons, including special nickel-clad, heated tanks that safely carry 73% caustic soda solution. The Just as Dow's research and production are making giant "Marine Dow-Chem" made her maiden voyage in April, steps in the progress of the chemical industry, so Dow's completing three years in the planning and building of distribution keeps pace through new techniques in trans- the vessel. portation and service. Transportation of Dow chemicals by way of water routes did not begin with this new ship. Dow has pioneered in 6J Whether you choose research, production or sales, this technique of shipment. On any given day, you may you can find a challenging career with Dow. Write see a tanker steaming out of Freeport, Texas, steering for Q!":::': to Technical Employment Department, THE DOW East Coast terminals; a powerful tug herding its charge of CHEMICAL COMPANY. Midland, Michigan or Freeport, barges up the Mississippi to Cincinnati; and a freighter -- Texas for the booklet, "Opportunities with The Dow Chemical Company" -you'll find it interesting. you can depend on DOW CHEMICALS 2 Spartan Engineer EDITOR RAY STEINBACH BUSINESS MANAGER BILL BARTLEY SfulIttan &l«)ineeIt ASSOCIATE EDITOR of michigan state college ALICE JACOBSON ASSISTANT EDITORS HARLOW NELSON EMORY GEISZ ARTICLES PHOTO EDITOR 8 Topology ... A little known and important BOB BRANDON branch of mathematics FEATURE EDITOR EUGENE SPELLER 11 Chemical Engineering ... Pathway to Progress NEWS EDITOR 12 The Engineering Society BOB STOCKING 15 A Bright Future ASSISTANT BUSINESS MANAGER JOHN ROOD ADVERTISING MANAGER TOM AYRES FEATURES PROMOTION MANAGER 17 New Developments CHARLES PUMA CIRCULATION MANAGER 25 Clubs and Societies JENNY WILSON 40 Crossword for Engineers STAFF JO GRAHAM Cover Desig n by: EMORY GEISZ and RAY STEINBACH LEE MAH JIM JOHNSTON SHIRLEY PRIKASKY DAVE MITCHELL Published four times yearly by the students af the SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, BOB FREDRICKS MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE, East Lansing, Michigan. The affice is an the third floor af the Union Building, Phane ED 2-1511, Extension 251. Entered as second class JAMES WILSON matter at the Past Office in Lansing, Michigan, under the act of March 3, 1879. Address Mail to: P. O. Box 468, East Lansing, Michigon ADVISORS Publishers representative Littell-Murray-Barnhill, Inc. 101 Park Avenue, New York W. E. LIBBY 605 W. Michigon Avenue, Chicago PAUL G. GRAY Subscription rate by mail $1.00 per year. Single copies 25 cents. D. D. McGRADY 3 January 1955 r--------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------'! I I I I I I :I A Campus-to-Career Case History :I I , I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I "Alvvays something nevv" I I I I "Different types of work appeal to different are always changing, there's always something I I men," says Donald O'Brian (A.B., Indiana, '50), new commg up. I I in the Traffic Department with Indiana Bell Tele- I "I started with Indiana Bell in 1952, after I phone Company. "For me, I'll take a job that 1 two years in the Army. My training program I keeps me hopping. And that's just the kind of I job I have. exposed me to many different kinds of tele- I I I phone work-customer contact, personnel, ac- I "You'd think that after two years I'd have all counting, operations. I saw a lot of jobs which I I the variables pinned down. But it doesn't work looked as interesting as mine. As much as I I I that way. When you supervise telephone service like what I'm doing now, I bet I'll like my next I I for thousands of different customers whose needs spot even better." I I Don's enthusiasm for his job is pretty typical of how most young college men feel about their telephone careers. Perhaps you'd be interested in a similar oppor- tunity with a Bell Telephone operating company, such as Indiana Bell ..• or with Bell Telephone Laboratories, I Western Electric or Sandia Corporation. See your Place- BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM I I ment Officer for more information. I I I I L ~, I I 4 Spa rtan Engineer Editorial A BROAD EDUCA liON Are you a bookworm? Do you spend all your spare time studying? This may be a good way to increase your academic ~ducation, but are you learning anything, or are you just becom- mg a parrot? College is basically designed to provide one with knowledge; but, that is not all that can be gained. College offers a person an excellent opportunity to learn to work and live with other people. It also offers one the chance to engage in almost any type of activity imaginable, on a non-academic basis. This is possible because of the many clubs and societies which are active on campus. There is at least one student organization connected with every branch of engineering. These clubs make it much easier to get to know the other students in your branch of engineering; also, this is a good way to get to know your instruc- tors in something other than a teaching role. For those who desire to learn about something other than engineering, there is everything from the Acrobat Club to the Zoology Club. All of these clubs provide the opportunity for a person to meet different people and engage in a large variety of activities. What, you may ask, is the sense of spending time on outside activities? The answer to that is simply this: the more the variety of experiences you have had, the better your chances for success in your chosen field. This has been proven many times when someone comes up with a new idea in his line of work. Frequently, the idea has originated somewhere not at all connected with the final use. The variety of clubs on campus should provide at least one which would be interesting to each person; so, why not investigate the possibilities? It may not show any imme.diate .gain for you, but even the chance to think about somethmg dIfferent for a while may do much more good than one would have thought possible before trying it. jrs January 1955 5 NORTH AMERICAN F-l00 , •, These planes are some of America's newest, biggest, best - setting new standards for speed, maneuverability, reliability. Widely separated airframe engineer- { ing groups developed these record makers. Yet each plane has one vital J DOUGLAS A3D feature in common - the engines are Pratt & Whitney Aircraft's J-57 turbojets - the most powerful production aircraft engines 1 in the world! Is it any wonder that so many young engineering graduates want to work for the world's foremost designer of air- craft engines? DOUGLAS F4D ( PRATT & WHITNEY AIRCRAFT t / Division of United Aircraft Corporation East Hartford 8, Connecticut l 6 Spartan L Engineer .J Ir----------- A MESSAGE TO COLLEGE ENGINEERING STUDENTS from Donald C. Burnham, Vice-President Manufacturing, Westinghouse Electric Corporation Purdue University, 1936 To the young engineer with a creative mind America is on th e th res h 0Id 0f the automation . era. At Westinghouse, young engineers like you are playing an increasingly important role in such new developments for all New automatic machines with their electronic brains are op . kinds of industry. Here, there is plenty of room for your creative ~Olngthe way to a tremendous industrial development in w hlch mach.. talents to expand-in designing new products ... and in mes wIll largely replace man's routine brainwork and handwork. developing new improvements for existing products. It's a fascinating job that offers you real opportunities for growth. Westinghouse is taking a leading part in developing equip- ment for th e automatic ... And at Westinghouse, we recognize individual ambition as well I factory. At our new Columbus, OhIO P as technical ability. There will always be a place for the young w.ant, h refrigerato rs move al ong 27 miles .. of automatic conveyors, It many parts be.. engineer who wants to forge ahead. For professional develop- 01 h. mg Installed by automatic assembling ment you can do graduate work toward Master's and Ph.D. atac mes.... ref.ngerator controls are automatically calibrated ..• u omatIctesti degrees in 19universities. You will be treated as an individual and ed f. ng d cV1CeSma1l1tamqualltycontrol...and .... thecrat- re ngerato r IS .. automatically conveyed to warehouse storage. Westinghouse will do all in its power to help you reach your goal. G-I0282 Askyour Placement Officer about career opportunities at Westinghouse,or write ~f~ for these two booklets: Continued Educa- tion in Westinghouse (describing our Grad- You CAN SE SURE ... IF Ir~ uate Study Program) and Finding rour ptace in Industry. To get these booklets, write: Mr. J. O. "Westinghouse Campbell, Regional Educational Co-or- dinator, WestinghouseElectric Corpora- --- tion, 306 Fourth Ave., Pittsburgh 30, Pa. 7 January 1955 Topology • •• . I A LITTLE-KNOWN AND IMPORTAlANCH OF MATHEMATICS by John G. Hocking I I A short article on topology poses a difficult problem. The new fundamental idea found in the calculus is form the poles of the mathematical world." So much This simple puzzle amused and frustrated people Although it is a quite recent development, topology the introduction of the limiting process into mathe- for the position of topology in the study of mathe- for years until the famous mathematician Leonhardt is so extensive and enters into the body of mathe- matics. In a sense, then, Newton founded topology matics. Euler heard about it. He noticed that the puzzle of matics in so many placcs that there is no brief defini- because the concept of a limit is the essence of topol- Let us next look at perhaps the first topological the seven bridges is exactly equivalent to that of try- tion of the subject. The author of an article such as ogy. We see examples of limits everywhere in the problem ever solved, the famous puzzle of the seven ing to draw Figure 2 without lifting the pencil from this is placed in a delicate position, for he must try calculus, of course, but in reality all of these examples bridges of Koenigsberg. The city of Koenigsberg (in the paper (which would correspond to flying) and to inform the general reader and must not offend his deal with the basic notion of a sequence of real what once was Germany) is built at the confluence without re-tracing a line (which corresponds to re- fellow topologists too much. This time, however, I numbers converging to some real number. That is, of two streams and centers on an island. Long ago crossing a bridge). will not consider my fellow topologists at all, and we are only concerned with real numbers and their there were seven bridges as indicated in the sketch they are hereby warned to read no further! structure, their limit-point structure and their alge- This makes it much easier to experiment (The map in Figure 1. (Now there are eight bridges, I Several goals are in order in an article of this braic structure. A little reflection will show that the actual walk would be quite long.) since we can now understand, the eighth being dotted in.) Someone nature. First, a brief history of the subject should calculus consists of just these two basic types of oper- sit at a desk and draw pictures. Well, Euler "solved" once posed the following problem: Start anywhere the puzzle by showing that it was impossible to solve! be included. Then, a general description or definition ations, the rational operations of algebra and the in the city and walk over each bridge just once! limiting processes which have become a part of (With the eight bridges now present, it is possible as is desirable but this should not be so technical as topology. we will see.) Euler's success with this problem led to vitiate its purpose. And finally, a few interesting him to study other such configurations and whether examples are a must. We shall see how well these The algebraic properties of the real numbers have goals are attained. they can be drawn with an "Euler line," (i.e.) without been abstracted and generalized to an enormous ex- re-tracing or lifting the pencil. He was able to derive As far as history is concerned, I will be very brief. tent. And usefully, too! Nobody objects, for instance, a general rule about all such puzzles. To describe his The word "topology" seems to have been coined in to discarding the property of real numbers expressed rule, we will call the point where the two or more 1847, but the real beginnings of the study came with by the identity ab = ba. We do it all the time when arcs meet by the name "vertex." Now in a figure com- the work of Cantor, Poincare and others near the turn we discuss vector algebra. Similarly, we can discard can do posed of arcs and vertices, such as Figure 2, count of the present century. Thus topology is only about all of the algebraic properties and retain only the the number of arcs emanating from each