Edward J. Stolic, class of '48 speaks from experience when he says ..• "With U. S. Steel, my future holds interest, challenge and reward." j l 1 From his graduation in 1948 with a B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineer- ing, until November of that year, pressors and water purification units. He feels that, "The engineer finds l If you are interested in a chall~ng- ing and rewarding career with Umte? many places to apply the knowledge States Steel, and feel you are 9uah- Edward Stolic worked as an operat- he garnered in schoo!." The men un- ing trainee in the Irvin Works of fied further information is aVaIlable der Edward Stolic are called on to fro~ your college placement direc- United States Steel. Following his trouble shoot in any part of the mill. discharge from the Army in 1950, tor. Or, we will gladly send you our This calls for a wide variety of tal- informative booklet, "Paths of Op- he returned to work at U.S. Steel. In ents and leads Mr. Stolic to say: just 18 months, Mr. Stolic reached a portunity." Just write to United "The steel industry has expanded States Steel Corporation, Personnel management position as Engineer- greatly, and with it the need for good Lubrication. Division, Room 1622, 525 William men." By mid-year 1953, Mr. Stolic was Penn Place, Pittsburgh 30, Pa. promoted to Foreman-Instrument Repair and Sub-Station. In a recent SEE THE UNITED STATES STEEL HOUR. It's a full-hour TV program G interview he said: "Opportunities presented every other week by United States Steel. Consult for rapid advancement are almost your local newspaper for time and station. limitless in U.S. SteeL" At 27, Mr. Stolic is supervising a force of 30 men in mechanical and electrical tests as well as instrument repair and maintenance of gas generators, com- UNITED AMERICAN BRIDGE •• AMERICAN STEEl & WIRE and CYClONE FENCE •• COlUMBIA.GENEVA STATES STEEL STEEL .• CONSOLIDATED WESTERN STEEL •. GERRARD STEEl STRAPPING •• NATIONAL TUBE Oil WEll SUPPLY •• TENNESSEE COAL & IRON •• UNITEO STATES STEEl PROOUCTS •• UNITED STATES STEEL SUPPLY .• Divi,i ••• of UNITED STATES STEEL CORPORATION, PITTSBURGH UNITEO STATES STEEl HOMES, INe. • UNION SUPPLY COMPANY' UNITED STATES STEEl EXPORT COMPANY' UNIVERSAL ATlAS CEMENT COMPANY 6_02 CONOENSATE STORAGE TANKS U1!;, . \ ..~::=::=:::::=:::::._--_. __::] CONDENSATE PUMPS HEAT EXCHANGER SODIUM CYCLE DIAGRAM OF STEAM POWER PLANT UTILIZING NUCLEAR ENERGY IN A FAST NEUTRON BREEDER REACTOR PUMPS FOR ATOMS? With the wonders of atomic power will come new and challenging problems for Detroit Edison's mechanical engineers. Today's combustion space in a typical boiler 15 stories high will be replaced by a reactor core scarcely larger than a rain barrel. In these reactors, sodium and sodium potassium alloy will be used as heat exchange agents. One of the primary problems concerns the design of pumps and piping suitable for handling these liquid metals. You should remember that these pumps must be rugged yet simple, they must require minimum maintenance yet be able to handle large quan- tities of 9500 F. sodium which will become highly radioactive. How and with what materials would you design these pumps? WANTED .•• MECHANICAL ENGINEERS As a mechanical engineer with Detroit Edison you will have Facts about Detroit Edison the opportunity to work on many unusual and diversified Serving S au th eastern problems. If such forward-looking programs appeal to you, . Michigan O etrOlt Ed' ' el ISOn supplies electricity for Detroit Edison offers a firm foundation on which to build a even counties ... covering 7 600 square C mil ' es ... 3.8 million people. highly successful career. ~ ompared with other investor-owned The future of Detroit Edison is a bright one. Edison's Ower syst 0 eighth i ems,. etroit Edison ranks constant expansion in a thriving industrial area means more . n plant Investment ... eighth In Customers in ele t '. d serve ." and seventh opportunities for you. Why not see our representative when C "c.ty generated. he's on campus; visit us when you are in Detroit; or write ... THE DETROIT EDISON COMPANY 2000 Second Avenue, Detroit 26, Michigan January 1956 " EDITOR HARLOW NELSON BUSINESS MANAGER JAMES JOHNSTON of michigan state university PRODUCTION MANAGER JOAN GRAHAM VOLUME 9 NUMBER 2 JANUARY 1956 ASSOCIATE EDITOR ARTICLES BOB STOCKING 4 Two Seconds to live ASSISTANT EDITOR BOB FREDERICKS 7 The Vital link 8 Military Television PHOTO EDITOR BOB BRANDON 13 Michigan State's Jets Program FEATURE EDITOR 19 Once Over Tillage JIM HELLWARTH 22 Engineering in the Arctic NEWS EDITOR JOHN BOYD FEATURES 17 Clubs and Societies ASSISTANT BUSINESS MANAGER CHARLES PUMA 27 New Developments ADVERTISING MANAGER 46 Uneducational ART SIPPOLA 48 Coefficient of lipstick Distribution PROMOTION MANAGER 49 To an Engineer's Sweetheart JOHN HELD 53 Editorial CIRCULATION MANAGER 56 Sidetracked DONNA LYONS Cover: THE MATADOR - NEW USAF PILOTLESS BOMBER STAFF GLORIA SOMERS MEMBER ENGINEERING COLLEGE MAGAZINES ASSOCIATED KATHY DAVENPORT Published four times yearly by the students of the SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, East Lansing, Michigan. The office is an the third DON POLLAKOWSKI flaor of the Union Building, Phone ED 2-1511, Extension 251. Entered as second class JIM PARKER matter at the Past Office In Lansing, Michigan, under the act of March 3, 1879. Address Mail to: P. 0 Box 468, East LanSing, Michigan Publishers representative ADVISORS Littell-Murroy-Barnhill, Inc 101 Pork Avenue, New York W. E. LIBBY (:f)S W. Michigan Avenue, Chlcogo PAUL G. GRAY Subscription rate by mail $1.00 per yeor Single copies 25 cents D. D. McGRADY January 1956 3 Two Seconds To Live Edited by Al Beers, from Skyline, North American Ar;iation, THr., 'Vard Lauren What actually started as a typical Saturday off for to the open rush of air going by at more than 700 Gcorge Franklin Smith, a thirty-one-year-old Test miles an hour, a tremendous noise like a long con- pilot, turned out to bccome a day which changed his tinuous explosion filled his ears. entire life. "I don't actually remember pulling the trigger to Before it was over he was to become the first man eject the seat," Smith says. "The last thing I remember to bailout of an airplane at supersonic speeds and low was seeing the Mach meter in front of my face, reading altitude and live! He was to suffer injuries that would 1.05. The next thing, I woke up in the hospital five put him in the hospital for six months and make him days later!" the most valuable human being in aviation. Engineers calculating George's speed and rate of A bachelor, Smith left his Manhattan Beach apart- descent from this bit of positive information came up ment to take his laundry out. On the way he suddenly with what is probably one of aviations closest margins: decided to stop at the plant to complete a report on starting at 35,000 feet, he must have been at 6,500 feet an airplane he had flown late Friday afternoon. Just when he got out of the airplane; by this time the ship before he left, the dispatcher hailed him with a special was descending at 1,140 feet per second, or 777 miles request: per hour! If he had hesitated two more seconds, his "F-100A number 659 is ready for a first flight; why don't you take it up as long as you're here?" Sinee it was only one Right, he just put his parachute and life vest on over his sport shirt and slacks. Then with his helmet and oxygen mask on and fastened he was ready to go. At the end of the runway he made the usual checks, and everything was as it should be, except for a little heaviness in the stick action. He checked the hy- draulic pressure of the number one and number two systems, and since they were both normal, called the tower for take-off. Once in the air he trimmed the fighter for a nor- mal climb with after-burner and climbed into his familiar heading toward San Diego. At about 35,000 feet it happened. The airplane began to nose over. It is a character- istic of airplanes going through the transonic speed to nose down slightly as they exceed Mach 1 (the speed of sound). But when Smith tried to pull ship up, he found that the control stick was stuck fast. He couldn't budge it. The plane continued to steepen its dive and gain speed. As it neared 20 degrees Smith radioed the c?mpany that he was having trouble with the hy- draulIc system. He grabbed the stick with both hands and pulled with all his strength. No response. By this ti~e t~le dive had steepened to an 80 degree angle. HIs wmgman gave the orders to bail out. The orders weren't needed. Smith was already making his prep- erat.ions as fast as he could move: stop-cocked the e?gme, opened the speed brake, pulled his helmet VIsor down over his eyes. With his right hand he pulled up on the armrest of the seat, ejecting the :rest Pilot George F. Smith looked like this, weigh- Ing 215 pounds, before the harrowinJt day he canopy. From the dead silence of the closed cockpit be~ame the first man to survive an ejection escal>e flYing faster than sound. 4 Spartan Engineer parachute would not have had time to open before he civilian skin divers and deep sea divers. Hundreds of hit the water, for after ejection it takes two seconds dives failed to locate a single piece of wreckage. for the seat to automatically detach itself from the Sonar, echo sounding recorders, special rakes, power pilot, and another two seconds before the automatic clamshell dredges and an air-suction hose were used. release opens the chute. Smith's active part in the Even TV was used in a closed circuit to look at the rest of his escape was over, for he was slammed into bottom of the ocean was useless. the brick wall of supersonic air that hit him as he left Then one of the Navy divers came forward to say the plane. But there began a series of lucky coinci- that he had taken a picture of the oil slick made by dences that saved his life. the plane when it dove into the ocean, taken on the Just below, a fishing boat was out in the rainy after- day of the accident. From this picture, by the use of noon. After hearing the explosion of the plane hitting the water and seeing the limp figure of a man floating down from the cloud layer at the end of a torn para- chute, the three men in the boat went over to pick the unconscious man from the water. -l t Although the day was pratically windless, an errant t t puff of breeze came up just as Smith hit the water and partially filled the parachute canopy. This and the small amount of air trapped in his clothes kept his face above the water for the 50 seconds it took for the boat to get to him. A few miles up the coast, some Coast Guard Auxiliary cruisers were practicing rescue op- erations that morning. They, seeing the pilot come Boating down, headed immediately for the spot. The second craft soon intercepted the slower fishing craft and, transferring the inert form of the pilot to their boat, radioed ahead to have an ambulance and doc- tors waiting at the dock. The hospital at Newport Beach became Smith's home for the next six months. Meanwhile Industrial Security personnel and engi- neers formed an immediatel investigation board, and The human factors engineering group are among salvage operations to regain the wreckage of the air- those working to better pilot's equillment. plane began the next day. Despite many eye-wit- nesses, the lack of reference points on the surface of the triangulation process of lining up visable trees, the ocean defied all efforts to pinpoint the spot where poles and TV aerials and a transit, the exact location the plane went in, although it was believed to be less of the wreckage of the plane was discovered. than a mile off shore. For twelve days the company helicopter and a dozen Navy search and salvage ves- After 321 dives and 33 days of salvage operation, sels provided diving platforms for the 57 Navy and 89.5% of the airplane was recovered and shipped by truck to a Los Angeles plant. As in every crash, Air Force representatives and engineers in all groups and projects concerned with the airplane studied their por- tions of the wreckage and reported in as much detail as possible their behavior relevant to the accident. There was not enough wreckage salvaged in large enough pieces to be able to determine in this case just what caused this accident. So the cause of the crash was listed officially as un- determined by both the company and the Air Force committees. There were strong suspicions by both groups, however, that the hydraulic lock caused by the inadvertant opening of a quick disconnect coup- ling in the hydraulic system was the ca.use of the trou- ble. Consequently the remedy of thIS and several other possible trouble areas, even though extrem~ly remote was recommended and performed on all eXIst- ing F-iOOs and established on the l~e fo~ all ships in production as a safety factor for all pllots 111 the future. The role of the test pilot in aviation is shown clearly in this one action. A possible new helmet is studied by its builder, (ContinI/cd on Page 47) specialists and Pilot Smith. January 1956 5 Choose your job carefully ... see the Westinghouse a Man With The Facts Let's face it. Graduate students in engineering and scientific fields are fortunate. You can be choosy in picking the company where you will start your career. But be careful. Get complete information on each company before making your decision. The Westinghouse Man With The Facts has the complete story on Westinghouse and the jobs and opportunities it offers. Discuss with him our complete training pro- gram that bridges the gap between college and business .