vertex. If sixty years old. Furthermore, the greatest advances limiting processes, (i.e.) only the structure which that number is even, call the vertex even; if that have been made within the past thirty years. It is permits the limiting processes, if it is useful to do so. number is odd, call the vertex odd. Count the number not surprising then that this basic study has only lt has been found not just useful but vitally important of odd vertices. (It can be shown that there will recently been added to Our curriculum, and that it to do so, and the resulting study is topology. To always be an even number of odd vertices.) The is still not well known even among mathematicians. quote one of the greatest of living mathematicians, criterion for the existence of an Euler line is simply You see, as is true for many other subjects, mathe- Solomon Lefschetz says [4] "algebra and topology this: matics is much too extensive for one man to know' cannot do The given figure can be drawn with an Euler our life-span is simply too short. For a history of Figure 4 topology see the paper by Wilder. [6]" line if and only if there are no more than two odd vertices. Furthermore, if there are two odd ver- Philosophers have defined mathematics as the study tices, the Euler line must start at one of them of number and form. This is almost equivalent to and will then automatically end at the other. stating that mathematics is a combination of algebra and topology. In algebra, while we deal with an The proof of this rule is a tricky little application infinite collection of objects (numbers), we operate of logic, and I will not deprive. the reader. of the on them a few at a time by means of the rational pleasure of working it out for hImself. N.otIce now operations of addition, multiplication, etc. On the that Figure 2 corresponding to the seven brIdge prob- other hand, in geometry we handle entire infinite lem has four odd vertices and so is not traceable by collections (sets of points) at once. Insofar as it Euler line. On the other hand, the figure corre- an . K . includes the abstract parts of geometry, this is pre- sponding to the eight bridges now pr~sent III . oemgs- cisely what topology does, too. The advantage of Its berg would look like Figure 3, whIc.h has J~st two abstract generality is an extremely wide application odd vertices, hence is traceable. Try It. In FIgure 4, Figure 1 of topology but we shall see later just how this appli- there are several more examples to try. cation is limited. All of these configurations are examples of the . In orde.r to visualize the chief tool of the topologist, generic term "linear graph." These pictured ~bove hIs most Important process, let us recall the calculus . are planar but some li~ear graphs are t~ree-dImen- . I For instance FIgure 5 shows a lInear graph SlOna. , . (Wh ?) *Numbers in square bracket refer to articles listed in which must be drawn in three dimenSIOns. y. the references. The edges of a tetrahedron Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 5 (Continued on page 22) 8 9 Spartan Engineer January 1955 paved invitation This is the front door to one of the most exciting developments in the aircraft industry today ... the development of a top team of Martin scientists, physicists and engineers to carryon a planned, long-range, top secret program. Never before has there been such an opportunity -and invitation-to creative engineers. BALTIMORE. MARYLAND 10 Spartan Engineer Chel11ical Engineering ••• Pathway to Progress by Denton D. McGrady, Met. EngineeTing Dept. The story of the history and philosophy of chemi- During the early days of American industry, the cal engineering education parallels the story of indus- chemical experts employed in the chemical industry trial progress in the development of equipment and were called industrial chemists, rather than chemical processes for the large-scale production of synthetic engineers. The training of these persons was in chem- rubber, plastics material, paint, dyes, new fabrics, istry, and only a very few were in the engineering fertilizers, and gasoline, to mention only a few. field. The design of equipment for the chemical indus- Dr. Donald G. Keyes, formerly head of the chemi- try was of interest largely to the graduate of the cal engineering division of the University of Illinois mechanical engineering curriculum. At that time the and now representative for an industrial research and chief industrial problem was to find methods of engineering organization, has stated that changes in adjusting a chemical reaction so that it would operate the philosophy of chemical engineering education in satisfactorily in equipment already designed and built the United States can be traced through four main by mechanical engineers. periods of growth: (1) from 1885-1915; (2) between 1915 and 1925, when quantitative principles were stated; (3) from about 1925 to 1941, a span of years in which chemical engineering education made its most remarkable growth; (4) from 1945 to the pres- ent time. HISTORY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING INSTRUCTION The first curriculum in chemical engineering in this country was organized and established by the Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology in 1888. A few years later, in 1894, the University of Illinois created a sepa- rate department of applied chemistry, and Tulane University changed the name of its chemistry depart- ment to chemistry and chemical engineering. In 1898, the University of Michigan established a curriculum in chemical engineering. After 1900, several other colleges followed these examples. At this point of development, however, the courses in chemical engi- ~1eering were largely descriptive. Although some mterest was shown in equipment for chemical engi- neering, there was no approach from a quantitative design point of view. During these early days of chemical engineering, comparable activities were starting in Europe. As early as 1887, lectures were given on chemical engi- This new dryer is an example o.f many n.ew i~eas neering at the Manchester Technical School in Eng- developed by research in Chemical Engmeermg. land. The first handbook of chemical engineering, The industrial chemist, although he had an excel- published in England by George E. Davis in 19~1, lent knowledge of chemistry, had little or no train.ing wa.s.largely descriptive in nature, although the desIr- in the solution of large-scale problems of the chemIcal ablhty of a quantitative treatment of the subject was industry. He satisfied the edu?ational worl~, but was clearly indicated. E. Sorrel of France in 1893 pub- found lacking in the industrIal world. FIfty years lished a book on distillation in which the quantitative ago the course of study in chemi~al engi~eering in- approach was emphasized. In Germany, E. Haus- cluded both engineering and chemIstry, w~th empha- brand published a similar book the same year and sis on the latter. At that time there was lIttle recog- followed it in 1895 with another book developing a (Continued on page 27) quantitative treatment for chemical engineering. 11 January 1955 The Engineering Society by Jerry Linton, M.E. '56 PTesident, Engineering Council The Engineering Societies here at Michigan State are open for membership to all MSC engineers and provide many oppor- tunities for the student engineer to broaden his education. Besides being of an educational and social nature, the society gives the student many chances to make numerous industrial contacts and to meet and work with other students having similar interests. To further the education of the engineer, the various societies for America's young schedule lectures by prominent men in their field, which gives engineers with capacity for the student a perspective at applying the technical knowledge continuing achievements in obtained in college. Field trips that are taken each year are radio and electronics of great value in supplementing college education and are Today, engineers and physicists probably most attractive to prospective members of an engi- are looking at tomorrow from the neering society. They consist of conducted tours of industries top of this tower ... the famed Microwave Tower of Federal and a look at new methods and processes in action. Never to Telecommunication Laboratories be forgotten in the educational phase of the society is the tech- ... a great developm~nt unit of nical magazine, which almost every society subscribes to. It is the world-wide, American-owned International Telephone and a necessity that engineers read many technical magazines in Telegraph Corporation. some part of the engineering profession, for it is in these maga- Here, too, is opportunity for zines that new developments are first described in detail for the young graduate engineers of America ... opportunity to be other members in a particular phase of the profession. associated wi th leaders in the In the many functions and activities of the society the student electronic field ... to work with the finest facilities ... to win rec- is given several opportunities to make contacts with men from ognition ... to achieve advance- industry. The Engineering Exposition which is held on campus ment commensurate with each spring is useful in providing industrial contacts as well as capacity. many other fine benefits for the students. Learn more about this noted Tower of Opportunity ... its long- During the Exposition, each society is called upon to display range program and generous em- ployee benefits. See your Place- and publicize new developments in their particular line of ment Officer today for further in- interest. Also, industry is well represented at the Exposition formation about FTL. with interesting and informative exhibits. INTERESTING Usually they have representatives who try to answer any ASSIGNMENTS IN- questions pertaining to their firm or product. This is where the Radio Communication Systems Electron Tubes student engineer can make valuable industrial contacts that Microwave Components may lead to summer jobs, as well as jobs after graduation, and Electronic Countermeasures sometimes directly or indirectly help in deciding your future. Air Navigation Systems Missile Guidance In meeting and working with other students having similar Transistors and other interests, the engineer can establish lifelong friendships. This Semiconductor Devices Rectifiers. Computers. Antennas can be educational in many respects, because when men get Telephone ond together and compare their experiences, a lot can be learned. Wire Transmission Systems Last but not least in the long list of advantages of engineering societies, the experience in working and getting along with all Federal types of personalities is of great value to the student. Most engineers will have some form of a supervisory position in Telwmmnoica/i'o1l industry, and the things learned while working with a society .la/Jora/oriesl!!iq in college can develop many leadership qualities . If an engineering student at Michigan State College feels that A Division of International he is wasting his leisure time and would like to become a Telephone and Telegraph Corporation 500 Washington Avenue, Nutley, N. J. better engineer, this author, on behalf of all the societies in the School of Engineering, extends an invitation to you, the engi- neers of MSC, to join a society of your choice. 12 Spartan Engineer The Lockheed Missile Systems Division announces an advanced study p1"ogram for MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREES University of Southern California. University of California at Los Angeles -------------------.--. -----~ --- ---- -~--~-~ TheLockheedGraduate Study Council offers an Students whoare UnitedStates citizens or The industrial assignmentwill be on the Advanced Study Program to enable members of the Armed Services being Research and Engineering Staff of exceptionally qualified individuals to honorably separated and holding Lockheed Missile Systems Division. obtain Master of Science degrees in B.S. Degrees in Physics, Electrical The Advanced Study Program will b prescribed fields. Under this plan the Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, at one of the Universities named participants are employed in their and Aeronautical Engineering are above. If sufficient !lumber of chosen fields in industry and eligible. Candidates must qualify qualified students apply, as ma!lY concurrently pursue graduate study. for graduate standing. as 100 awards will be granted. Duringthe regular school year the industrial Salaries will be determinedby the Tuilion,admission fees and costs of assignment will be coordinated individual's qualifications and textbooks covering the number of with the Study Program to permit a experience in accordance with units required by the University half-time University schedule of accepted current standa'rds. for a Master of Science Degree, advanced study. During the school Participants are eligible for health, will be borne by Lockheed. A vacation periods participants will accident and life insurance as well travel and moving allowance will be be employed full-time at the as other benefits accorded full-time provided for those residing outside Lockheed Missile Systems Division. staff members. the Southern California area. ~-----------~---------------...I.-_---------- How to apply: Contact your placement bureau or write The Graduate Study Council for an application form GRADUATE STUDY COUNCIL and brochure giving full details of the program. !ioolki MISSIL E SYSTEMS DIVISION LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION VAN NUYS • CALIFORNIA ]0 _ I ..... SLIDING DOWN THE WAYS at Groton, Conn., goes the USS Nautilus, newest and fastest member of our underseas fleet. During welding, Worthington heavy-duty turning rolls rotated the hull sections. How the world's first atomic sub was welded Welding the hull of the USS Nautilus, world's first set-up is also being used in the construction of the atomic submarine, presented a tough problem. nation's second atomic sub, the USS Sea Wolf. Su bmerged-arc automatic welding seemed to be ideal Turning rolls for submarines aren't all that Worth- for the job. Question was-could you rotate the hull ington makes. The long list of Worthington-designed, sections of the Nautilus to take advantage of this fast, Worthington-built equipment includes air conditioning high-quality welding method? units, construction machinery, compressors, Diesel en- Worthington's answer to General Dynamics Corpo- gines, steam power equipment and, of course, pumps ration's Electric Boat Division, builder of the Nautilus, of all kinds. For the complete story of how you can fit was the largest turning roll ever built. into the Worthington picture, write F. F. Thompson, The result? Welding of the Nautilus hull was accom- Manager, Personnel and Training, Worthington Cor- plished in record-breaking time - and cost less than poration, Harrison, New Jersey. You may be glad originally estimated. Unchanged, the Worthington roll you did. 4.25 B See the Worthington representative when he visits your campus See the Worthington Corporation exhibit in New York City. A lively, informative display of product developments WORTHINGTON for industry, business and the home. Park Avenue and 40th Street. When you're thinking of a good job-think high-think Worthington AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION. COMPRESSORS. CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT. ENGINES. DEAERATORS • INOUSTRIAL MIXERS LIQUID METERS. MECHANICAL POWER TRANSMISSION • PUMPS. STEAM CONDENSERS. STEAM-JET EJECTORS. STEAM TURBINES • WELOING POSITIONERS 14 Spartan Engineer A Bright Future Edited by Emo1'Y R. Geisz, ]m. '56 Until 75 years ago there were only open-flame light Today, thousands of sizes and types of incandes- sources - the torch, the candle, the oil lamp, the gas cent lamps are marketed, many tailor-made for specific mantle. All of them played important parts in the lighting jobs. In 1954, an estimated one and one-half cultural and social advance of man through the billion incandescent lamps were the industry's total centuries. production in the United States. These include both It was not until 1879, when science produced elec- large and miniature sizes. About 50 per cent of all tric light, that light was created without flame. Edi- incandescent lamps are purchased for residential son's invention of the first practical incandescent use. Of the others, 15 per cent goes into commercial lamp, just three-quarters of a century ago, marked uses, 15 per cent into industrial applications, and the the beginning of the age of electric light, the be- remaining 20 per cent goes into institutions, trans- ginning of convenience, safety, dependability, and portation facilities, and the like. comfort in lighting. Let's take a look at the remarkable progress achieved in electric lighting. THE INCANDESCENT LAMP The possibility of an iIIuminant using electricity had been demonstrated with crude, short-lived 'lamps' in laboratories before Edison's birth. But to Edison ~~~ [,:,"" .. --.t -:-""" goes the credit for inventing the first commercially practical incandescent lamp. He made over 1200 experiments on lamps at his research laboratory in Menlo Park, N.J., beginning in 1877. After two years of work, he devised a lamp containing a carbonized cotton-thread filament in a glass bulb, and a relatively high vacuum. The first lamp burned for 40 hours, during which Edison and his co-workers carried on what later was to be known as the 'death watch.' Certain they were ELECTRIC METERS On the trail of succes, they increased the voltage and A small price - a great service. deliberately burned it out. The lamp was of 110- watt size and had an efficiency of 1.4 lumens per watt Fundamentally, an incandescent lamp is a simple of electricity consumed. Seventy-five years later saw thing - just a wire sealed in a glass bulb, with a the development of an electric lamp (fluorescent) of few supplementary parts. The power required to t~e same wattage with a rated life of 7500 hours (187 force electric current through the filament wire heats tImes as long) and a light output of 6800 lumens it to incandescence, and light is produced. However, (44 times as efficient). to design and produce miII~ons of effici~n~, uniform, precise electrical devices whICh are today s lIght bu~bs, The incandescent lamp bulbs we use today in requires the most detaile? knowle~ge and applIca- principle are like that which Edison invented in tion of metallurgical, chemIcal, electncal, and mechan- ~879. The greatest advances made in the 'art' of ical sciences. mean descent lighting since then are: substitution of A coiled-coil filament for a 60-watt household lamp tungsten in 1906 for Edison's carbon filament, and tarts as a tungsten wire 0.0019 inch in diameter and the introduction of the gas-filled bulb in 1913. Other ~1 inches long. After the first c?iling the leng~h. is developments which have helped provide low-cost, ~fficient, long-life, versatile bulbs we enjoy to~ay re d u ced to 3 .'4 inches The COlI, now .. compnsmg about 1200 turns, is again coiled, leavmg the fimshed mcIude: double coiling of the filament wire, r~duc~ng filament only five-eighths of an inch long. ~ouble the blackening of the bulb, improving the diffus~on coiling of the wire causes a ~igher concentratIOn of o.f the light, removing the tip from the bulb, vary~g h t and increases the efficIency of the lamp by Slzes from one-fifth watt to 75,000 watts, construction a~~~t 10 per cent. The mandrel on which some fila- of lamps with internal reflectors, modern volume pro- (Continued on page 36) duction methods, and others. 15 January 1955 Now is the time to get the LIFE-LONG * CRSTELL STAFF POSITIONS HABIT! Your tools of tomorrow should Open on The be your tools of today. When you graduate and start upon your own career you will find that the top SPARTAN engineers, architects and designers use CASTELL- either the famous wood pencil or LOCKTITEHolder ENGINEER with 9030 lead. CASTELLis smoother, stronger, lays down greater depth of graphite on the drawing. It is uniformly excellent in all 20 degrees, 88 to 10H. * You study in a fine school, taught by outstanding professors. Does it make sense to work with inferior Apply Third Floor, tools? Order CASTELL,world's standard of quality, from your College Store, stationer or art supply store. Union Building. * When Thomas A. Edison first put B&W Boilers to work in the Pearl Street Station, he launched a new industry of electric power which made possible an era of tre- mendous growth. Electricity-cheap, avail- able, abundant-is the bedrock of America's strength. And certainly, this great pioneer envisioned all the wonders still to come, in the soft glow of his first practical lamp. BABCOCK &WIIrCOX 16 Spartan Engineer NEW DEVELOPMENTS Searchlight - 2500 Watt Lamp One of the world's largest and brightest search- lights, capable of throwing its beam approximately Solar-Powered Transmitter 120 miles, has been shipped to Dallas, Texas, by the A solar-powered experimental radio transmitter, the Westinghouse Electric Corporation's lighting division size of a package of cigarettes, was announced by plant at Cleveland, Ohio. General Electric. The huge light, containing a 2500-watt short- The transmitter is self-contained. It uses transistors arc mercury-vapor discharge lamp, will develop instead of electron tubes, and selenium solar energy 275,000,000 candlepower. It has a reflector five feet converters instead of batteries. When light rays strike in diameter, stands more than 11 feet high, and weighs the selenium, sufficient electrical energy is delivered 1200 pounds. to the transistors to operate the transmitter. The The unit will be installed as an attention-drawing transistors are used in the transmitter's oscillator beaccn atop the new 150-foot-high ornamental tower circuit because they operate on comparatively small of the Republic National Bank Building in Dallas. amounts of power and require much less space than When in place, the searchlight will be 598 feet above tubes. the street level. It was ordered by the Federal Sign The transmitter currently has a short range, about Co. of Texas. 100 feet, which could be improved, by increasing the number of selenium solar energy converters or using silicon or germanium instead of selenium. A home or car radio is used to receive messages brcadcast by the transmitter. Developments in the light sensitive elements over the next decade may make practical small personal radio transmitters and receivers powered by solar energy. Radar IIEyes Guide Guns ll A remote controlled tail turret system, capable of knocking down enemy interceptors in the night or fog, will protect the Air Force's Boeing B-47E Strato- jet bomber. The turret gives the six-jet bomber a heavyweight punch to the rear and, guided by its radar "eyes," it can track and shoot down unseen targets. It is espe- cially adapted for high speed jet airplane operation. The gun-firing system has been designed so that radar and the "Electric Brain" will do most of the work. Engineers explained how the gun-firing system works: In danger areas, the radar is switched to "search." With this done the radar maintains a watch to the rear. When th~ radar picks up an attacking plane, a "pip" shows up on the radar screen. Once the target is centered in the crosshairs, it is tracked automatically. This tracking action supplies the computer with the information it needs, and when This huge searchlight has a reflec~or five feet in the attacking plane gets into range the gun is fired. diameter, and is capable of developmg 275,000,000 The system consists essentially of a tail turret mount- candlepower. ing two guns, a computer ("electric brain"), control equipment and search-track radar. Originally a carbon arc light used as an antiaircraft searchlight during World War II, the light was modi- fied by the addition of a mercury lamp and a rotating Fisher Body Craftsman's Guild records reveal that base constructed of aircraft steel and alumnium cap- 131 university scholarships with a total value of able of withstanding lOO-mile-an-hour gales. A small, $420,000 have been awarded youthful automobile one-sixth horsepower motor will drive the light as model builders since the Guild's inception in 1930. it revolves at a rate of 12 revolutions per minute from In addition to the scholarships, more than h~If a dusk to dawn. million dollars has been awarded to state and regIOnal (Conlinued on page 19) winners. 17 January 1955 uN E W DE PA RT U R E S" IN ..;..