•. helps you start your career right. Ask about our Graduate Study Program, at Company cost. Westinghouse offers you unusual opportuni- ties. Its $300 million expansion program creates new jobs and speeds up advancement. Our activity in new fields like atomic power ... solid state devices director systems air- craft armament missile guidance pro- vides interesting and rewarding work with a future. Ask your Placement Officer to make a date with the Westinghouse Man With The Facts. Send now for the two fact-filled booklets listed below. G_I0294 Write for these two booklets: Con- tinued Education in Wcstinghouse (describ- YOU CAN BE - SURE ... IFITS ing our Graduate Study Program) and Finding Your Place in Industry. Westinghouse Write: Mr. J. O. Campbell, Regional EducatIOnal Co-ordinator, Westing- house Electric Corporation, 306 Fourth Avenue, P. O. Box 1017 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania. ' • 6 Spartan Engineer THE VITAL LINK by Robert E. Fredericks Charles]. Puma Engineering at the present time is engaged in two who has the best and most thorough understanding struggles. First, the struggle with society for recogni- of science. These administrators feel that with an tion and understanding and, secondly, a struggle with- adequate knowledge of scientific fundamentals, the in its own ranks for a more efficient engineer. engineer is sufficiently prepared for a successful career The struggle with society has evolved from a rapid in his field. It may be pointed out here that these advance of science and an uninformed society. The principles though theoretically sound lead to often to engineer in the eyes of the layman is something good, specialization. A very high degree of specialization and what he does is something great, but ask him what in the scientific and engineering fields carries with it an engineer is or what he does and the layman has a lack of versatility such that the individual, if taken no more idea than you have about the principles of from his immediate specialization, may become con- belogmetry. siderably less useful. Many people are familiar with the end result of engineering such as bridges, television, etc., but they In recent years, educators and employers have be- have no idea of the engineers methods and problems. gun to realize that their has been something missing Until they do come familiar with these methods and in this pure scientific creature. They began to realize problems, the engineer cannot hope to be fully recog- that the engineer must communicate with every type nized or understood. Seemingly, the solution to the of individual. The engineer is the vital link between problem is simply to familiarize the public with the the world of pure research and the world of business. scientific method. But the big problem is how do we He must be equally strong on both ends of this link. do this. The engineer must be able to communicate, not only with the pure scientist, but equally efficient with the Scientific films for schools and movie houses would businessman and layman. In order to do this, he must not hurt the project, even science fiction if nothing understand the non-technical man, his work, ideas better has helped make the public science conscious. and problems. These things are a step in the right direction, but they are not enough. Undoubtedly, the best and Many educators now feel that to understand the most efficient way would be educational television. non-technical man, you must be familiar with his non- Once this medium is developed to a point where it is technical world, a world of business, social science accepted and demanded by the public, it will enrich and his non-cumulative world of literature. and stimulate the minds of millions. The on the job engineer is engaged in duties some- Some of the fault for an uninformed society lies times quite different than you might expect. He is with the engineer. There is no one who could inform most often engaged in a project where he must con- society about engineering methods and problems bet- sider cost and marketability. All too often he is pre- ter than the engineer himself. Instead of recognizing sented with the decision of sacrificing efficiency and t~e value of this, the engineer has chosen to isolate performance for the sake of space and decrease cost. hi~self from the unscientific groups. He goes around There have been many times when a saving of an inch WIth ?n air of superiority, yet pouts because society of space has saved a manufacturer thousands of dollars. doesn t understand him. The engineer feels he isolates The engineer must be ever cost conscience because himself because he belongs to a chosen group and he the dollar is what rules the business world. Would be wasting his time talking with non-technical The engineer many times is responsible for the per- ~eople about scientific matters. But this not so, he formance of many people. These people often consist Isolates himself because once he is taken from his of craftsmen, secretaries and unskilled workers. The scientific colleagues he is unable to communicate suc- engineer must be able to communicate intelligently cessfully with the non-technical individual. with these people or else he is of no use to his em- Engineering is a big job and the responsibility for ployer. Also the engineer must always be familiar p.r~paring men for this big job lies with the univer- with the existing union contracts. He must be able sl~les. Schooling for engineers is in two categories. to understand all phases of it because he is often en- Fl~st, their are educators that feel that engineering gaged in a project where he must consider the daily e.xlststo Convert the finding of pure research into prac- (ContinI/cd on Page 47) tIcal things. Therefore, the best engineer is the one 7 January 1956 MILITARY TELEVISION By Bob Stocking On August 11, 1954, 'an attacking force of United plans to new circumstances conveyed to him by Vidi- States Army soldiers swarmed ashore in amphibious con cameras in the battle area and by the larger te]e- personnel carriers after a lake crossing at Fort George vision cameras mounted in the reconnaissance plane G Meade, Maryland, to assault a simulated enemy circling over the enemy's supply and assembly point. stronghold. With the first wave of troops rode the A new type of enemy tank was shown on the screen herald of a new era in battlefield communication-a and its detail rapidly noted by the staff intellige~lc,e combat soldier equipped with a hand-carried Vidicon officer. An enemy prisoner interviewed before a VIdi- television camera that flashed back to regimental con camera immediately after his capture in the fr?nt headquarters an instantaneous picture of the critical line disclosed the nature of the enemy forces opposmg action on the beachhead. the 'assault. A map found on the prisoner and held up The maneuver itself was divided into two distinct to the camera divulged an enemy scheme of counter- segments-a demonstration of the Army Signa] Corps attack; the plan was confirmed by the airborne te~e- Interim Tactical Television System, on a black-and- vision camera which located an assembly of hostIle white closed-circuit system feeding to monitors and forces and th~ commander rapidly altered his plans the commander's receiver in the command post tent; to break up the counterattack before it cou]d be and a second assault carried out under the "eyes" of mounted. With the help of another Vidicon camera color television cameras for broadcast over a national close to the front, helicopters were directed for network. The color demonstration was also watched speedy evacuation of the wounded. in the command post on color television sets. Through the entire action, the commander was able, The Signa] Corps television unit, attached to the through the eyes of television, to see and control the regiment as a part of the regimental communication battle situation. system, comprised three rugged, compact Vidicon cameramen with the troops, and two larger cameras, This was combat television-demonstrated publicly as modified by the Signal Corps Engineering Labora- for the first time on the twentieth anniversary of the tories, mounted in an L-20 reconnaissance plane. The concept of television for military use, first proposed ~o ground cameras were linked by cable to truck-borne the Armed Services by Brigadier Genera] DaVId transmitters which relayed the pictures by micro- Sarnoff. It was in 1934, when the art of television wave to a receiving unit and small preview monitors itself was in its infancy, that General Sarnoff initiat~eI at the command post. From the airborne cameras sig- discussions with representatives of the services III na]s were sent directly to the headquarters receiver Washington on applying the extended and instan- by microwave relay and appeared on a fourth monitor. taneous electronic sight of television to the subequent development of television equipment and techniques In the command post, placed at a field table with for combat use in the air and at sea-and now on ]anel. the commander and his intelligence and operation officers, was a television technician responsible for An audience of top ranking military and industria] switching images from the small monitor screens to leaders and representatives of the nation's press the large viewing screen placed before the command- watched the Fort Meade demonstration in a "com- ing officer. Thus the commander was able at any mand post of the future." Observing the demonst~a- point during the action to call for a direct view on his tion were Genera] Matthew B. Ridgway, Army ChIef screen of the sector covered by any of the cameras. of Staff; Major Genera] George I. Back, Chief Signa] Radio telephone communication between the com- Officer; Major Genera] George W. Smythe, Deputy mand post and the cameraman permitted the com- Commander of the United States Second Army, and Brigadier Genera] David Sarnoff. mander to direct the cameras toward any desired ob- jective. In their comments on the demonstration, Genera]s In this simulated command post, the role of tele- Ridgway, Back and Sarnoff were unanimous in em- vision in ground combat took dramatic shape. phasizing the important part that television is destined to play in future operations on the battlefield. The regimental commander used the eyes of te]e- vision to help him carry out his strategy. As the battle The combat exercise demonstrated in a highly real- progressed, he swiftly adapted his original battle istic setting the tactical uses that are within the capa- bilities of today's experimental battlefield television 8 Spartan Engineer equipment. These uses explored by the Signal Corps In the words of General Back, speaking at the open- over the past few years during its development of ing of the closed circuit demonstration of Signal Corps training technique and equipment include the fol- equipment, "the combat commander has been blind, lowing: insofar as he could see very little, if anything, of The location, evaluation and designation of artillery what was happening along the battlefront of his targets; troops, his weapons and his machines." Adjustment and control of artillery fire; The revolutionary change that is being achieved Transmission of data from the combat area to head- through combat television was c1ear]y indicated in quarters; the exercises that followed, from the initial briefing with help of televised scenes of the terrain over which Reconnaissance of enemy held territory to detect the assault was to take place, to the final capture of supply points, assembly areas and movement of the "enemy's" stronghold-reported by a television forces; camera with the assaulting troops. Intelligence reporting, such as examination of cap- The color cameras covered the second phase of the tured personnel and equipment; maneuver for the half-hour nationwide telecast. Two Briefing of tactical commanders before an action cameras placed in the command post showed the na- showing terrain, routes of approach, and enemy posi- tional audience how the future commander may em- tions; ploy television in directing the battle while others Observation and control of amphibious landings, placed aboard an amphibious personnel carrier and in river crossings and assaults, as well as the movement the battle area gave a constant view of the combat behind the lines of friendly troops and supplies. action. While demonstration of the Signa] Corps black-and- Each of these functions, representing knowledge white equipment underlined dramatically the capa- that is vital to the combat commander and his staff. bilities of television itself in helping to direct battle has been performed in the past bv a variety of means action, the color telecast provided a glimpse for the ranging from written messages to'radio-te]ephone and distinguished audience of ~he ulti.mate goal-a com- telegraph communications. bat television system that WIll proVIde the commander Whatever the system employed, the commander has with a continuous view of the battle situation as it been able to form his picture of an action only through actuallv appears, including the color distinction be- the experience, judgment and interpretaation of many tween 'types of terrain and foliage, between natu.ral other people, and on the basis of information that in and camouflaged objects, and between the WIde Shameinstances has been hours or e\'en days old by t e t' . (ContinI/cd Oil Page 43) Irne It reached him. 9 January 1956 • •.