~ SCIENCE & INVENTION_ COUNT VON ZEPPELIN-MODESTY PREVAILS If Zeppelin had said his dirigible was "just a big bag of wind:' he'd have shown vision. He knew that its record of 60 miles in two hours was only a beginning. And so it was. Now the sound barrier has been smashed •.. and New Departure has helped. With ball bearings to withstand high jet engine temperatures. With ball bearings to carry heavy propeller loads. With ultra-precise instrument ball bearings that help make "blind flight" and pinpoint navigation possible. Just as New Departure was ready for today's advances in aviation, New Departure will be ready tomorrow, too-with the finest in ball bearings ••• first. NEW DEPARTURE • DIVISION Of GENERAL MOTORS • BRISTOL. CONNECTICUT Navy', new vertical toke.off fighter, the "pogo .tick," has lome 80 New Departure ball bearing. in its Allilon T40 turbo-prop engine. New Departu~1 NOTHING ROLLS LIKE A IA"l alia carry heavy thrust and combination loads In the Curtin. Wright Turbolectric propellers_ 18 Spartan Engineer may climb with the engine at full throttle. Such a New Developements test phase shows whether or not the engine will hold (Conlinlted from page J 7) its designed power up to altitude. A second test phase may be to decelerate and then immediately accelerate with the engine's afterburner cut in, both being done Power Pack for Drill Rigs at altitude to see if the engine will perform within The oil industry's first "standard package" electric- design specifications. power drilling rig was announced recently at the Deceleration and acceleration tests are then carried American Petroleum Institute's annual convention. on at different altitudes and as a final phase the plane Introduced after two years of development, the may descend with engine idling in order to check diesel-electric plant is designed as an integral package engine idle speeds. The engine operator observes furnishing all power requirements for offshore or visual performance through the periscope. land drilling. A visual check, however, does not complete his test function, as the engine operator, surrounded by The new "standard package" power plant is priced test equipment including a direct-writing oscillograph, to sell at about the cost of a conventional power rig a tape recorder and a vibration meter, must obtain while the relatively few diesel-electric power plants other specific engine performance data. Probably the now used for oil drilling have been custom designed, most valuable instrument in recording this data is and have been comparatively high in price. the direct-writing oscillograph. This device has six Major oil and drilling companies have expressed pens which plot six graphs Simultaneously, thereby keen interest in the new power plant and are particu- providing such engine performance characteristics as larly attracted by the fact that it can easily replace speed, engine temperature, fuel flow and air pressure. a steam rig at a competitive cost. A tape recorder is employed to document unusual The package plant consists of eight skid mounted happenings that take place during the test £light which components with the power generated by two disesl- the operator would normally not have time to record. generator sets, each consisting of a diesel engine, Another valuable test equipment item, the vibration two main generators and an auxiliary generator for meter, safeguards engine operation by indicating extra power needs. Two motors, mounted on one excess engine vibration. skid, drive the drawworks, which raises and lowers Additional data which might be useful for future the drilling bit and drill pipe. Two pump motors research purposes is recorded in the compartment circulate the drilling mud. A main control cabinet aft of the bomb bay through the use of a series of mounted in front of the two diesel-generator sets cameras called photo-panels. These photo-panels can distributes the power as required. A driller's control take motion pictures of over 100 instruments and can cabinet and control stand complete the package. be operated by remote control during flight. The flexibility of the package permits the driller to run the drawworks, pumps, rotary table or other drilling apparatus singly or in combination. The Voodoo Fighter standard package is so designed that a third diesel The F-IOlA Voodoo is believed to be the world's generator set for extra power, or other modifications, most powerful fighter airplane. The Voodoo was can be made through simple additions to the control developed by the U. S. Air Force in conjunction with panel. No matter what modifications are made, the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation. control system is so simple that a driller can operate Designed to meet Air Force requirements for a the rig with push-button ease. long-range fighter, the F-IOIA will be assigned to the Strategic Air Command. It is in the supersonic class Aircraft Periscope and it is also capable of carrying atomic weapons. "Down periscope" is usually associated with sub- It is also capable of inflight refueling. marines but to the crew of the flying laboratory it Aircraft dimensions of the F-IOlA are 39.7 foot means that the Hight engineer wants to see how the wing span, 67.4 foot length and 18 foot height. Both engine being tested is operating in Hight. The flying wings and stabilizer are swept back 35 degrees. The laboratory is a four-jet North American B-45 bomber wing skin consists of heavy, tapered, pre-formed sec- which is used for flight testing new model turbojet tions. The Voodoo employs a tricycle landing gear engines. and retractable speed brakes housed in the aft fuse- In order to observe the test engine in operation, lage section. which is extended from the bomb bay in a specially- The aircraft is equipped with a parabrake - a para- des~gned nacelle, the engine operator must use a chute stored in the tail section compartment which P~nscope, as the engine is located below and behind may be released by the pilot to reduce the landing hIs. Observation post located in the nose of the plane. roll. Two Pratt and Whitney J-57 turbojet engines ThIS position is normally occupied by a navigator- which power the Voodoo develop a total of approxi- bombardier. mately 20,000 pounds of thrust. Most o~ the un~sual~y On each flight this engine undergoes a variety of large fuel load carried br. the F-IOl~ .IS contamed m tests which the engine operator must observe. the fuselage with addItIonal provlSlons made for As a first step during normal testing, the flying lab carrying extra fuel externally. 19 January 1955 Installing cast iron mechanical joint pipe across river at Salina, Kansas, for sewer main. When an installation, once completed, should be as trouble-proof as planning and materials can make it - engineers rely on cast iron pipe. It has high beam-strength, compressive-strength and shock-strength. Its effective resistance to corrosion ensures long life, underground or underwater. These are reasons why cast iron pipe is so widely used for water lines in tough terrain, pressure and outfall sewers, river crossings, and encased piping in sewage treatment and water filtration plants. Cast Iron Pipe Research Association, Thos. F. Wolfe, Managing Director, 122 So. Michigan Ave., This 123-year-old cast iron water main is still in use in Chicago 3, Ill. the distribution system of St. louis, Mo. ell!:'!' ~lIlUlN SERVES FOR CENTURIES 20 Spartan Engineer Bill Zartman wants to know: What effect would an advaNced degree have on my opportunities for advancement at Du Pont? William N. Zartman is studying for a B.S. in Chemical Engineering at the University of Illinois. Last summer he worked in the Technical Laboratory at Du Pont's Chambers Works to gain industrial experience. He has not yet selected a permanent employer, however; and right now he's asking the kind of questions which will help him select the right job and plan a successful career. I / ~ Sheldon Isakoff answers: ~ • ~r. Sh.eldon Is~k0f! received his Ph.D. degree in . hermcal Engmeermg from Columbia University m 1952, doing his graduate research work on the problem. of heat transfer in liquid metals. Since graduaLIon he's been engaged in fundamental re- ~c~ work at the Du Pont Experimental Station, An advanced degree would undoubtedly have a favorable effect in technical work, Bill, but let me enlarge on that just a little. In my own field-chemical engineering-a doctorate is consid- ered to be evidence of demonstrated ability in carrying out original research. An advanced technical degree is therefore helpful in obtaining work in research and development, where ilmmgton, Delaware. Dr. lsakoff is now a Re- search Project Engineer in the Engineering Re- that skill is definitely important. You might say it gives a man search Laboratory. a head start in proving his ability in those areas. It's less important in some other areas, though. For example, Are you interested in research work? in production or sales work a manifest ability for handling About 2000 Du Pont scientists are cur- human relationships is just as important for advancement as rently engaged in research, aided by some 3500other employees. Laboratory facilities technical competence. If an engineer is sold on production work of the highest quality are available at the or sales, a graduate degree in marketing or business adminis- D~ Pont Experimental Station near Wi!- mmgton, and elsewhere throughout the tration might be more helpful to him than advanced technical country. Full information about research training-in getting started. work at Du Pont is given in "The Story of Research." Write for your copy of this free But I've noticed this at Du Pont. Once a man lands a job in 28-page booklet to E. 1. du Pont de Ne- ~ours & Co. (Inc.), 2521 Nemours Build- his chosen field and actually begins to work, his subsequent mg, Wilmington, Delaware. advancement depends more on demonstrated ability than on college degrees. That's true throughout the entire company- in scientific work, administration, or what not. So an advanced degree is not a royal road to anything at .Ii. U.$. ' .. T.oH Du Pont, Bill. But when coupled with proved abilities, an ad- vanced technical degree is unquestionably helpful to a man in BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER LIVING ... THROUGH CHEMISTRY research and development work. It often gives him a chance to WATCH "C AVALCADE demonstrate his abilities more rapidly. OF AMERICA" ON TELEVISION 21 January 1955 however, that the sphere can be deformed into a Topology cube, a tetrahedron or a lumpy twisted surface (with- (Continued from page 9) out holes) and still be a sphere to the topologist. The one-dimensional figures shown so far are very That is, to me, each row of figures in Figure 7 repre- elementary and might mislead the reader into think- sent the same thing. ing that the subject of linear graphs is trivial. This is The non-orientable closed surfaces are also com- cmphatically not true! But before mentioning a diffi- pletely classified but the process is more difficlollt. cult problem, lct me point out that an electric circuit Such a surface can only be constructed in four dimen- is a sort of linear graph and that both Kirchoff and sions so we cannot really visualize them very well. Maxwell developed and applied some graph theory Two simple examples may help to see the difficulties. to electric circuits. For instance, electrical engineers The simplest non-orientable surface is the Moebius are frcquently interested in the number of indepen- strip, a surface which is constructed by giving a dcnt simple closed loops in a circuit. The formula strip of paper a half twist and gluing the ends to- for this is very simple. If there are "k" arcs and "q" vertices in a linear graph, then the number K of gether. The result is a non-closed surface which simple closed loops (also called the connectivity of looks like Figure 9. the linear graph) is given by the equation K = k- q + 1. Try it! To give an extremely difficult problem, let us con- sider a knot. For our purposes a knot is formed by cutting a circle, tying a knot and then joining the cut ends together again. As a linear graph (just insert two vertices anywhere on the knot) such a figure is very simple. For example, the connectivity K men- tioned above is equal to one. But many complicated problems arise with regard to knots. One such is Right-hand and left-hand trefoil knots this: Under what circumstances may one knot be Figure 6 deformed by twisting, etc., into another? Or, as the topologist puts it, when are two knots equivalent? The two knots in Figure 6 are not equivalent and when two such similar objects fail to be equivalent, just think of the difficulty involved in analyzing a really complicated knot such as a knitted sweater! Sphere Torus Genus 2 Genus 0 Genus 1 I mention knot theory to show that even the one- Figure 7 dimensional configurations can offer some difficult topological problems. As we might expect, the degree of difficulty increases tremendously with higher dimen- sions. Boldly, however, we plunge into higher dimen- sions and take a look at some two-dimensional surfaces. Some of these are quite impossible to even visualize. We noticed that there were one-dimensional figures four spheres which simply had to be drawn in three dimensions. Similarly, there are two-dimensional figures which may only be constructed in five dimensional space (whatever that is). In general, it can be shown that there exist n-dimensional figures which take 2n + 1- dimensional space (and that none require 2n + 2 three 10rii dimensions) for construction. Figure 8 We will limit ourselves to simple surfaces, primarily those which are closed, (i.e.) which have no bound- ary edges. There are two distinct types of closed surfaces, the orientable and the non-orientable surfaces. Here "orientable" means that you can tell one side of th~ surface from the other. Mathematically speaking, onentable means that you can decide upon a positive direction of the normal vector to the surface. The only closed orient able surfaces are easily classified by the number of holes through them. See Figure 7. If we cut out some holes in these surfaces, we can obtain a wide variety of surfaces. Let me point out Figure 9 22 Spartan Engineer It is easily seen that the Moebius strip has but one any map can be colored so that contiguous countries edge and one side! For instance, try coloring the are in different colors. This led to the question of thing or, more simply, trace out the center line and proving this seeming fact, the widely-known four watch it duplicate itself! Peculiar things happen when color problem. It can be stated as: Show that any you cut this strip longitudinally. What do you think decomposition of a sphere into "countries" can be will happen if you cut it along its center line? Along colored with no more than four colors in such a way a line one-third of the width in from the edge? The that no pair of contiguous countries receive the same thing is fun to play with and provides a severe test color. (By "contiguous" here, we mean that countries for your space visualization. meet along a line. If they meet only in one point, Another non-orientable surface is the Klein bottle no confusion would result in their having the same which is constructed in theory by joining twq Moebiu~ color.) Although a great amount of work has been strips along their edges. This construction is im- done on this simple-sounding problem, it has not been possible in three dimensional space, unfortunately, completely solved. It is known that no more than but we can build a surface like it by cutting a hole five colors are ever required [2], and that only four (which makes the resulting surface non-closed). See are required in many special cases, but the general Figure 10. It would be amusing to build a pitcher in problem seems to be destined to stump us for quite this form. By examining Figure 11, you can see that a time yet. I do not recommend this one as a problem the pitcher would not pour in the standard way but for the novice! would pour if tilted backwards. If someone tries it, Anotller class of results deserve mention here, the please build one for me, too! so-called fixed-point theorems. The basic fixed-point Before leaving two-dimensional surfaces, I want theorem is due to the Dutch mathematician, L. E. J. to mention a very famous problem. Cartographers Brouwer. In technical language, this theorem states noticed that in coloring their maps they never required that for any continuous transformation of an n - dimen- more than four colors in order to distinguish between sional cube (n being an integer) into itself, there is countries. That is, using only four different colors, at least one point which is not moved by the trans- formation. This can be described intuitively as follows: Suppose we have a cube of foam rubber fitted into a cubical box. Pick out the rubber cube, squeeze it, bend it, fold it (but never tear itl) and put it back into the box. The theorem says that at least \ one point is back exactly where it started. An elegant proof of this may be found in [2]. This result is \ typical of topology. It states that something remains unchanged by the most radical twisting, bending, \ stretching and folding. To see how the Brouwer fixed-point theorem and '-, related results can be applied, let me quote several true statements which follow from these. First, at " any moment there must be at least one spot on earth where the wind is not blowing. The mathematical theorem is: A continuous tangent vector field on a sphere must contain at least one zero vector. A~o~her application is this: Combing a fur-covered bIllIard ball must leave a cow-lick. (Don't ask me why one would want to comb a fur-covered billiard balJ or even where to obtain such a ball!) A related result yields the following: At any i~stant there .is at l~ast one pair of antipodal (diametrIcally OppOSIte) pomts on the surface of the earth where the temperature and barometric pressure are exactly the same, another use- less bit of meteorological information, I fear. Figure 10 An engineer might, however, be interested ~ the application of fixed-point theory.to the question of the existence of solutions to a partIcular problem. Let d'gress a moment to show why this is important. ~e an~ application of mathematics certain si.mplifying assumptions must be made before the physI.cal prob- lem can be formulated in solvable mathematIcal. form. F or exa mple , if the problem is the determination of'll the current function in a proposed circuit, we WI no pour pour (Continued on page 32) Figure 11 23 January 1955 The Torrington Needle Bearing is designed for high radial loads The many lineal inches of contact provided by the larger number of small diameter rollers give the Torrington Needle Bearing an unusually high load rating. In fact, a Needle Bearing has greater radial capacity in relation to its outside diameter than any other 1• JI/ustrates the fact that for a Aiven housinA bore size, a /arAer and, therefore, stiner type of anti-friction bearing. shaft can be used with Needle BearinAs than with a roller or ball bearinA. Precision Manufacture ~~?YY:;~;:Y~1 ~o/ CAPACITY CAPACITY CAPACITY and Unique Design 1700 1250 1400 ei ~ 100 100 '00 The exceptional load capacity of the Needle Bearing is the result of proper selection of steels, pre- _I/o I 8 ~ I I cision workmanship to close tol- oooocf5 erances, and the application of 2. Shows the Areater number of lines of con- tact in the load zone of a Needle BearinA modern anti-friction principles. compared with a ball or roller bearinA. The one-piece shell, which serves as the outer raceway and operation that might destroy the The small cross section of the retains the rollers, is accurately wear-resistant raceway surfaces. Needle Bearing allows a large drawn from carefully selected The full complement of thru- shaft which permits a rigid design strip steel. After forming, it is hardened, precision-ground with minimum shaft deflection, a carburized and hardened. There rollers is retained by the turned- factor of utmost importance to is no further grinding or other in lips of the one-piece shell. good bearing design. THE TORRINGTON COMPANY Torrington, Conn. South Bend 21, Ind. District Offices and Distributors in Principal Cities of United States and Canada TORRINGTO~ NEEOL0*EARlNGS NEEDLE. SPHERICAL ROLLER. TAPERED ROLLER. CYLINDRICAL ROLLER. BALL. NEEDLE ROLLERS 24 Spartan Engineer CLUBS AND SOCIETIES ASME The Student Branch of ASME is open for member- ship to. any undergraduate or graduate student regis- tered m a regular course of study leading to a degree in engineering. For forty-six years the basic aim of the Student Branch of ASME has been to acquaint the student with the practical side of engineering before he . Officers of the Engineering Council, left to graduates. Every activity of the MSC Chapter is nght: Gordon Mellencamp, treasurer; Earl Terp- planned with that in mind. stra, secretary; Jerry Linton, president; Richard The program for the coming year includes at least Herrick, vice-president. one technical meeting per month with professional and student speakers, student papers and films. Also on the schedule are field trips, joint meetings with ASAE other student engineering societies and with the The Michigan State College branch of A.S.A.E. Senior Branch of ASME and social events. Partici- holds bi-monthly meetings during the school term. pation in Engineering School and college activities ~peakers ~rom the college and industry are frequently and the Annual Regional Student Conference of mcluded m the program. Movies are sometimes showil ~SME rounds out the list of ways that membership and refr~shments served occasionally. The length of 111 Student ASME will benefit the engineering student. the meetmgs are held at a minimum, as the students h~ve several other obligations. The standing com- mIttees meet as necessary between meetings. It is the policy of the Club to send the minutes of the previous meeting to all Agricultural Enginering stu- ASCE dents to stimulate interest in the Club. A.S.C.E. is open to all civil engineers, sophomores Specific Activities ~nd up. Freshmen can be visiting members only. On October 16, 1954, four of the student club hey try to hold 5 or 6 meetings a term, usually on members went to St. Johns, Michigan, to judge a 4-H !uesday evenings in the Union Building. The meet- and F.F.A. Tractor Driving Contest. At this time mgs consi~t of general business, different speakers, the students also gave a tractor safety demonstration, and sometImes movies. using several small model tractors. This demonstra- .A.S.C.E. chapter sponsors have a joint banquet tion has been taken over by the members as a club WIlththe professional A.S.C.E. This banquet is held project and has since been presented to several high fa I term. school and adult groups. This school year they are the host chapter for the Farmers' Week is sponsored annually by the School No.rth Central Conference which is comprised of 13 of Agriculture. The A.S.A.E. furnished guides for ~~~versities and. colleges from Ohio and Michigan. those wishing to visit the Agricultural Engineering s conference IS to be held March 30 31 and April Building. The men having exhibits in the building 1, 1955. ' , used our Club Room as a lounge and lunchroom. Every year the Engineering Council, composed of three members from each engineering society, presents the Engineering Exposition. Our Club sponsored a television show over the college TV station, announc- ENGINEERING COUNCIL ing events and exhibits of the Exposition. Club mem- bers contacted several companies and arranged for IDuring recent meetings of the Engineering Council, industrial exhibits for the Exposition. The students ~.ans for the 1955 Engineering Exposition have been set up exhibits such as model farms, tillage methods, FI~~ussed. The Exposition is to be held Thursday, live irrigation demonstrations, heat control circuit for rd.l ay and Saturday, May 12-14 and being in co- milkhouses, etc. The Club also operated a trolley . Il1a fIOn WIth Or . MSC's Centennial 'Anniversary prom- service which furnished spectators transportation Ises to be the largest exposition to date. ' between the various buildings where exhibits were Tentaf I h all-call Ive"p a~s aye also been made to hold the being held. Ex .e~e Hohday Ball" on the last night of the The Agricultural Engineers proposed a micro- Q POSItIOn,Saturday, May 14. At the dance, the midget auto race between the engineering societies. n ue~n ?f the School of Engineering, chosen from Students designed, constructed, and finally raced their commatlOns by thc women's housing units, will be micro-midgets as one of the main attractions of the ro':Hed and reign over all future activities of the opening day program at the Exposition. engmeering school. 