• more than a week-end problem! Amc,'ica's millions of Saturday night shortages, is a continuing and crucial baths. Drop in thc bucket compared to the problem. balions of gallons of water used daily in Cast iron pipe ... the dependable, long- homes and industries. lived pipe ... is used for water mains by That's why college men who elect the practically every city in America-large or challenging field of Sanitary Engineering small. In over 70 American public utilities have important work ahead. Supplying and cast iron pipe has served for a century or distributing enough water to meet ever- more. No other pipe bas served so long ..• increasinl!; demands in the face of world and so well. CAST IRON PIPE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION Thos. f. Wolfe, Monoging Direclor, 122 So. Michigon Avenue, Chicogo 3, III. C..AST ~ln\()N (lLlSrl'Ill()N PIPI~ SERVES FOR CENTURIES 10 Sporton Engineer • A FEW YEARS AGO, HE WAS ON CAMPUS AT PURDUE UNIVERSITY, AND NOW ... FLOYD D. (Doug) WALLACE, JR., prop and turbo-jet engines, compres- program, Allison needs more engi- neering personnel, and opportunity above, is a senior project engineer at sor and turbine components. Allison. Doug's work is "cut out" for him for young graduate engineers is un- for some time to come, for only re- limited. Arrange now for an early He left Purdue in 1947 with his AE cently, Allison broke ground for the interview with our representative on degree and came to Allison the same engineering building which is to be your campus, or write for information year. Presently, he is in charge of in- the center of expanded Research and about the possibilities of YOUR engi- strumentation and automatic process Development facilities for advanced neering career at Allison: Personnel controls at Allison's new Research & types of aircraft engines for commer- Dept., Engineering College Contact, Development test center. cial and military use. Allison Division, General Motors With Allison now in the midst of With this long-range expansion Corporation, Indianapolis 6, Indiana. a $75 ~il~ion engineering expansion ~nd ?Ulldmg program, much of his tIme ISspent in vendor contact work studying and selecting equipmen~ ~ost adequate to do the job; observ- ~ng,and helping with installation. He ~ shown. ~b0.ve checking a control alve pOsltJonmg amplifier on the in- strument panel for controlling air pressures and temperatures of four electric motor-driven axial flow com- preSSors.This new f~cility is part of the new Research and Development LLISON test .cen ter, whlch-when . completed tf'TURBO-PROP ENGINES -will enable testing of individual American built for the new era in air travel combustlOn . components for turbo- 11 January 1956 Soron Wrap is stretched by injecting compressed oil' to form a bubble Y2 mil in thickness which is then compressed and wound. Bubble, bubble, toil and brainwork ... Dow engineers create modern new plant for Saran produced an enviable new plant ready to produce in excess Wrap production of 5,000,000 Saran Wrap rolls a month. Dow-engineered Demand was multiplying for Saran Wrap, * the clear from start to finish, it stands as a testimonial to the deplh moistureproof plastic wrap for foods. A new plant was and talent of Dow engineering and planning. *rRA.E.'" needed ... and needed fast. Dow's engineering and technical staff went to work. Pro- Dow is interested in all types of engineers and scientists duction processes were checked and improved. Mechanical who are considering a Dow future. And for the Dow sales engineers designed new machinery. Electrical engineers program, in addition to engineers and scientists, those with partial engineering and scientific training are also needed. introduced new Auorescent lighting (shielded by an entire ceiling of corrugated plastic) eliminating glare from Saran Whether you choose research, production or sales, you W rap which would have tired the eyes. Modern plant can find a challenging career with Dow. Write to Techni- cal Employment Department, THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY, innovations were widely apparent as the blueprints came Midland, Michigan, or Freeport, Texas, for the booklet in from engineer after engineer. "Opportunities with The Dow Chemical Company"- you'll find it interesting. Then the job was done. Hard work and brainwork had you can depend on now 12 Spartan Engineer YOUTH DEVELOPEMENT PIONEERED MICHIGAN STATE'S JETS PROGRAM by Jill/ H elltca.rth A. ~egional Organization, Jets (Junior Engineering Trammg for Schools) was formed at ~ISU to stimulate ::::e ~, -;;1; .~-~<;;-::-T~- a:l interest in engineering among high school stu- dents. It offers all types of engineering projects and has expert assistance available for those who demon- strate initiative, enthusiasm, and interest. It is an extra-curricular club sponsored bv and operated at the high schools. J , Jets was founded to encourage those students who h~lVeat least a fair aptitude for mathematical or tech- mcal subjects to prepare them for an engineering career. For these young men or women, it promotes aJ?cI encourages good scholarship and proficiency in hIgh. school subjects as prerequisities for college engi- neermg courses. Also, it enables these young people ~o get. a preview of the engineering profession and :lcquamts them with men who are actively engaged 1I1 t!le field. This aids the student to discover and ap- praIse h!s own abiilties, aptitudes, and interests in preparatIOn for the fields of engineering. Member of high school JETS Club displays his f Since mathematics is of great importance as a tool electric motor and the photocell circuit which acti- Or the engineer, the student learns to develop some ,'ates it. measure of success in algebra and other math subjects. ticular locality, meets with the club periodically to Who Can Join and How the Jet Clubs check their progress and give technical advice. Ar~ OrQanized? Projects range from designs, reports, objects and , ny young man or woman who has completed a maps to almost everything one could imagine. sel~ester or mOre of algebra, and is interested in com- Statewide competition is held at the annual Engi- pan~g his t?lents with the requirements of the engi- neering Exposition at Michigan State University. Scho- neermg profession, is eligible to join Jets. It is sug- larships are offered as prizes. ?estecl that the clubs be made up of four or more Michigan State has a library with available mate- I~ltyested students. Complete Jets kits, record forms, < ne steps for organizing a Jets Club are available upon rial to Jets Clubs. This includes movies, slides, lists request from ~lichigan State University. Success of available speakers, general guidance literature, and any dub hinges largely upon well-chosen projects many informative pamphlets. and well-planned programs. ~lovies are a popular Jets is a beneficial organization for the young engi- ~~a~tion fo~ meetings, ~ISU provides a list of over neer. As pointed out before, it aids in learning more mformahve and entertaining movies. Radio pro- about the profession and stimulates early interests. grams are also available for meetings. This experience prepares him for entrance to an en- gineering school and ultimately the engineering pro- The group should select a project, either singular Or collective. An engineer from \lSU. or the par- fession. 13 January 1956 ~£P MORE POWER '~~ER PACKAGE! flow Bendix Engineers are evcry new plane that cOlliesoff the drawing board, extra power must be achieved without extra bulk. In fact, it is usuaJl! Helping Licb:.the Aircraft necessary to produce more power in a smaller package. That ~ when engineering skill which appreciates a real challenge come, Industry's No. 1 Problem to the fore. Bendix is constantly seeking to increase its supply of .t~is type of engineering skill. That's why the greatest opportullltleS Small l'noll~h to fit in a breadhox-yet powerful enough to in the world for talented young engineering graduates a~e ~tart a giant jet engine. That's a nutshell dl'scription of this found at Bendix Aviation Corporation. No matter what hIS 79-pound jet starter developed by engineers at the Utica field, the engineer with ability is assured of ample opportunit)' J)ivi~ion of Bendix Aviation Corporation in Utica, N. Y. The to demonstrate it at Bendix. outpnt of tbis little giant reaches 450 horsepower in tbree and a half seconds to direct crank some of our biggest jet engines. Bendix is in more businesses than aviation-many, man)' more. Producing over a thousand different products for j~st Thi~ is but one example of how young Bendix engineers about every phase of industry, Bendix deserves your attention arc working to solve the most severe problem plaguing the men when you plan your engineering future. See your placemen,~ who build today's (and tomorrow's) aircraft. Jet aircraft director or send for the brochure "Bendix and Your Future requirements call for more and more power in every new design. for a full-scale look at what Bendix has to offer you. BENDIX Rut ,,;th additional complex apparatus being jammed into AVB.TION CORPORATION, FISHER BUILDING, DETBOIT 2, MICHIGAN. 14 Spartan Engineer (A message from IBM-where progress is engineered) THIS FIELD IS AS YOUNG AS YOU ARE One of the best growth opportunities for a young engineer today lies in the new and rapidly expanding field of digital computer de- velopment and design. The rapid progress which electronic giants have achieved in busi- ness, science, and government is dwarfed by their potential. Fulfill- ment of this potential offers unusual challenge to an engineer's ingenuity. Young engineers have made substantial contributions to IB~l's rec- ognized leadership in computer development and design. For exam- ple, the average age of the engineering team which built the famous 701 computer was only 28! Young IBM engineers also play impor- tant roles in solid state materials research and in the development of advanced computer components. At IB~I, engineers enjoy a climate which encourages achievement- eminent associates, advanced facilities, creative freedom. Out of this climate has grown a tradition of engineering excellence. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION about IBM Should you choose computer engineering as a career, what more make an appointment through your college placement office logical place to start than with the leader? At IBM, you will have to see our campus representative, unrestricted professional opportunity. or write to W. M. Hoyt, IBM, 590 Madison Avenue New York 22, N. Y. ' Producer of electronic IBM data processing machines, electric typewriters, and electronic time equipment. @ 15 January 1956 NEW DE PARTURES OF TOMORROW TOMORROW: A ribbon of paving unreels as this road-builder of the future turns open country into superhighway. What a simple matter road building would be if it were reduced to a single machine that levels, grades and paves ... all in con- tinuous operations. Such future prospects are often made practical through New Departure ball bearings. With New Departures, moving parts are held in close alignment while handling loads from any angle. Delays for adjustment and maintenance are eliminated. That's because these ball bearings are designed for high capacity and manufactured to close precision tolerances. _. by the company that has originated many of the greatest advances in ball bearings. NEW DEPARTURE • DIVISION OF GENERAL MOTORS • BRISTOL, CONNECTICUT TODAY: New Departure ball bearings are used in ~ower shovels~ trucks and similar heavy-duty equipment, because they require no special attention and virtually no maintenance. Frequently they out- last the machine itself. NOTHING aOlll LIK. A .All 16 Spartan Engineer host to approximately 200 pcople, rcprcsenting col- CLUBS AND SOCIETIES leges and universities of the mid-'iVest. Mohindo Bedi, an engineering student from Tndia, gave a very interesting presentation of how the edu- AFS cational system works in his country. He also con- trasted the technological advancements of the United The Michigan State University Chapter of the States to that of his country. American Foundrymen's Society is a student branch There were two joint meetings with the ~Iichigan of the national organization. Chapter of A.S.M.E. The first included a dinner meet- The objects and purposes of the chapter are as ing, followed by a complete tour of Abram Air Survey follows: Company. The second was a combined meeting with (a) To promote interest in a foundry education at the S.A.E. General Motors Corporation experimental ?vlichigan State University. gas turbine car and bus application was talked about, (b) To provide lecture, inspection trips, publica- supplemented by a movie about the Fire-Bird. The tions and instructions on subjects tending to effecti~leness of the gas turbine was demonstrated in promote the technical skill and social useful- the bus, which is a laboratory on wheels. A complete ness of students looking forward to careers in inspection of the turbine drive and its application the cast metals industry or to the use of castings was made. in their lines of business. This term, with job interviews starting, our meet- ( c) To promote fellowship among those interested ings will include speakers from the Personnel Depart- in the cast metals industry. ment. This will help the graduating members in Each student member receives a subscription to the particular to become better acquainted with the pro- monthly American Foundryman magazine and he re- cedures, the listing of employers offered, and how to ceives free admission to the national and regional con- participate in an interview. ferences of the Society. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CALL OR VISIT THE FOUNDRY OFFICE. A.S.C.E. The first Student Chapters of the American Society AlEE-IRE of Civil Engineers were formed in 1920, and since then have been performing a vital function on engi- JANUARY 10 - Prop'am for all engineerin~ studen~s at 8:00 p.m. in the auditorium of the Electncal EngI- neering college campuses by rounding out the school's neering Building; the subject, "Employment Oppor- professional training. tunities fer Engineers." ~1r. Jack Breslin of the \1SU Our Student Chapter of A.S.C.E. was established to Placement Bureau and two representatives from in- help civil engineering students to enrich tlHlir col- dustry presented a program designed to acquaint en- lege courses by beginning those professional contacts gineering students with current job opportunities. and associations which, continued through life, are so Mr. Breslin explained the procedure for arranging valuable to the practicing engineer. an interview through the representatives from indus- Faculty Advisers, a Contact Member, and a Junior try; gave several pointers on what an interviewer Contact Member constitute the advisory personnel for looks for in a prospective employee. They then gave an overall picture of the type of jobs available and the chapter. average starting salaries. A question and answer ses- Our chapter limits membership to Civil Engineering sion followed. students in the Senior, Junior and Sophomore classes. JANUARY 24 - Program at 8:00 p.m. on "~Iemories Our meetings are held every two weeks, usually for. Machines," presented by Mr. Dwight S. AS~11ey, alternating between Tuesday and Thursday nights. Chief of the Computer Engineering Branch, Nahonal The meetings usually consist of a business meeting, Security Agency. followed by a speaker, movie or program relating to the interests of the profession. The chapter holds at least one picnic a year. An annual banquet with o~r A.S.M.E. local section in Detroit is also held. Our chapter IS This year the student chapter of A.S.~I.E. has 80 represented on the Engineer~ng Coun~i~ and partici- members, a new record. It was encouraged at the pates in the annual Engineenng Exposihon. A North last meeting for all members to take active part ~n Central Conference of Student Chapters of A.S.C.E. the activities of the coming year. Of course, the ?Ig is held each year and was hosted by our chapter last e~ent is the coming National Speech Contest, ,~hIch WIllbe held here in the spring. Our chapter WIll be spring. 17 January 1956 SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING AT J... OCKHEED MISSIJ ... E SYSTEMS DIVISIO~ -------- .... '."1l'o;,' - ....... , ..... ...,.- _. ~ ~ 'l'IIE OPEUATIONAL APPROACH TO UELIABILITY Dr. Richard R. Carhart, Carl D. Reliability is the root of operational effectiveness, seeking out Lindberg, Reliability Staff Dept. and solving failure before it Occurs. The end result of Reliability Engineer, and Dr. O. B. Moan is a missile system able to perform its mission successfully at evaluate the functional and a time dictated by military necessity. operational reliability effects of proposed revisions in the electrical To achieve that high standard, scientists and engineers at Lockheed power supply of a missile. Missile Systems Division apply an operational approach to Reliability in all phases of missile systems research, development and operation. Under the Lockheed philosophy of Reliability, scientists and engineers combine their talents to study: Human factors; training; design and operational safety; ground support and maintenance systems; airborne systems reliability; statistical MISSILE !t~ SYSTEMS DIVI SlO~ methods; components application, including electronic, electrical, electromechanical and mechanical systems and environmental conditions. research and engineering staff Those possessing a high order of ability applicable to these :l nON areas of endeavor are invited to write: !, LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORPORA VAN NUYS, CALIFOR::-lIA Once - Over Tillage by Gene R. Whi/(' All of our nation's past achievements and future plow. With the use of the plow and packer or mulcher hopes stem from one basic source, the ability of our only, it is necessary to employ another tractor to pull land to produce sufficient food. Food is usually the grain drill. thought of in terms of human needs, but the hay, The extra pounds of pull (draft) caused by the grain and sometimes even shelter for our domestic plow-packer, mulcher or press wheel drill is about animals, must come from the land. The cost of pro- one-half the draft of a 14 inch bottom plow. 1000 ducing food is the foremost item in the minds of our pounds draft was required to pull a conventional two- farmers. "Once-over" soil tillage methods may be the bottom, 14 inch plow. A 28 inch wide plow-packer answer to many of the farmer's cost problems. required 100 pounds draft in brookston loam when The potential of "once-over" tillage of our na- moisture conditions were optimum for plowing. The tion's land is increasing each year. The rising costs of plow-packer and press wheel drill required 250 farm implements, fuel and labor have all been press- pounds of draft in the same type soil. A 30 inch ing the farmer to the point of narrow profit margins mulcher also required 250 pounds of draft. and periodic losses. The farmer is always looking for Conceivably any 2-3 bottom plow tractor will be faster and cheaper production practices. able to pull a two bottom plow and any of the extra Many tests seeking cheaper production practices "once-over" tillage equipment with little or no extra have been conducted by farm economists and soils engine labor. experts throughout the United States. The Michigan The experiments were conducted on four types of tests have been conducted by Professor R. L. Cook, soils; Brookston Clay loam, Brookston loam, Hillsdale Head of the Soil Science Department at ~vIichigan State University; Professor L. M. Turk, Director of Sandy loam, and Fox Sandy loam soils. the Michigan Agriculture Experiment Station, East When the seed bed was prepared using conven- Lansing, Michigan, and Professor H. F. McColly of tional methods (plowing, discing and harrowing) the Agricultural Engineering Department of Michigan time and expense in operating costs were higher. State University. Their reports describe continuing Using "once-over" tillage, the complete seed bed experiments and tests with two types of "once-over" preparation is accomplished in one working of the tillage implement employed in seed bed prepara- soil. tions. A conventional moldboard plow, with a The yields of the crops were higher on some types "mulcher" (packer) attached to and pulled directly of soils using "once-over" tillage and where yields behind the plow. The other implement used consisted did not exceed those of conventional tillage methods, of a grain drill mounted on press wheels and attached to a "plow-packer" which in turn is attached to the (ContinI/cd 011 Page 43) hId '\1 is attached to the plow-packer, which Illustrated is a true once-oyer tillage operation. The press-wee I rJ is in turn attached to the pow. 19 Jllnuory 1956 HOW HERCULES HELPS ... ... AN INCREASED SUPPLY of para-cresol, raw material for antioxidants used in gasolin:i and rubber, will become availa~le late in ~956. with the completi~n of the recently announc addition to Hercules' oxychemlCal plant In GIbbstown, N. J. ThIs wIll more than double. he t amount now being produced by Hercules and is the sixth product to be made commercl~ ll y by the Hercules' oxidation process. Para-cresol also plays an important part in the productIOn of essential oils and in the manufacture of dyes • ... FASTEST DRYING of all protective coatings, lacquer is ideally suited to keep pace with today's mass production methods_ At the .. ACID, ALKALI, AND WATER arc all repelled when paper or paper- Standard Box Company in Pittsburgh, for example, a sin!!le-appli- board are sized with Hercules Aquapel@. In corrugated cartons o( cation hot-lacquer system protects beverage boxes with no delays for spiral wound fiber drums where alkaline glues are used, Aquap~ ~rying. Hercule~ works elosely with the coatings in~ustry in develop. sizing effectively retards penetration of the glue. Neither a reSID mg and perfecting new uses for lacquer-type coatings based on its nor a wax Aquapel is a chemical that reacts with the cellulose fiber nitrocellulose, ethrl cellulose, cellulose acetate, and Parlon@ to form a'surface that is resiEtant to hot and cold water, acid. or (chlorinated rubber). alkali. That's why so many paper mills are finding ever-increasIng use for this new sizing agent. HER.CULES POWDER. COMPANY HERCULES 968 Market St., Wilmington 99, Del. Sales Offices in Principal Citie3 SYNTHETIC RESINS, CELLULOSE PRODUCTS, CHEMICAL COTTON, TERPENE CHEMICALS, ROSIN AND ROSIN DERIVATIVES, CHLORINATED PRODUCTS, OXYCHEMICALS, CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR INDUSTRY EXPLOSIVES, AND OTHER CHEMICAL PROCESSING MATERIALS. G55-11 20 Spartan Engineer Here's a picture of some SPECIAL ALLOY STEEL -~--l I I -and there's much more to it than appears on the surface Only a stainless steel periscope tube, and some special navigational apparatus, shows above water. But below, a wonderfully compact mass of fighting machinery-literally packed with special steels and electrical alloys. With them, the ship is almost human. Withoftt them, it has no eyes, ears, power wsw !Ut20 ... or usefulness .