25 January 1955 ... KEEP THE WHEELS TURNING .. CHEMICAL BATH-Hercules Dresinate@, added to alkaline cleaners, increases the efficiency of cleaning solutions for large equipment such as these railroad wheels. In HOW other applications-as an emulsifier, detergent, dispersant, foaming and flotation agent- this water-soluble resinate hel ps increase performance, reduce cost of other compounds. HERCULES Most businesses are helped today by Hercules' business ... the production of synthetic resins, cellulose products, chemical cotton, terpene chemicals, rosin and rosin derivatives, chlorinated products, ~ and many other chemical processing materials-as well as explo- HELPS ... sives. Through close cooperative research with its customers, Hercules has helped improve the processing or performance of many industrial and consumer products . .. VERSATILE RAW MATERIAL-The linters left on colton seed are made into chemical colton (bleached colton linters) by Ilercules' Virginia Cellulose Department. In high-grade paper, chemical colton .. IMPO~SIBlE WIT.HOUT EXPLOSIVES-Modern highway construction, such as the replaces rags, eliminates costly rag sorting. And $555-mlllIon, 427-mlle New York State Thruway, would be impossible without ex. chemical colton is the best source of cellulose, key plosives. Vlhether it means cutting through a mountain, spanning a gorge, or even to products ranging from lacquers to plastics. moving a fiver-the modern highway can go straight and level, thanks to the con- trolled energy supplIed by Hercules@ explosives. HERCULES POWDER COMPANY "HERCULES 1NCOQPOAATI!:O Wilmington 99, Del. Sales Offices i,~Principal Cities OS4.13 26 Spartan Engineer Chemical Engineers developed its first official defini- Chemical Engineering tion of chemical engineering, as follows: (Continued from page 11) Chemical Engineering, as distingu.ished from the aggregate number of subjects comprised ill nition that chemical engineering was not a mixture courses of {hat name, is not a composite of of the two fields, but a distinct branch of engineering. chemistry and mechanical and civil engineering, In fact, this attitude undoubtedly did much to hinder but itself a branch of engineering, the basis of the growth of chemical engineering education in the which is those unit operations which in their early 1900's. proper sequence and COO1'dination constitute a Moreover, it should be remembered that in these chemical process as conducted on the industrial early days before World War I, there was little or scale. no synthetic organic chemical industry in the United During the year 1916, Warren K. Lewis of the States. Rather, it was in Germany that major strides Massachusetts Institute of Technology gave four lec- were being made in the creation and development of tures or papers on unit operations at the annual meet- new organic compounds. The industrial work in the ing of the American Chemical Society. By 1923, there United States during that period was largely confined had appeared the first great treatise on the principles to heavy chemicals using large-scale production and of chemical engineering authored by three members well-known and established chemical processes. New of the M.LT. faculty, William H. Walker, W. K. Lewis, processes, and often new equipment of the larger type, and W. H. McAdams. This was the start of a series were usually developed in Europe and brought to of text and reference books based on the unit opera- the United States where experienced engineers might tions of chemical engineering. make improvements. By 1925, because of intense interest in this field, Thus it was that very gradually there evolved a the American Institute of Chemical Engineers had group of "practical" engineers who had obtained their established an accrediting committee to study chem- training through experience. These men developed ical engineering education and establish requirements. their own knowledge and methods because the quan- Fourteen schools were accredited in 1925 and the titative principles of chemical engineering were not number has increased to some seventy-nine schools then taught in the colleges. The knowledge acquired at the end of 1954. by these practical engineers was valuable, but because In 1931, W. L. Badger and W. L. McCabe, of the it was considered to be unpatentable, it was kept University of Michigan, published their book, Elements secret for the most part. This philosophy also retarded of Chemical Engineering. Basic chemical engineerin~ and hindered the advancement of chemical engineer- became an important subject for study and expen- ing education during that period. mentation in large industrial research laboratories. In Germany, during this period previous to World This development created much additional interest War I, a similar attitude prevailed in that the indus- in the curriculum, and more and more young men trial chemists, who had done a most excellent job in trained in unit operations were added to the univer- applying their knowledge to the small-scale synthetsis sity staffs to handle the increased teac~ing and re- of costly organic compounds, rose in the industry. search loads. This development greatly Improved the There was a tendency to belittle the engineering teaching of chemical engineering from a quantitative features of these relatively small units and to place standpoint. Industrial progress soon r~Hected the major emphasis on developing new processes and value of this training as pilot plant deSIgn became products. more scientific. Following World War I, the requirements of The present day definition of chemical e~gineerin~ as embodied in the constitution of the Amencan Insti- American production methods necessitated a reversal of this attitude, because for economic reasons it was tute of Chemical Engineers, states: desirable to use continuous processes in large units Chemical Engineering is the application .of the with low labor costs. Thus it was the American principles of physical sciences together ~th the chemical engineer who came forward with new and principles of economics and human relatwns to novel ideas in procedures and materials that made fields that pertain directly to processes and process Po~sible and practical the large-scale syntheses which equipment in which matter is treated to eff~~t a ultImately reduced the cost of the final products for change in state, energy content, or compoSltwn. universal use. Chemical engineering often involves a .study of th control of physical processes and chemlCal reac- . e a large scale so that a high yield is secured MODERN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING t lOns on .. h b . t Although it IS eVldent t at aSlC at reasona ble cos ... h EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 1.. J<110W e I dge of chemistry and phYSICS., together f . WIt mathematics and general apphc~tlOn 0 SCience to The development of modem chemical engineering the chemical industry is the chief goal o~ a four- education starts with the year 1915. The American ear curriculum, it should also be. recogn~ze~ that Institute of Chemical Engineers was organize~ in YI . I ellgineering is closely assOCIated WIth mdus- c lemlCa . 1 ... 1908,but it was not until a report by Arthur D. LIttle trial economics. Indeed, chemIca engmeermg ~s and William H. Walker in 1915, that the concept of vitally concerned with material, energy, and economIC the basic unit operation of chemical engineering was balances. clearly described. In 1922, the American Institute of 27 January 1955 THE PERCENTAGE of hydrogen in gen in the sample is computed from liquid hydrocarbons can be determined these measurements and a calibration by making two simultaneous measure- curve. The new instrument shown here, ments on the sample to give (1) density a Standard Oil development, measures and (2) the absorption rate for beta the beta ray absorption rate. rays. The weight percentage of hydro- BETA RAY used to speed hydrogen measurement The problem: Howto measurethe percentage of Oil's Engineering Research Department, spe- hydrogen in organiccompounds in a short time. cialists in solving technical problems, took on The established process was combustion. It this challenging assignment. took about four hours, and so discouraged the A new machine-a beta ray hydrogen ana- use of hydrogen determinations. But such lyzer-was invented and constructed. It gives analyses are increasingly important. Processes results in five minutes, and is twice as accu- in the petroleum and chemical industries often rate as the old combustion method. It is so involve hydrogenation or dehydrogenation. In easy to operate that a laboratory technician addition, the percentage of hydrogen is an can use it. index to the performance of critical fuels such Problems such as this are met continually as those used in jet planes. in Standard Oil laboratories. They offer an A rapid method for measuring hydrogen opportunity for young men with training in content would therefore be a great help in chemistry and engineering to test their knowl- both research workand plant control. Standard edge, skill and ingenuity. Standard Oil Company 910 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago 80, Illinois 28 Spartan Engineer THE ALUMINUM INDUSTRY WAS BORN ON SMALLMAN • In 1888, the aluminum industry consisted of one company- located in an unimpressive little building on the east side of STREET Pittsburgh. It was called The Pittsburgh Reduction Company. The men of this company had real engineering abilities and viewed the work to be done with an imagineering eye. But they were much more than that. They were pioneers ... leaders ... men of vision. A lot has happened since 1888. The country ... the company ... and the industry have grown up. Ten new territories have become states, for one thing. The total industry now employs more than 1,000,000 people- and the little outfit on Smallman Street? Well, it's a lot bigger, too-and the name has been changed to Alcoa. ALUMINUMCOMPANYOF AMERICA... but it's still the leader-still the place for engineering "firsts". As you prepare to trade textbooks for a position in industry, consider the advantages of joining a dynamic company like Alcoa-for real job stability and pleasant working conditions-where good men move up fast through their association with the recognized leaders in the aluminum industry. Alcoa's new aluminum office building We have fine positions for college graduate engineers-in our plants, sales offices and research laboratories from coast to coast. These are positions of responsibility in production supervision, plant and design engineering, industrial research or sales engineering. Right now it may be quicker than you think from a seat in the classroom to your career with Alcoa. Why not find out? Your Placement Director will be glad to make an appointment for you with our personnel represent- ative. Or just send US an applica- tion yourself. ALUMINUM COMPANYOFAMERICA,1825 Alcoa Bldg., Pittsburgh 19, Pa. ALCOA ,~ ALUMINUM ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA January 1955 29 The design engineer trained in welded steel constructionis best able to meet industry's need lor low cost manufacture because WELDED DESIGNS CUT COSTS 50% B y using steel instead design engineers of cast iro?, today mak~ theIr products more efficient ... mal1Y lImes al half Ihe cosl. Product designs .are stro~g- er, more rigid, take less matenal to bUIld. Too little attention is usually devoted to simplification of product designs to elim- inate costly manufacturing once a basic design is established. Where designers reappraise product details for manhours 7ltyelllli(y... welded steel construction, production COStSare beinrrcut an average of 50% com- fA Key to K&E Leadership pared with manufacture using castings. To design a slide rule that makes even the mos~ com~lex Manufacturing operations are simpli- calculations simple takes ingenuity. Years of mgemous fied with welded steel design. Rejections developments and improvements by K&E, first to make due to inferior metal are eliminated. Less slide rules in America, produced the Log L.og Duplex machining and finishing are required. Decitrig~, the slide rule most used by engmeers an? Finished machines are streamlined, more students alike. Ingennity-of design, of manufacture-Is modern in appearance. one of the keys to K&E's eighty-seven years of lea~er- ship in drafting, reproduction: su~eyin~ and opl1cal In the example below, an economy- tooling equipment and materIals, m slIde rules and minded design engineer lowered manu- measuring tapes. facturing cost on a machine arm and cut weight of the arm. KEUFFEL & ESSER CO. Before conversion to steel, the machine New York Hoboken, N. J. arm required 182 pounds of gray iron Chicago .. St. louis .. Detroit .. San Francisco .. Los Angeles .. Montreal and cost $38.25 to cast and machine. Welded steel design weighs only 86.8 pounds •.. costs $20.06. Setting tI1e. Stan:dards Fig. 1. Original cast construction of operatil1g ma- chil1elever. Weighs 182 • for a pOJmds .•• Costs 138.25. " .precision-minded world During the past cenmry Brown & Sharpe Machinists' Tools have raised the accuracy of production standards the world over .. _ Fig. 2. Welded steel design is stronger, made them increasingly easier to maintain. From such Brown & Sharpe stiffe r yet weighs "firsts" as the micrometer, vernier caliper, and automatic linear division ol1ly 86.8 poul1ds••• Costs $20.06. of precision rules have come a complete line of industrial small tools .. _ refined and developed by constant research. DESIGN DATA lor w.IJ.J construe/ion is avail- In addition, this fine line of quality products includes obI. 10 engin•• ring stude"" in ,h. form 01 bull.tins onJ honJl>oolcs. Writ. Johansson Gage Blocks and Accessories, Electronic Measuring Equipment, Cutters, Permanent Magnet Chucks and other shop equipment. Write for THE LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY catalog. Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., Providence I, R. I. Cleveland 17, Ohio THE WORLD'S LARGEST MANUFACTURER OF ARC WELDING EQUIPMENT 30 Spartan Engineer 1916-The first Boeing plant, Seattle 1954-Boeing's Seattle plant as it appearstoday. New Engineering Building is shown in foreground. Is career stability important to yOU? Then the chart below will be of interest. and B-52 jet bombers, as well as work physicists and mathematicians with ad- It shows that 46% of Boeing's engineers on pilotless aircraft, supersonic Bight vanced degrees. have been with this company for five and research in nuclear-powered aircraft. Careers at Boeing afford a wide vari- or more years; 25% have been here 10 Still another reason is this: Boeing ety of experience in research, design and or more years, and 6% for IS years. always has put dominant emphasis on production, as well as work with new materials and techniques, and contacts .... ,...... 10li 20~ 30~ 40~ 50" engineering development. Pioneering in this field has meant that Boeing con- with a cross section of industry through 20+ stantly has increased its engineering staff Boeing's vast subcontracting program. 15+ in relation to total employees. Fifteen Boeing promotes from within and 10+ years ago, one out of 16 employees was holds regular merit reviews to assure in- 5+ in engineering. Five years ago the pro- dividual recognition. Engineers are en- portion of engineers had been raised couraged to take graduate studies while ~ne reason for this stability is that to one in ten and today it has climbed working and are reimbursed for all tui- Boel~g has grown steadily for 38 years, provIding plenty of room for advance- to one in seven. tion expense. ment. Another reason is the hiohly in- Boeing has rewarding openings for For further Boeing career information consult your PLACEMENT OFFICE. or write teresting type of work at Boeinoo, such engineers of EVERY category-electri- ~s designing and building Ameri~'s first cal, civil, mechanical, aeronautical and JOHN C. SANDERS, Staff Engineer - Personnel related fields, as well as for applied Boeing Airplane Company, Seattle 14, Wash. Jet transport and the revolutionary B-47 BOEING WICHITA. KANSAS SEATTLE. WASHINGTON 31 January 1955 Topology (Continued from page 23) L A Successful usually assume that the function is continuous. But we know full well that the current is quantized into electrons. Is our assumption of continuity justified? A Stamping Service Sure, if it gives the correct solution! We cannot know that it does, until we have solved the problem. Of course, the problem of the current function does have N to Industry a solution. We could build the proposed circuit, push the required current through it and - cautiously step- ping back - simply read the meters. A mathematical Since 1914 S solution is easier and cheaper, however; or is it? Suppose that the mathematical formulation leads to a formidable non-linear diHerential equation. Be- I cause we may have made unrealistic simplifying assumptions, the equation may have very little rela- tion to the physical problem. In fact, our assump- N tions could have been so drastic that the equation has no solution at all! Hundreds of man-hours could be spent on asymptotic expansions, etc., and thou- G sands of dollars of electronic computer time could be wasted. The fact is that we can often determine in advance whether such an equation has a solution, and this is done by means of a fixed-point theorem. Briefly, under the proper conditions, one may think of the S differential equation itself as a continuous transfor- mation in a space of functions. Under the proper boundary conditions, this "transformation" will be of T a generalized cube into itself and hence, will leave a "point" fixed, (i.e.), a function satisfying the equa- tion. Needless to say, this gives no means of finding A the solution but it is nice to know that there is a solu- tion to be found! In this roundabout way fixed-point theory has a decided practical value but, like most M of topology, the application is to mathematics and not directly to the physical problem. Serving p Manufacturers of REFERENCES.(A few words should be said about AUTOMOBILES AGRICULTURAL I these works. The book by Courant and Robbins is a fine popularization of mathematics. I recommend it highly. The two articles by Bailey and Tucker and EQUIPMENT INDUSTRIAL N by Lefschetz are also popularizations. Wilder's paper is a survey, quite technical, but well worth reading. The books by Lefschetz and by Seifert and Threlfall are textbooks and are listed for the serious inquirer. EQUIPMENT DOMESTIC G 1. Bailey and Tucker, "Topology," Scientific Ameri- can, January, 1950. 2. Courant and Robbins, "What Is Mathematics," EQUIPMENT Oxford University Press, New York, 1941. LAWNMOWERS 3. Lefschetz, "Introduction to Topology," Princeton 1159 Pennsylvania C University Press, Princeton, N. J., 1949. 4. Lefschetz, "The Structure of Mathematics," The American Scientist, January, 1950. Avenue Lansing, Michigan 0• 5. Seifert and Threlfall, "Lehrbuch der Topologie," Chelsea Publishing Co., New York, 1947. 6. Wilder, "The Sphere in Topology," American Mathematical Society Semicentennial Publication, New York, 1938, vol. 2, pp 136-184. 32 Spartan Engineer A nother page for How to beat shock loads in a big dragline Imagine the shock loads put on this big dragline's intermediate swing shaft when the cab, the boom and an 8-yard load of dirt being swung through the air are suddenly stopped and the direction reversed! Engineers solved this problem by specifying Timken~ tapered roller bearings. Timken bearings not only take radial and thrustloads in any combi- nation, they also assure long, trouble-free operation. --------------------------------------------------------- Why TIMKEN@bearings have high load capacity This cross section of a Timken tapered roller bearing illustrates one reason why Timken bearings do such a good job under heavy load conditions. Notice that there is full line contact between the rollers and races. It's this full line contact that distributes the load over a wider area, gives Timken bearings their extra load-carrying capacity. --------------------------------------------------------- Want to learn more about bearings or iob opportunities? TIMIEN Some of the engineering problems you'll face after graduation will involve bearing ap- plications. For help in learning more TRADE.MARk REG. u. S. PAT. OFF. about bearings, write for the 270- TAPEREDROLLER BEARINGS page General Information Manual on Timken bearings. And for infor- mation about the excellent job op- portunities at the Timken Company, write for a copy of "This Is Timken". The Timken Roller Bearing Com- pany, Canton 6, Ohio. NOT JUST A BALL 0 NOT JUST A ROLLER a::> THE TIMKEN TAPERED ROLLER BEARING TAKES RADIAL ~ AND THRUST January 1955 -@- LOADS OR ANY COMBINATION * Q:::J 33 Choose a career with COLUMBIA-SOUTHERN@ and grow with us! To a young man about to embark on a career, two factors should be paramount in his selection of a company: the company's rate of growth both present and potential, and the attitude of its management. The attitude of Columbia-Southern's management is extremely progressive. It believes in constant progress, steady research, high quality, streamlined production and in improving present markets and creating new ones. Columbia-Southern is one of the fastest growing chemical operations in the fast growing chemical industry. In the past dozen years Columbia-Southern's annual sales have increased over four times ... employment has doubled ... capital investment has more than doubled ... the research budget is five times greater. Columbia-Southern is alive. It is expanding and growing. It wants trained men to move ahead with it. And in addition to finding ever-present challenges and opportunities at Columbia- Southern, capable men who prove themselves can participate in Columbia-Southern's continuing growth. For further information, write now, Dept. P at our Pittsburgh address or any of the plants. COLuM B IA- SOUTH ER.N CH EMICAL COItPORATION SUBSIDIAR.Y OF PITTSBUR.GH PLATE GLASS COMPANY ONE GATEWAY CENTER.' PITTSBUR.GH 22' PENNSYLVANIA DISTRICT OFFICES: Cincinnati. Charlalle • Chicaga • Cleveland. Bastan New York • St. Louis • Minneapolis. New Orleans • Dallas • Houston Pillsburgh • Philadelphia • San Francisca PLANTS: Barbertan, Ohia • Bartle", Calif •• Carpus Christi, Texas lake Charles, la •• Natrium, W.Va .• Jersey City, N.J. 34 Spartan Engineer ~-~G~ ~~~Helped Me FinCithe Work I Like" says HUGH C. SELLS, SyracuseUniversity, 85-1942 and now Manager, Knoxville DistrictOffice "I guess I was like many graduating en- gineers. I didn't really know what I described their Graduate Training Course, it sounded like the type of postgraduate try the program offers, my interest began centering on Service and Erection of large wanted to do. When the Allis-Chalmers training I really needed. equipment. This led me into many depart- representative visited the campus, and ments ofthecompany, and I learned about "What appealed to me then-and stilI everything from steam turbines to sifters - =-"' •.::'~, does-is the broadness of the program. for flour mills." Here is a company filling a unique spot in industry. It makes important, specialized Valuable Background equipment for almost any industry you "The transition from service to sales can name." was natural. The background of service Wide Choice of Activity and erection work proved very valuable. "It's like a big department store for in- "So you see, whether you think you dustry. But that isn't all! In addition, it know what you want to do or not, the offers a wide choice of activity within each Allis-Chalmers Graduate Training Course of these many product groups ... whether is so flexible, so broad in its scope, you it be sales, design, research or production. have a real chance to find yourself. Best of "After getting the broad look at indus- all,you don't have to waste time doing it." ELECTRONICS-Modem way to dry Facts You Should Know About the sand cores is with Allis-Chalmers Foundro- Allis-Chalmers Graduate Training Course mafic Sand Core dryer. Revolutionary new process dries cores in minutes instead of 1. It's well established, having been mills, crushers, vibrating screens, recti- hours. started in 1904. A large percentage of fiers, induction and dielectric heaters, the management group are graduates grain mills, sifters, etc. of the course. 5. He will have individual attention 2. The course offers a maximum of 24 and guidance in working out his train- months' training. Length and type of ing program. training is individually planned. 3. The graduate engineer may choose 6. The program has as its objective the the kind of work he wants todo: design, right job for the right man. As he gets h d' I experience in different training loca- engineering, researc ,pro uchon, sa es, tions he can alter his course of training erection, service, etc. to match changing interests. 4. He may choose the kind of power, processing, specialized equipment or For information watch for the Allis- industrial apparatus with which he will Chalmers representative visiting your work, such as: steam or hydraulic, campus, or call an Allis-Chalmers dis- turbo-generators, circuit breakers, unit trict office, or write Graduate Training substations, transformers, motors, con- Section, Allis-Chalmers, Milwaukee 1, trol pumps, kilns, coolers, rod and ball Wisconsin. POWER-Neat, compact and safe switch- gear installation is big improvement over open framework and knife switches in older installations. ,.~~.~.~!:'.~.~ A L ME RS ~n 35 January 1955 while the 40-watt incandescent lamp produces 465 Bright Future lumens for 1000 hours. Thus, the fluorescent source (Corl,.inned from page 15) produces over 40 times as much light over its life ments are coiled must be accurate to 1/10,000 of an span than the incandescent of the same wattage. inch, or life may be affected by as mu~h as 20 per cent. Spacing between coils must be mmutely accu- ELECTRIC DISCHARGE LAMPS rate, .not only to avoid short circuiting, but also to In 1860 Professor John Thomas Way discovered avoid concentration of heat at one point, thus affect- that if an electric circuit were opened between two ing life. A single drop of moisture d~stri~uted in jets of mercury, a brilliant greenish arc was produced. 