• Allegheny Ludlum develops and produces special alloy steels of this description, exclftsively. In your future industrial connections, PIONEERING on 'the Horizonsof Steel when YOft have to combat corrosion, heat, wear or great stress-or require unique electrical properties -check with us. AtleghellY Ludlum Steel Corpo- ratiou, Oliver Bldg., Pittsburgh 22, Pa. Allegheny Ludlum January 1956 21 l THE DEW LINE I E N GIN E E R I N(i N THE A R CT I C • • • ~ I r The Distanl Early Warning system now being buill across the northern rim of the western world to guard against sneak air attacks via the short I and direct polar regions. Considering the indus- ~ is a joinl defense operation of two nations, the United Feasibility of the DEW Line was first explored by Slates and Canada, and in concept, construction and trial heart of America as a prime target of any scientists of Bell Telephone Laboratories and Massa- execulion will be a major engineering achieve- attack, the electronic sentry system will offer several \ chusetts Institute of Technology. In 1953 an experi- ment. Popularity termed the DEW Line, it is a picket-fence network of radar stations designed hours of warning-priceless Hed" is ever sounded. minutes if "Condition I mental DEW installation was designed, transported and operated within the Arctic Circle. Special build- ings and construction techniques were devised to \ withstand severe arctic weather. Stations were ex- haustively evaluated, designs were modified, equip- r ments were changed to combat polar magnetism, { effects of constant wind and cold were measured- both on men and the complex devices they would have to keep operable. Based on observations of the experi- l mental line, American and Canadian authorities TranS)lortation "on the rocks"-A tractor snow- agreed that the DEW Line, although a tremendous train of men and material pushes its way across undertaking, could be built and would work. Early the wide, wide arctic wastes. in 1955, the Department of Defense named the prime j contractor for the development, design, engineering, Air Force and Navy were active in getting ready to procurement, construction and installation of the full- transport the heavy tonnage to where they would I size Arctic line-the first line of warning to be inte- grated into the Continental Defense network head- quartered at Colorado Springs, Colorado. When completed, the DEW Line will stretch across be needed. A major air lift of men and supplies was set in motion. In no time at all military Globemasters were moving heavy machinery, even D-8 tractors weighing over 40,000 Ibs., large cranes and motor Canada from Alaska to Greenland with station sites vehicles. Other aircraft, including Flying Boxcars and located on terrains ranging from desolate flats to small ski-equipped planes Hawn by skillful bush pilots I rugged altitudes-all virtually inaccessible except by were hauling tools, food and men to the polar wastes. I4 air. So, a network of permanent settlements is being built in a frozen wilderness-a problem of logistics D-4 tractors were "air dropped" so that they in turn could help construct air fields where large aircraft and engineering to the nth degree. could later land and discharge heavier cargoes. Many l To accomplish the job, an organization had to be built, personnel recruited from colleges and the Bell of these air fields were built on ice of the Arctic Sea. ~1eanwhile, freight was being loaded aboard shjps at I System had to be trained in new techniques, and co- ordinating procedures with Governments, suppliers and subcontractors had to be set up. There has been no time for leisurely planning; for one of the most Canadian and American ports and rushed as far north as possible to waiting planes and snow tractor tra~ns. l\Juch cargo was hauled directly to beaches and SItes by LST's and LCU's. surprising aspects of the DEW Line project is the r speed with which it was launched. Some ten days The nature of the arctic poses many new and un- usual problems. There is the problem of construction ( after the contract signing, construction crews of sub- on the Permafrost. Heat leakage from buildings must contractors were at work at forward bases in the far not be allowed to penetrate the earth's surface and de- Ii'( '; ... ~ ..... :....;; ,...~~.~ -"", ~"'t1 ,W/t.r ,,~ r north. Even while building sites were being selected, vast stroy nature's fine balance of temperature which might cause the earth to settl~ b~dly. Seemingly little ,;.c ')~.f~\.' ~." quantities of construction equipment, materials and things become important. F1l1d1l1ga way t~ extract __ o~~~ ".~. Protection in depth - The Distant Earl W ' .. 'Ji-J.~,,, t ~upplies had to be procured and delivered to arctic Job locations. While engineers and plants across the heat from the djesel-jacket water and the diesel ex- hausts to provide normal building heating require- Canadian-built Mid-Canada and Pine T:ee r~dn~~1i~~~e,Ail~h bemg 'l~u;lt is. shown in its relationship to the into a vast defense commu;'ication~~etWI kunctJon as a protective net integrated r COuntry were busy designing and manufacturing the (Continued 011 Page 31) 22 wor . l equipments to become a part of this DEW Line, the 23 January 1956 Spartan Engineer r This toweringmodern unit at the El Dorado, Ark., refinery of Pan-Am Southern Corpora- tion, a Standard Oil subsid- iary, produces 700 tons of coke daily. ~l I .! I ,I I Standard's original delayed coking unit at Whiting re- cently celebrated its 25th birthday "on stream" and going strong. How to make an exception prove a rule TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS is rapid in the petro- and coke. It paid off spectacularly when catalytic leum industry. Few processes have a chance to cracking was invented and these giant new units "grow old" on the job. Most are killed off through began calling for feed. It paid off again when the the combined efforts of thousands of scientists diesel locomotive came along to put the heavy oil working constantly to improve everything we do, burning steam locomotive out of business. make or use in our business. Dr. Robert E. Wilson, chairman of the board of Every now and then, though, we experience a Standard Oil today, was the inventor of delayed happy exception to this rule. That occurs when a coking. Almost all of the young scientists who new development not only meets the immediate worked with him in its development are still with need but also provides the right answer to situa- Standard too, in responsible positions requiring tions yet unforeseen. their special skills. Twenty-five years ago last August a process Young scientists in research and engineering at known as "delayed coking" was invented. The Standard Oil today find it satisfying to see their new process made a quicker, cleaner job of con- creative efforts translated into valuable product verting heavy residual oil into gasoline, gas oil, and process improvements. Standard Oil Company 910 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago 80, Illinois 24 Spartan Engineer I,----------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------, I I I I A Campus-to-Career Case History I I I I I Dick Abraham of Bell Telephone Laboratories, here experiment"'/: tellh dosing the loop on a transistor feedback amplifier. "I'm working with top names and top talent" That's one of Richard P. Abraham's comments cuitry, and doing classified work on Nike. This ~bout his career with Bell Telephone Laboratories experience is tremendous. m Murray Hill, N. J. "In 1954, after rd received 'In addition to the job, I attend Lab-conducted my M.S. from Stanford," Dick continues, "I was classes on a graduate level several times a week. in~erviewed by a number of companies. Of these Besides that, the Labs are helping me get a Ph.D. at I lIked the Bell Labs interview best-the interviewer Columbia by giving me time off to get to late after- knew what he was talking about, and the Labs noon classes. That's the kind of co-operation you seemed a high-caliber place. really appreciate from your company. "What are important to me are the opportuni- "The Labs have a professional atmosphere, and ties offered by the job and the work itself. My wife I'm really impressed by my working associates. and I own a house near Murray Hill, and we've As for my work, I've been on rotating assignments found a lot of friends through the Labs. All in all, -working with transistor networks and their meas- I think I'm in the right kind of place." urement techniques, studying magnetic drum cir- Dick Abraham is typical of the many young men who are finding their careers in the Bell System. Similar career opportuuities exist in the Bell Telephone Companies, Western Electric and Sandia Corporation. Your placement officer has Bell Telephone System more information about these companies. ________ -------------------- 1 --------------------------------------- 25 January 1956 RCA TV camera encased in special diving bell televises the activities of sea life in swilit waters off the Gulf Stream. Now ReA puts TV underwater to help the Government protect marine life Ten fathoms down, an RCA television tronics for Living" that will make life camera moves through darting schools fuller, easier, happier. of fish. On the surface, U.S. Fish and Wildlife experts hover over an RCA remote control TV monitor. From what WHERE TO, MR. ENGINEER? they see will come new fishing tech- RCA offers careers in research, de- niques to help the government protect velopment, design, and manufac- marine life. turing for engineers with Bachelor The electronic and engineering skill or advanced degrees in E.E., M.E. or Physics. For full information, behind underwater TV is inherent in write to: Mr. Robert Haklisch, all RCA products and services. And Manager, College Relations, continually, RCA scientists at the Radio Corporation of America, David Sarnoff Research Center in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service tech~: Camden 2. N. J. clans study fishing methods and e(~ Princeton, N. J., delve into new "Elec- ment of an RCA remow contro monitor. RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA ELECTRONICS FOR LIVING 26 Spartan Engineer The Service's underwater TV experiments were NEW DEVELOPMENTS initiated with "Operation Fisheye," conducted re- cently in the Gulf Stream off the east Florida coast. Edited by John Boyd A standard ITV closed-circuit television system pro- vided remote observations of experimental fishery New Tube for TV gear towed at depths of more than 60 feet. The gear A new high voltage rectifier tube that promises to was illuminated only by natural sunlight, and the cut television set manufacturing costs and give longer views produced on the TV monitor were sufficiently life has been introduced. clear and sharp for photographinp: by both still and The new tube has been registered as the 2B3-GT, motion picture cameras. and is intended for design into television sets in place of the 1B3-GT. The 2B3-GT has a filament rating In underwater operations, the JTV camera is housed of 1.75 volts at 0.25 amperes as compared with the within a watertight steel cylinder, which is mounted 1.25-volt and 0.2 ampere rating of the 1B3-GT. The in a submersible free-flooded, ball-type "diving belL" 2B3-GT can be operated directly from the f1yback Atop the "diving bell," and connected to it by a gear transformer without a filament dropping resistor- train and yoke assembly, is a water-tight electrically thus saving the manufacturer the cost of the resistor, driven power unit, which permits remote control of associated wiring and assembly expense. the TV camera's scan-360 degrees in azimuth and The 2B3-GT has a new type of filament construc- 90 degrees in elevation. \Vhat the TV camera "sees" tion which promises to give longer life and greater dependability. Other ratings and pin connections re- is projected over a flexible multiconductor cable to a main the same as the 1B.'3-GT. remote control TV monitor aboard the Service's re- search vessel. First Transoceanic Telephone Cable Such a system can conceivably be operated at The laying of the world's first transoceanic telephone much greater depths than a diver can withstand and cable. linking !\orth America and Europe. will begin for much longer periods of time without the risk at- early this year. \ lore than :2,000 miles in length, it will span the Atlantic Ocean between Newfoundland (Continued fl'OlII Page 35) and Scotland. The new cable will enable people any- where in the United States and Canada to talk to those in Europe as if they were making a local tele- phone call, as it will not be subjected to atmospheric dist'urbances, such as electrical storms and fading, that sometimes interfere with existing communications by radio circuits. Due to the fact that the human voice will not carry a great distance over wire, repeaters or "boosters" will be built into the cable every 40 miles. In these repeaters will be special amplifying tubes with oxide-coated nickel cathodes which may operate continuouslv on the ocean hottom for as long as forty years .. Television in Underwater Research . There is now an underwater application of closed- Circuit television which is enablintr the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of ~he Interior, to ob- serve and test the performance of experimental fishery ~ethods and equipment under actual oceanic condi- tIons. The application represents the first practical demon- stration in this countrv of underwater television as a r~search tool for expe~imental work in fishery opera- hon~, and gives promise of a wide range of uses in manne biology and explorations. Underwater application of closed-circuit tele"ision . ~urrently, the Service is utilizing closed-circuit tele- is enabling U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to re- VISionin connection with the development of a mid- motel" observe and test performance of experi- ~vater trawling net and in a remote study of shrimp ment~1 fishery methods and equipment under In their natural habitat. actual oceanic conditions. 27 January 1956 Spartan Engineer McDONNELL F-101 - The Voodoo, an Air Force supersonic fighter that has two J-57 engines with afterburners, is the most powerful jet fighter yet built. BOEING B-52 - Eight J-57 engines, mounted in pairs, power this all-jet, heavy Ail' Force bomber. ,;;'" BOEING 707 - The Stratoliner will usher in commercial CHANCE VOUGHT fau -Powered by a J-57 with afterburner, travel in the jet age. It is the counterpart of the KC-135, the Crusader is the Navy's fastest carrier-based fighter. a military tanker-transport powered by four J -57 engines. The best airplanes .•• are designed around the best engines Today's most valuable military aircraft, capable of its leadership in the field of aircraft powerplants. Ef- Supersonicor intercontinental flight include various fort is now being directed toward the improvement Air Force and Navy fighters, bom'bers and trans- of advanced jet and turboprop designs. Still to be p.ort:'. Among these are nine types that have a anticipated is mastery of current technology's most slgmficant feature in common. They all fly on one provocative problem - the successful development type of engine - the J-57 turbojet. of a nuclear aircraft engine . . Also entrusted to the efficient, dependable opera- Many engineering graduates would like to be tIOnof Pratt & Whitney Aircraft's jet engines will concerned with the air power of the next generation. be the commercial jet transports soon to travel along One way to fulfill that ambition is to pursue a the air lanes of the world. career alongside the Pratt & Whitney Aircraft en- gineers who have consistently produced the world's The excellence of the J-57 is attributed to the best aircraft engines. engineering team that has determinedly maintained World'$ foremo$t de$lgner and builder of aIrcraft engInes PRATT" WHITNEY AIRCRAFT DIVISION OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION EAST HARTFORD 8, CONNECTICUT Z9 January 1956 /k/~1;L., Popular Choice of Students It's no accident that so many graduating engineers have selected CONY AIR. FORT WORTH as the most attractive place {or starting their professional careers. Young engineers with imagination and ambition have unlimited opportuni- ties with CONVAIR. Broad diversification of projects provide opportunities in numerous fields of specialization. Working in ideal, air.conditioned surroundings and with advancement based on merit, you are enabled to make full use of your individual talents. life is good in Fort Worth - where the year-around climate is conducive to outdoor living and recreation - and there are excellent schedules of athletic events, musical and theatrical presentations, ice arena, large lakes, etc. CONY AIR'S in-plant program enables candidates to earn graduate engineering degrees. Write now for infonnation about C0NV AIR'S interest in Engineering graduates. Address H. A. BODLEY CONVAIR Engineering Personnel Dept. FORT WORTH, TEXAS CONVAIR A DIVISION OF GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION FORT WORTH, TEXAS An enlarged reprint 0' the abo .. cut-out silhouette or pinning up. will be sent free to any engiaeering .ultable studeat lor framlnl on request. 30 Spartan Engineer DEW LINE (Colltilll/ed frolll Page 2.'3) ments was a major accomplishment. This reduces diesel oil requirements by about 1 3 in a land where fuel consumption is always a factor. 1n the areas where the DEW Line is being constructed winds sometime exceed the velocity of 100 mph and tempera- tures 50°F below freezing are not an exception. Equip- ment design and all construction must recognize such conditions. The DEW Line must also conserve manpower wherever possible. This is being accomplished by the use of unmanned stations and automatic equipments wherever practicable. Here is engineering wherf' equipment must be designed to operate faithfully around the clock with an absolute minimum of mainte- nance. Many skills are being used to successfully complete the DEW Line project. The men with tbese skills come from the colleges as well as industry. for America's young Research scientists and electronic and communica- engineers with capacity for tion engineers specializing in transmission, propaga- continuing achievements in tion, and outside plant pooled their talents to devise radio and electronics the functional apparatus. Special skills of procure- Today, engineers and physicists ment, expediting, purchasing and transportation were are looking at tomorrow from the needed to effect materials, equipment, vehicles aed men top of this tower ... the famed Microwave Tower of Federal being at the right destination at the right time. Lawyers Telecommunication Laboratories in the domestic and international field made it possible ... a great development unit of the world-wide, American-owned to live with the domestic and international relations International Telephone and which, if normally applied or interpreted, could have Telegraph Corporation. prevented such an undertaking from even being at- Here, too, is opportunity for the young graduate engineers of tempted. America ... opportunity to be The DEW Line project is a noteworthy example of associated with leaders in the electronic field ... to work with cooperation-between governments, armed services, the finest facilities ... to win rec- and civilian enterprises. They are building tomorrow's ognition ... to achieve advance- communications system today. Some techniques de- ment commensurate with capacity. veloped for this work were unknown even three years Learn more about this noted ago. Now shrouded for securi~y .reasons, these a~- Tower of Opportunity ... its long- vances will be serving the public In everyday use III range program and generous em- ployee benefits. See your Place- the foreseeable nlture. ment Officer today for further in- formation about FTL. - INTERESTING ASSIGNMENTS IN- Radio Communication Systems Electron Tubes Microwave Components Electronic Countermeasures Air Navigation Systems 1:;1.1 i_ Missile Guidonce ~~~'" Transistors and other Semiconductor Devices Rectifiers. Computers. Antennas Telephone ond Wire Transmission Systems Fedeml Tekcommunicatiol1 .la/Jora/oriesl!!:lJ Top of the world - Bush planes land on th~ froz~n A Division of Internatianal snow to supply lonel)' construction camps. hke thIS Telephone and Telegraph Corporation one. Some of these bases are only ten mmutes b)' 500 Washington Avenue, Nutley, N. J. air from Russia. 31 January 1956 GET THIS BROCHURE .................................• Secure the brochure from your Placement Director See the Sandia Corporation representative with the Bell Telephone System Recruiting Team Or Write Mr. F. E. Bell, Professional Employment Division, Sandia Corporation SA.N Albuquerque, New Mexico ..J 32 Spa rtan Engineer 'lbday at Martin, one of the finest engineering teams in the world is at work on tomorrow's development and design problems in the fields of AERODYNAM- ICS, ELECTRONICS, STRUCTURES, PROPUL- SION AND NUCLEAR POWER. If you're on the way up - and going far ... if you are willing to apply your ability to the toughest engineering challenge ... you'd do well to look into the Martin story. No matter how limited or extensive your background, there will always be openings on the Martin team for the engineer who has what it takes to go highe1'. Contact your placement officer or J. M. Hollyday, The Martin Company, Baltimore 3, Maryland. 33 January 1956 Openings for Engineers at HAMILTON STANDARD DIVISION UNITED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION Designers and Manufacturers of JET AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT AND PROPELLERS • Jet Fuel Controls (Electronic and Hydro-Mechanical) • • Jet Turbine Starters • (Pneumatic and Combustion) • • • Hydraulic Pumps • (Variable Displacement) • • • Air Conditioning Systems • (Air Cycle and Vapor) Engineering Staff Continuously Expanded for the Past 30 Years - and Still Growing. • Controls and Accessories for largest New Jet Aircraft Equipment Development Program Nuclear Engines in Our History. • Propellers local Graduate Study Program with R.P.I. Available - liberal Tuition Assistance. (for Turbine and Piston Engines) for descriptive booklet and additional information, write to Mr. T. K. Bye, Engineering Dept. 34 WINDSOR LOCKS, CONNECTICUT Spartan Engineer The Houston moving rubber sidewalk, part of a NEW DEVELOPMENTS $2,000,000 improvement program for the Coliseum (Continued from Page 27) and Music Hall, is thc Rrst ever to serve a municipal auditorium. Similiar installatiom are seen as the an- tendant to a diver operating an ordinary underwater swer to the safe, efficient movement of people through filmcamera. many highly congested areas. The value of underwater television as an aid to investigations in marine biology and in limnology has been demonstrated in these operations. In addition to gear research in the commercial fisheries, it may prove to be of assistance in the delineation and har- vesting of clam, oyster, and scallop beds. Closer views might also be obtained of bottom formations, bottom- type fishes, and fishes in their natural habitat, which at present may be located only with difficulty by depth-sounding equipment. Further, underwater TV offers possibilities of direct monitoring of water tem- peratures, current Hows, turbidity, and other oceano- graphic data related to the fisheries. Moving Sidewalk A moving rubber sidewalk, capable of handling 15,000people an hour and featuring the widest con- veyor belt ever used commercially to transport hu- mans, is now in operation in Houston's recently ex- pal}ded Coliseum. The rubber sidewalk began operation as crowds on hand to attend the 23rd Annual Houston Fat Stock Show and Rodeo stood three abreast on the 82-inch wide moving rubber sidewalk. The sidewalk carrieo then~ across a pedestrian bridge that links a huge Scientist inspects iron "crystal." parkmg area with the Coliseum's exposition hall and auditorium. First moving sidewalk to be installed on a bridge, Scientists Make Perfect Iron the belt spans the Buffalo Bayou at a height of 50 Pure and perfect slivers of iron, having breaking feet,.traveling at a speed of 132 feet a minute. The strengths approaching a million pounds per square m?v.mg rubber sidewalk will transport more than a inch-far greater than any other known metal-have mllhon people a year who visit the Coliseum for its been produced on an unprecendented scale by s<.i- year-around schedule of events. entists. Slivers of iron, or "whiskers" as they are called, f In its 114-foot course, the sidewalk belt rises 12 are each a pure iron crystal so perfect that no defects eet to deliver passengers to the exposition hall. T0 ac- can be detected in its structure. The crystals are as ~mm?date passengers leaving the Coliseum area, the much as two inches long and a thousandth of an inch fIfechon of the sidewalk is reversed. Sidewalls, three thick. Previous attempts to produce these "whiskers" eet high, enclose the sidewalk on both sides and are have given crystals which could be observed only e~uipped with moving handrails synchronized with with the aid of a microscope. t e speed of the belt. Passengers step on and off the elt as if it were an escalator. Very little is kn <> <> <> Iloy: '''I\,tlcher, I don 'I have an eraser. 1'(':\('her: "Use the lillie girl's hehind." Excerpt from a soldier's letter-I have had so much o o latrine duty they call me Flush Gordon. 000 0 "Oaddy, it you give Inc a dime, J'll tell you what the iceman said 10 },Jamma." "1f a drunk is a Souse of the Border in !\Jexico, "All righI, here's your dime." what is he in France?" "11(' said: 'Any ice today, Lady?''' "Plaster of Paris." ;:;: * STEPS ~ 1\ I ~\ . STAFF POSITIONS Open on The to success as an ENGINEER 1. AMBITION_it is assumed you have this in SPARTAN abundance or you wouldn't be where you are. ~. GOOD SCHOOL_you are fortunate studying ENCINEER In a fine school with engineering instructors of national renown. 