500,000 lamps wiIl cause early blackenmg In all of The next 40 years brought many types of arc lamps, them. largely experimental ones. At the turn .of the c.entur'y Incandescent lamps can be made to last a lifetime Peter Cooper-Hewitt began his expenments III thIS without burning out, or they can be made to burn field, ultimately producing a tubular mercury arc out in a very few hours. When a lamp filament burns lamp about four feet long with a mercury pool cathode at a low temperature, light output is low and life is and a solid iron anode. The mercury-vapor lamps, very long. Such lamps produce radiation largely as they were called, were used widely in industria~ composed of infrared energy, which can be used !or lighting and photographic studios. A 'high-pressure heating applications. When a filament burns at hIgh mercury lamp, forerunner of today's mercury lamps, temperature, light output is very high and life is was developed in 1934 by the Cooper-Hewitt organ- very short. Such Jamps are useful in the photographic ization. field. Electric discharge lamps are quite different from Most household lamps are designed to burn in the filament lamps, both in appearance and operation. range of 750 to 1000 hours. Lamps designed to burn Instead of being a hot wire in a bottle, they are more for a longer period, even if they were sold at the like an 'electric storm' in a bottle. In these lamps same price as present lamps, would waste so much visible light and other radiant energy known as ultra- electricity that they would be a poor investment for violet are given off as a result of the passage of elec- the customer. They would give out very little for tric current through a gas. The most commonly used the wattage consumed. The answer to how long a gas is mercury vapor. Because of the unfavorable light bulb should last is this: Long enough to give color of light from these mercury lamps, they are the best lighting value for the combined cost of often used in combination with incandescent lamps. bulbs and current. THE FUTURE THE FLUORESCENT LAMP 'Electroluminescence' is a relatively new method The fluorescent lamp, in effect, is a low-pressure of producing light by the direct conversion of elec- mercury lamp with a phosphor on the inside of the tric energy within a semiconduction solid. It is a tube. Synthetic phosphors were developed to utilize fundamentally attractive method of creating light, the ultraviolet energy which the low-pressure mercury because it is not inherently limited in efficiency. Both arc discharge produces in relatively large quantities. incandescent and fluorescent lamps are limited in The phosphor converts the invisible ultra-violet energy ultimate efficiency by the indirect means used to into visible light, the color of which depends upon convert the electric energy into light. the composition of the phosphor. An electroluminescent light source consists of a First commercial use of these lamps was made at layer of crystals of silicon carbide or zinc sulphide the New York and San Francisco World's Fairs, in sandwiched between a transparent sheet of glass and 1938 and 1939, principally in a variety of colors. a metal plate. When alternating current is passed World War II gave great impetus to the growth of through, the phosphor glows. Phosphor colors range fluorescent lighting, the lamps being used in high from orange to blue, and include white. General- numbers to illuminate war plants and offices. In 1954 purpose lighting by electroluminescent devices will productiOl\ was about 85 million lamps in the United not be feasible until the present attainable efficiency States. Although this figure is only one-eleventh of is improved. the incandescent lamp production, fluorescent lamps now produce more light in this country than do incan- This is the age of electric lighting, and on every descent source.s. This is' due to their superiority in side we find the trend toward more and more light the form of greater efficiency and longer life. sources, higher and higher light levels, and better control of light so that it meets our more exacting About 40 per cent of fluorescent lamps are employed standards of comfort, safety, convenience, and ease in commercial installations, 30 per cent in industrial, of accomplishing our varied seeing tasks. Indeed- 15 per cent in residential, and 15 per cent in public 'A Bright Future.' buildings, schools, hospitals, transportation facilities, and others. To illustrate why fluorescent lamps have been wel- An oil filter will remove a pound or more of dirt comed as light sources, note the following: the 40-watt and sludge from the oil in a car during 5,000 miles fluorescent lamp produces 2550 lumens for 7500 hours, of driving. 36 Spartan Engineer ALLISON 'En_9ineers Pioneer MISSILE Power Plant Development w. S. "Gus" Broffitt, who received his B.S. in Mechanical Engineering, U. of Kentucky in 1938, is now Section Heod of the Instollotion lioison and Engineering group of the Allison Turbo-Jet Engineering. Shown here by a J33-A-37, he is holding on inner combustion liner tfiat has been through the aluminum dipping process, a step which helps cut critical materials in this high speed, low cost jet engine, designed for 1000/0 reliability . • The Allison jet powered USAF B-61 Martin Matador An aluminum dipping process, developed by Allison is the country's first operational ground-to-ground engineers-in cooperation with General Motors Re- pilotless bomber. And, it's the first such missile to be search-helped materially in reduction of critical ma- sent overseas for duty. terials. This process was used on inner combustion The B-61 engine-an Allison )33-A-37-is based liners and permits using a low alloy steel in place of on the proven Allison centrifugal flow engine. This highly critical material. The aluminum dipping process engine has accumulated more than 2\12 million hours affords corrosion protection, and still enables the liners of flight in such aircraft as the Lockheed F-80 Shooting to withstand high combustion temperatures. First to Star, the T-33 Trainer, F-94 Night Fighter, and in the use aluminum dipping equipment on large parts, Alli- Grumman F9F Panthers and the Cougars! son now uses the process on turbine engines scheduled In 1950, Allison undertook the project of engineer- for piloted aircraft. ing and developing a 5-hour, low-cost, expendable jet The missile power plant project is another example engine for the Glenn L. Martin Co. which was under of the variety of problems handled by Allison engi- COntract with the Air Force. The missile assignment neering. Because Allison is continually doing pioneer made it necessary for Allison to design a)3 3 model- work in advanced engineering developments, we need incorporating reduced material, manufacturing and more technically trained men, especially young grad- testing costs-and still maintain a 100% reliability. uate engineers. Want to know more about your engi- The concentrated effOrts of Allison engineers result- neering future at Allison? Write now for information: ed in an 85% reduction of critical materials in missile R. G. GREENWOOD,Engineering College Conract engines in comparison with the similar centrifugal ALLISON DIVISION, General Motors Corporation How engines built for piloted aircraft. Indianapolis 6, Indiana January 1955 37 Index To Advertisers 35 Allis-Chalmers 37 Allison Division, General Motors 29 Aluminum Co. of America 4 American Tel. & Tel. Co. 16 Babcox & Wilcox Co. 31 Boeing Airplane Co. 30 Brown & Sharpe ENGINEERING WRITING 20 Cast Iron Pipe Research Assoc. 34 Columbia Southern Chemical 1 Detroit Edison Hughes Research and Development 2 Dow Chemical Laboratories are engaged in acontinu- ing program for design and manufac- 21 E. 1. duPont de Nemours ture of integrated radar and fire con- 16 A. W. Faber-Castell Pencil Here is an ideal way trol systems in military all-weather Jor the engineer or interceptor aircraft. Engineers who 12 Federal Telecommunication produce the maintenance and opera- Laboratories physicist with some tional handbooks for this equipment 10 Glenn L. Martin work directly with engineers and aptitHdefor writing to scientists engaged in development of 26 Hercules Powder enter thefield oj advanced radar fire control systems, electronic computers, and other advanced elec- 38 Hughes Aircraft electronics. In this tronic systems and devices. 30 Keuffel & Esser relatively new and Your effort in the field of engineer- ing writing through these publica- 32 Lansing Stamping expanding area YOHcan tions transmits information to other engineers and technical personnel on 30 Lincoln Electric make immediate and operation, maintenance and modifi- 39 Lockheed Aircraft eJfective use oj YOHr cation of Hughes equipment in the field. 13 Lockheed Missile Systems academic training while You will receive additional training 18 New Departure acquiring additional in the Laboratories at full pay to be- come familiar with Hughes equip- 6 Pratt & Whitney Aircraft experience. ment. Seminars are conducted by publications specialists to orient new 28 Standard Oil writers. After-hours graduate courses 33 Timken Roller Bearing under Company sponsorship are available at nearby universities. 24 Torrington Needle Bearing 7 Westinghouse Electric 14 Worthington ~ United States Steel HUGHES SCIENTIFIC AND ...... Eastman-Kodak ENGINEERING STAFF RESEARCH AND "n General Electric DEVELOPMENT Cuiller City, Los Angeles County, California LABORATORIES Photograph above: Engineer-writer John Burnett (left) "Inside front cover Works with engineers John H. Haughawout (rliht) and Donald King to compile handbook information. **Inside back cover 38 Spartan Engineer CarlVrooman,icing tunnel group head, studies hot-air cyclic de-icing test on wing section of C-I30 transport. The tunnel has a temperature range of _40 F. to 0 + 150 F. and maximum air speed 0 of more than 270 mph. New icing tunnel speeds thermodynamics research at Lockheed Designed to meet a constantly increasing volume of thermo- dynamics work, Lockheed's new icing research tunnel now provides year 'round testing in meteorological environments normally found only in flight. It is the first icing research tunnel in private industry. Lockheed thermodynamics scientists were formerly limited to testing time available at installations such as Mt. Washington. Now they are able to study in greater detail problems such as: thermal anti-icing; cyclic de-icing; various methods of ice removal; distribution of ice; rate of temperature changes in aircraft components; thermodynamic correlation between lab- oratory and flight testing; and development and calibration of special instrumentation. C. H.Fish,design engineer assigned to the tunnel, measures impingement limits of ice on C-l30 wing section. The tunnel has refrigeration capacity of 100 tons, provides icing conditions of 0 to 4 grams per cubic meter, droplet sizes from 5 to 1000 microns. ThermodynamicistEdDeanmonitors main control panel in picture at left. Temperature, air speed, water flow rate, air pressure and other variables can be regulated independently. B. L. Messinger,department head, analyzes test Career Opportunities at Lockheed results with Thermodynamics Engineer E. F. Versaw, right, and Thermodynamicist Tom Sedgwick, left. Increasing research and development work on nuclear energy, turbo- The report was in their hands only two days after it prop and jet transports, radar search planes, supersonic aircraft and was decided to conduct the test. a number of classified projects offers engineers outstanding opportunity for creative work. This is true not only for men in thermodynamics but for Aero- dynamicists and Aerodynamics Engineers, Structures Research Engineers, Airborne Antenna Designers, Flight Test Analysis Engineers, Physicists in fields of optics and acoustics, Mathema- ticians, and almost every other type of engineer. You are invited to write for the brochure, "Your Future is Now" which describes life and work at Lockheed. Address E. W. Des Lauriers. LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION BURBANK CALIFORNIA Crossword for Engineers • •_• I. ACROSS pertaining to the use of machine (pi.) V 1 1 1 ^B ;* • '• ' — "•• 7. 9. 10. chemical element (erbium) an article an article • -• 11. district outside city limits r •• 1 z 14. 16. 17. acting to an experiment Sodium trudge, as through a marsh 7 1 •= E •_• 18. 19. 20. state of being proceed unit ot lorce 1 1 21. strontium 22. atop : _ 24. nerveless organ of the human body r • • • 27. 28. 29. abbreviation for natural log abbreviation for New Testament foundation 31. abbreviation for aeronautical engineer 32. elements having the same atomic number 34. sword 37. means of transportation DOWN 38. engineer's expression for tough luck 39. abbreviation for tensile strength 1. a null r for buying and selling 40. to attract 2, unit nl force 3. chop (slang) I. tiny insect 5. prison,il pronoun 6. ANSWER TO NOVEMBER PUZZLE strontium 7. measure of time ( pi.) QL! c 31n c a s. radium L\ parts or portions m Q 13. type of varnish applied to surfaces to make them 0 ES Q shine Q El 3 0 15. 1 I period of time II 20. a machine used in converting mechanical into 23. 26. 28. electrical energy process used in bluing iron and steel to lap insert (pi.) grabs • 1 H | | m i 1 d 29. lqrge screw H 30. to be 33. golf term 35. big 15 1 AllME A/ inD 36. printer's measure ITEl Q t;i • aC 40 Spartan Engineer