3. THE A.W.FABER-CASTEll HABIT-shared by sllccessfu} engineers the world over. It only costs a fe,:" pennies more to use CASTELL,world's finest * p~ncll,.'n 20 superb degrees, 8B to lOH. Choose from either ImJ;lorted #?OOO wood-encased, Locktite Refill ~older With ~r Without new Tel-A-Grade degree In- dicator, and Imported 9030 drawing Leads. Apply Third Floor, If YOII hope to. be a m~ster in YOllr professiol/, IIse CASTELL,dra~l'/l/g College pel/cll of the masters. store IS Ollt of CASTELL,write to liS. If YOII! Union Building. * 46 - Spartan Engineer In the words of General Sarnoff at thc conclusion of THE VITAL LINK the Fort Meade demonstration: 'The results already (Continued from Page 7) achieved through Army industry cooperation give IlS good reason to believe that fmthcr aehicv('m('nts art' output of his laborors with respect to an agreement of within our reach. This teamwork is continlling in the their employer. laboratories and in the field. The goal is to prOvide No, the engineer docs not only convert abstract and the Armed Forces of the Unit{'{\ States with tll(' most impractical ideas into useful objects, but he must effecti;,c communication by sight, as \\,(,11 :\~ hy sound. deal with individuals, the technical and the non-tech- nical, and he must be prepared to work with and for these individuals. Each year more and more universities are inter- jecting into their curriculum an increasing number of TWO SECONDS TO LIVE liberal arts courses for engineers. Many universities (Contillued frolll Page .5) have even increased the engineering curriculum to five years with the first three being liberal arts and Smith's experience will be felt by every pilot in the the last two scientific studies. At the end of five years inevitable faster days of aviation to come. Every their students receive two degrees, a BA and a BS de- fighter will now be equipped with an ejection seat gree. With this addition of liberal art courses, the with the knowledge that it has been proven that a engineer is now equipped with a well rounded back- pilot can live through a supersonic bailout. It con- ground without which he could not hope to progress stitutes a major contribution to aero-medical research in supersonic escape. very far up the professional ladder. And what of this pilot who became, inadvertantly, We must always remember that the efficiency of one of the most valuable personal contributors to the anything is dependent upon the efficiency of its parts, knowledge of Aviation medicine and the science of and obviously the greater the efficiency the greater pilot survival. Today George Smith is feeling nne and the output. So it is with the whole field of engineer- eager to fly for his company again. On August 23 he ~ng, the greater the efficiency of its men, the greater passed the CAA physical examination, regaining his Its output. Engineering is not recognized by its num- commercial flying certificate. Because of an injury to ber of technical men, not even by its number of de- his liver, he cannot drink anything containing alcohol gree holders, but by its output of useful goods and for the rest of his life. But he is already resigned to services. Engineering is a big field with many job this and feels glad to save his money in the bargain. Opportunities, and the men in it, capable of seeing His weight is back up to 175 pounds, 25 pounds over the whole picture, will be its leaders. his weight at the immediate end of his convalescence, which actually fits his six foot, one inch frame morc proportionately than his original 215 pounds. And what does he think of his contribution to Avia- tion? "Frankly, I'd just as soon it were somebody else who had done it," he admits. "But as long as I did, J MillY ARY TELEVISION just hope it does some good, that we learn somc:thing from it that will increase a guy's chances in trouble." (COlltillucd frolll Page 43) Chances are that we'll never know how many pilots ill the future will owe their lives to that near-deadly public broadcast of a signal from any of the Army's "research" done on the other side of the sound r.arrier combat television cameras. by test pilot George F. Smith. The nationwide colorcast emphasized the future role of color television in two ways. The color conveys ~ore complete information to the commander and his staff. The nationwide broadcast watched on color re' . "Your feet are cold," he complained to his littl<> hcelvers III the Pentagon, at the White House and at bride. "Keep them on your own side of the bed." t e military headquarters throughout the United She immediately began to cry, sobbing, "But John, ~tates, demonstrated another role of television as a you never lIsed to say that before we were married." ~ture means of communication between a theatre o Operation and headquarters in Washington or else- o 000 where. hi "Operation Threshold" is another milestone in the "Son, after four years of college, you're nothing but S sto.ry of teamwork between industry and the Armed a drunk, a loafer, and a damn nuisance. 1 can't think ilirvlces. in the interest of national security-teamwork of one good thing it's done!" at tyPifies the combined effort of American industry ~d the various military departments in developing The son was silent a moment. Suddenly his eyes e best weapons and techniques for our defense brightened. "Well," he said, timidly, "it cured ~Ja of forces. bragging about me." 47 January 1956 COEFFICIENT OF LIPSTICK DISTRIBUTION \Vhen two ~urfaces, one of which is coated with Temppig attempted a series of experiments to deter- a lay('r of lipstick, meet, a certain distribution of the mine the effects of passion, but failed at first because lipstick takes place. The second surface, which was of transmitter trouble. In another attempt the defense originally clean, retains a portion of the material. failed, and accurate results were obtained. The canse This paper is a study of the variables affecting this of II, passion, is as yet unknown, but it has been shown distribution and the determination of the coefficient that any amount of it renders useless the consideration of distribution. of any other variable. II causes the number of applica- tions per unit time to increase greatly. The study of NO\IE1\CLA TUnE this variable is the most difficult of all, but Temppig's work seems quite adequate. P pressure Other variables of less importance include tempera- T numlwr of applications ture, area of the transmitter, and area of the receiving C temperature surface. It seems that more lipstick is distributed in A 1 area of transmitter the month of June, a period of high mean temperature, than in any other month of the year. The areas of the A~ area of rccdvl'r contacting surfaces have their direct effect. i-Newton's constant p-puckl'r factor WORKING EQUATIONS Units t-timl' II-passion P-pressure in lb.; sq. in. B-surfacc conditions T -number of applications O-distribution cocfficient C-means centrigrade temperature of the f)-distribution mouth NOTES ON TilE VARIABLES At-area of transmitter in sq. in. The most important \ ariable in the distribution of A~-area of receiver in sq. in. lipstick is that of pressure. Tlarris reports that in 1943 t-time in seconds tests, using variations in pressure, the amount of material transferred was a direct function of the pres- i-light intensity in candlepower sure. Thc report tl'nds to hcar out the experiments B-Standard Rasp Number (A.S.~II.) of Stockflcth, who used several transmitters under tIll' same laboratory cenditions, i.e., on the same night. p-pucker factor in wrinkles /linear inch Stockfleth conducted his tests in the Pi Beta Phi labora- tory in 1941. When the pressure is zero, the distribu- tion is also zero; as the pressure increases the flow of ~1ETHODS OF CONDUCTING TESTS lipstick increases rapidly up to a certair~ maximum. To secure the necessary data for use in the equa- Under extremely high pressures the equilibrium occurs tions, tests must be conducted under the standard when the amount of lipstick on one surface is equal to conditions. One variable alone is allowed to vary in that on the other. each set of determinations. The only apparatus neces- 13,the yariable measuring the surface conditions is sary is the lipstick, two willing surfaces, and a standard an exponential function of the pucker factor and p;es- 200-mesh linen handkerchief which must be un- sure. Under n.ormal operating conditions, the surface starched. A test of pressure, for example, will probably of the contactmg areas is fairly smooth. However if require twenty determinations, all with different pres- the sur:aces a:e contracted and drawn up into fo'lds sures. The results should be placed in order around and wnnkles, I.e., puckered, surface conditions are far the edge of the handkerchief with notes as to the from .being ideal for complete distribution. As pres- surface conditions. If any signs of passion are present, sure II1creases, the surface becomes mOre ideal i e disregard the results of the test but continue to run smooth. ' .. , them until all signs of passion ar~ dissipated. As many ?ther factors are also important in the distribution as 150-175 determinations may be nm in the course ratI~. The intensity of light, i.e., has an inverse effect. of an evening under norma) operating conditions. If A~ hght becomes brighter, less and less lipstick is dis- conditions become ideal do not hesitate to take ad- tnbuted. The amount dispensed in total darkness vantage, as they may be hard to duplicate. approaches infinity. -From Montana Engineer 48 Spartan Engineer TO AN ENGINEER'S SWEETHEART •• • Verily I say unto you, marry not an engineer, for Yea, though he holdeth his damsel's hand but only the engineer is a strange being and possessed of many to measure the friction, and hc kisses only to test the devils. viscosity. Yea, he speaketh eternally in parables which he For in his eyes shineth a faraway look which is calleth "Formulae." neither love nor longing, but a vain attempt to recall And he wieldeth a big stick he calleth a slide rule, a formula. und he hath one Bible-a Hand Book. There is Gne key dear to his heart, and that is a He talketh always of stresses and strains and with- Tau Beta Pi key, and one love letter for which he out end of Thermodynamics. yearneth, a "B." And when to his damsel he writeth of love and He showeth always a serious aspect and seemeth signeth with x's, mistake not these symbols for kisses, not to know how to smile. but for unknown quantities And he picketh his seat in the car by the springs When a boy, he pulleth a girl's hair to test the elas- thereof and not by the damsel bseide him. ticity, but as a man he discovers different devices. Neither does he know a waterfall except by its or he would count the vibrations of her heart beat power, nor a damsel except for her specific heat. and he reckoned her strength of materials. Always he carrieth his books with him and he en- or he seeketh ever to pursue the scientific investiga- tertaineth his maiden with "Steam Tables." tion, even his heart Rutterings he counteth as a vision Verily though she expecteth chocolates when he of beauty, and inscribeth his passion in a formula. calleths, she opens the package to disclose samples And his marriage is a simultaneous equation, in- of iron ore. volving two unknowns and yileding diverse answers. INDUSTRIES THAT MAKE AMERICA GREAT OIL ••• FLUID ENERGY FOR AN ENERGETIC PEOPLE B&W, working cooperatively with the oil ~~u~eoil spouting from the earth is the economy makes finding new res~rve~ to companies, is providing efficient, econom- II OllS fountain that has put this nation be tapped an unending, expen~lve JO~. ical steam throughout the petroleum in- o,.n wheels and wings. Oil has made mil- And it is to the industry's credit that It IOnsof ho .. dustry-as it does throughout all U. S. fort bl mes and bUlldmgs more com- is reinvesting-year after year-so much industry. The Babcock & Wilcox Com- a e and, through the "magic" of of its own money in exploration, research petro-chem' t pany, Boiler Division, 161 East 42nd hav b ISry, hundreds of new products and expansion--determined to be ready Street, New York 17, N. Y. to fe een created, ranging from fabrics to meet a market for petroleum fuels N-193 ormaldehYde. that is expected to climb to an awesome pro~od.ern,advanced refining methods are $32 billion annually by 1975. eVeruc~ng the most powerful gasolines The petroleum industry always has de- cars \~red,. t~ fuel America's 47 million pended on steam for power, he~t!ng and roads' d.e aIrlInes' planes and the rail- processing. And steam's versatilIty was leum fo~esels.depend on the same petro- most recently demonstrated ~hen several Th their tremendous power. major refineries contracted WIth B&W to manye roc~eting importance of oil to so build special Carbon Monoxide boilers to major segments of the nation's convert waste gases into useful power. 49 January 1956 Huahes.equlpped T~29 Uflylna: l.bor.torY' for systems evaluation. Flight evaluation of advanced interceptor electronic ffYstem uses unique approach. T-29 tfINTERCEPTOR" THE DEVELOPMENT OF AIRBORNE ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS REQUIRES THOROUGH FLIGHT EVALUATION OP BREADBOARD AND PROTOTYPE EQUIPMEI'lT PRIOR TO FINAL DESIGN. AT HUGHES. SYSTEMS FOR INTERCEPTORS ARE FIRST TESTED IN "FLYING LABORATORIES" IN WHICH THE EQUIPMENT 1$ READILY ACCESSIBLE TO SYSTEMS TEST ENGINEERS One interesting problem recently confront- ing Hughcs engineers was that of evaluating the requirements imposed upon the pilot of a high-speed one-man interceptor. This arose in the development of a new integrated elec- tronic system to control sevcral phases of an all-wcather interceptor's /light. Because of thc grcat importance of providing the pilot with the oprimum design and arrangemcnt of displays and controls, it became nccessary to dctcrmine accurately the pilot's work load during lIight, and thc human factors that affcct his ability to carry out his task. The solution was to install a complete mock-up of the actual interceptor cockpit in a large T-29 aircraft in which a breadboard model of the system was being testcd. From ..,... this cockpit a test pilot can simultaneously I SYSTEMS ENGINEERS operate the electronic system and lIy the I T-29, performing all the functions of an in- I I Required are engineers with a basic interest terceptor pilot. Systems test enginecrs and I in the system concept, who have the ability psychologists analyze his problems and his I to develop new evaluation techniques and performance, and adapt thc cockpit design I I conduct higWy controlled tests. They should to thc natural abilities of the human pilot. I be able to resolve complex circuitry prob- The result will be a much better "fit" of pilot lems, and have sufficient resourcefulness and and electronic system prior to final flight follow-through to carry a difficult program testing in the tactical interceptor. to its ultimate goal. Convair F-102 all-weather interceptor, Hughes-equipped. Scientific Stqff Relations HUGHES RESEARCH AND DEVEL.OPMENT LABORA'T'OAII!:S Culver City, Los Angeles County, California 50 . er Spartan Engme .--""-'.--~-~ ~~WhenI look over the fence ... I "Since the day when man made his first brief airborne flight, the advance in aeronautics has been little short of fantastic. Tremendous achievements have opened new avenues of progress that were but idle dreams of yesteryear. We live in a new dimension! "To the young men of today, these new avenues of progress in aeronautics and the related sciences reveal almost limitless opportunities for success. As an engineer in quite another field I am constantly drawn to look over the fence to see what I see. And I am fascinated with the great and fast-growing opportunities that are there. So much so, that to the potent message of a previous century, 'Go West, young man; I am prompted to add .. .'Look up, young man, reach for the stars, for they lead to great things~"* CHARLES LUCKMAN Partner - PEREIRA & LUCKMAN Planning - Architecture -;-Engineering Out of his own successful engineering career, Charles Luckman sets a sure course for today's trained young man when he says "reach for the stars~' In the aircraft industry, the expression is strikingly exemplified by the records of thousands of far-seeing young men who have graduated into secure positions that offer lasting success. What was yesterday's single field has today come to include a multitude of spe- cialized sciences. At Northrop Aircraft-world leader in the design and production of all-weather and pilotless aircraft -the young engineer is provided a host of activities from which to choose. Each offers success opportuni- ties positively unbounded. For detailed information rega1'ding specific openings in your field of specialization, write Manager of Engi- neering Industrial Relations, Northrop Aircraft, Inc., 1001 East Broadway, Hawthome, California. ~NORTHROP .From an address to the American Society of Civil Engineers, Los Angeles, California. 52 Spartan Engineer Editorial Has engineering sterotyped your mind? Do you find yourself continually contemplating engineering sub- Jects? These questions are not directed at you, but listen to those other fellows in Olds Hall converse. Between class, bull sessions are continually spiced with numbers, formulas and theories. The halls are filled, between the hour and ten after, with interesting conversation on how close your answer was to mine, the instructor's wrong theory and how did you do it. One can't tell where class ends or begins. You must walk outside and down the sidewalk a ways to get a "break." Let's get away from Olds Hall and broaden our con- versational repertoire. For diversion, the trip to the coast supplies interesting subjects. Those of you who took the trains must have had an enjoyable trip. They have surely made progress on the rails. Swift transportation with the diesel. Smooth riding. The noise excluded from the cars. Grandad never dreamed of some of the con- veniences now on iron wheels. Myself, I drove out in a driveaway. Those automo- bile men built their imagination itself into that new Lin- coln. In Oklahoma somewhere we reached the thou- sand mile point. No need to drive in for a grease job, just press the button. Those of you who rode the trains missed Hoover Dam. What a spectacle that is. How they could even crawl into that canyon, let alone bring materials and stop that mighty flow, astounds me. Somebody used his head. There wasn't anybody who missed those slot ma- chines in Vegas though. Like myself, you thought you could beat them too. After pouring my nickels into them, I was told they always payoff sixty-forty. Guess who gets the sixty. They were perfect examples of the sci~nce of probability that we studied last term. After recallmg my lessons I noted that my chance of three gold nuggets popping up was one chance in three thousand one hun- dred and twenty-five. And then there was L.A. What a fabulous place that was. Disneyland nite clubs and Pershing Square; but what do you re~ember most? I can't help visualizing those ultra modern freeway.s. Layed down through the heart of the city. An engineering feat that causes marvel. Engineering! How did we get on that? H.N. 53 January 1956 A CAREER WITH GENERAL MOTORS Here's what Delco Products ENTRANCE ~ happens when you take a job with DH~O 1 When you take a job with Delco 2 You enter into a well-organized Products, you start a career with training program-a program spe- PRODU~I~ General Motors-with leading manufacturer a division known throughout the world as a of electric motors, hydraulic shock absorbers, cifically designed to take full ad- vantage of your particular interests and abilities. You don't just "go back to school." Instead, you learn and many other products. by doing, with top-flight supervision. SUPERVISOR MOTOR qntl GENERATOR lABORATOR'.# 3 As a trainee you get into every 4 Training completed, you'll be 5 With Delco's policy of pro~o- conceivable phase of Delco's engi- given a specific departmental as- tion from within, your opportunities neering operations - engineering signment. Progress can be made in for advancement are virtually un- laboratory, plant engineering, draft- product development, technical limited. Not every trainee becomes ing, sales, processing, standards, staff operations, sales, or in manu- a supervisor, but some go much quality control. Additional assign- facturing supervision-according to farther. Many General Motors !ap ments are often made in related your interests and capacity for executives today are "graduates' of departments for broader experience. future development. Delco Products Division. If this opportunity interests you, sign up for the GM interview on your campus and ask for referral to Delco Products. For DELCO booklet detailing Delco's engineering activities, write to: PRODUD~S~S E. J. Bentley, Supervisor, Graduate Delco Products Division, GMC Dayton 1, Ohio Training Aj•••• I I C£NEUl ,.,.OfOIllS General Motors Corporation 0 yton Ohio 0 , 54 Spartan Engineer N. T.Avant, aerodYllamicist (left), R. R. Heppe, Aerodynamic Department head (center), and C. F. Branson, aerodYllalllicist, discuss wind tunllel tests to determine transition height of a supersonic superiority fighter. Hovering to High Speed Flight: Lockheed Aerodynamics Proiects Offer Advanced Problems Aerodynamics Engineers at Lockheed are working on advanced prob. lems that cover virtually every phase of aircraft. The full scope of their work can be seen in the wide range of aerodynamics problems encountered in Lockheed's diversified development program. Among the advanced problems are: 1 Determine means of controlling a supersonic vertical rising aircraft through the transition flight stages from horizontal to vertical flight. 2 Determine the dynamic response of supersonic aircraft in high rate rolls by application of five degrees of freedom analysis procedures. 3 Study optimum operating descent procedures to minimize costs on a new turboprop commercial aircraft. 4 Conduct and analyze wind tunnel research on new and radically different external radomes to be carried at high speed by early warning aircraft. InAdditional' formation . on these problems and data on L oc kh eed's Aerodynamics Division 5 Perform generalized aeroelastic analysis combining structural and aerodynamic knowledge to determine optimum lateral control de- is available to interested engineers. vices for use on very high speed, low load factor aircraft. Address inquiries to R. R. Heppe. These _ and many other - significant problems have created new posi- tions for experienced Aerodynamics Engineers and Aerodynamicists in Lockheed's expanding program of diversified development. You are invited 10 contact your Placement Officer for a brochure describing life and work at Lockheed in the San Fernando Valley. LOC K HE ED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION CALIFORNIA DIVISION BURBANK CALIFORNIA January 1956 55 SIDETRACKED Peeved patron in restaurant: "You say you're the ROTC Sergeant: "Does your uniform fit satisfac- same waiter I gave my order to? Somehow I expected torily?" a much older man." Frosh: "Well, the jacket is okay, sir, but the pants are a bit snug under the armpits." An Engineer is a person who passes as an exacting expert on the basis of being able to turn out with prolific fortitude infinite strings of incomprehensible "The more I think about going out and getting a formulae calculated with misromatic precision from job the more I think about staying on for a Master's." vague assumptions which are based on debatable figures taken from inconclusive experiments carried out with instruments of problematical accuracy by per- A self-styled reformer was watching a trench being sons of doubtful ability and questionable mentality dug with modern machine methods. He said to the for the avowed purpose of annoying and confounding superintendent: a hopelessly chimerical group of fanatics referred to all too frequently as Engineers. "This machine has taken jobs from scores of men. Why don't you junk it and put 100 men in that ditch (Editor's note: Engineers have no use for English; with shovels?" so supply your own punctuation.) The superintendent snorted: "Better still, why not o o o o put 1,000 men in there with teaspoons?" One lady passenger on the train asked the porter to open the window next to her. "Otherwise, I'll suffo- PERPETUAL MOTION cate," she said. The lady next to her protested, "If that A beachcomber was walking along the beach when window is opened, I'll freeze to death!" he spied a small crowd at the water's edge. Two life "What would you do, boss?" the porter asked a guards had succeeded in rescuing a drawing man and traveling salesman seated nearby. were now unsuccessfully trying to revive him. A pul- "Keep it closed for a while and suffocate the first motor didn't seem to do much good, so the rescue one," muttered the salesman. "Then open it and freeze crew tried a stomach pump. the other one!" Out of the victim's mouth came seaweed, oyster shells, salt water, more oyster shells, more seaweed, more salt water. . . . Finally he could stand their in- competency no longer. Strolling over he observed: Ed: "Give me a cigarette, Joe." Joe: "I thought you had quit smoking." "Say, look here. I think it would help a lot if you Ed: "Well, I got to the first stage. I've quit buying.' fellows would take his behind out of the water." The chorus girl swept into the dressing room with Hit by an army jeep passing through the French a mink coat draped casually over her arm. countryside, a hen got up, straightened her feathers "Dearie," asked one of the other girls, "how did you and muttered, "Lively little cuss, but he didn't get any- ever get such a gorgeous mink? Why, I've been where." struggling for years to get one." "Honey," replied the other, "you mustn't struggle . . . ever." A professor, whose theories were always open to doubt, but who nonetheless found many and devious ways of proving them, was lecturing on insects at a "Could I have a furlough, sir? I have to help my university. wife with the spring cleaning." "On my right hand," he said to his students, "I have "I don't like to refuse you, Jones, but I have a letter a flea. I now order him to jump over to my left hand from your wife and she says that you are of no earthly As you see, the flea obeys me. "Now." he continued, use around the house during spring cleaning." "I remove the legs of the flea and order it jump. You "Sir, there are two people in this outfit who handle note that it does not jump. Therefore, we have scien- the truth very loosely. One of them is me. I am not tific proof that a flea whose legs arc removed becomes married." deaf." 56 Spartan Engineer