"I find the Applied Research Laboratory of U. S. Steel an interesting and rewarding place in which to work." The rapid rise of Mr. Bachman at Refractories Division, at this labora- of other engrossing operations which United States Steel's Applied Re- tory. make up the daily work of this con- search Laboratory in Monroeville, Mr. Bachman has said: "At U. S. stantly expanding industry. If y°u Pa., is typical of that of many scien- Steel's Applied Research Labora- tists and engineers who have come to are interested in a challenging and tory, we are actively solving prob- rewarding career with United States U. S. Steel from college and who lems that are of vital importance to have staked their future with this Steel and feel that you can qualify, the steel industry. These problems why not get in touch with your col- organization. are many and varied, including as lege placement director for further Mr. Bachman received his B.S. they do activities in the fields of Degree in 1951 and his M. S. Degree information? Moreover, we shall be physics, chemistry, mathematics, pleased to send you a copy of our in 1952. Both of these degrees were and electrical, mechanical and met- in Ceramic Engineering. While at informative booklet, Paths of Op- allurgical engineering." portunity, upon request. Simply college, he served as a Research As- sistant on a commercial research Today, more than ever before, the write to United States refractories problem. young man graduating from college Steel Corporation, Per- will find every opportunity for rapid sonnel Division, Room In June, 1952, Mr. Bachman was growth opened to him at U. S. Steel employed in the Refractories Divi- 1662, 525 William Penn ^J0 —whether in research or in hundreds Place, Pittsburgh 30, Pa. sion of the Applied Research Labora- tory as Assistant Technologist. Dur- ing his four years of employment, he has received two promotions. Today, he is the Supervising Technologist, AvioNICS-MISSILE GUIDANCE -JET ENGINE FUEL CONTROLS - COMPUTERS - COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT- CIVIL DEFENSE AVIATION-AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS all offer you personally, opportunities that demand investigation. To arrange personal, confidential interview in your territory, write today to Mr. Jonn F. Heffinger, Supervisor of Salaried Personnel. What Does Phillips Offer the Technical Graduate? To the technical graduate Phillips Petroleum Company, one of the na- tion's groat integrated oil companies, oilers a choice of many attractive opportunities, including a career in petrochemicals . . . America's fastest- growing industry. Phillips is a pioneer and leader in this field. Phillips research and Phillips man- ufacturing operations encompass such diversilied products as synthetic rub- ber, carbon black, chemical fertilizers, plastics, rocket fuels, and a wide variety of special chemicals. Phillips also is active in the field of atomic energy and operates one of the government's major reactor installations. As an in- tegrated oil company Phillips is en- gaged in exploration, production, manufacturing and distribution, and is a major producer of automotive fuels and lubricants. At Phillips You Choose Your Career At Phillips you can decide among many promising careers in an industry with an unlimited future. And Phillips policy of "promotion from within" offers you the opportunity for ad- vancement to positions of increasing responsibility and importance. PHILLIPS PETROLEUM COMPANY Bartlesville, Oklahoma Once you have shed the cocoon of college Whatever it is you want for yourself curricula, where and how you will live and family, New Jersey has it. becomes as important as where and how you will work. At some time during the college year, representatives of the Company will visit To those of you thinking about opera- your campus. Make it your business to tion job hunt, Public Service Electric and talk with them. They have an interesting Gas Company has a story to tell. opportunity story to tell. The Company — one of the country's In the meantime, use the coupon for greatest utilities — serves a compact area literature on "You, a Job, and New of New Jersey, with New York and the Jersey". Hudson on the north and Philadelphia and the Delaware on the south. This bit of territory offers much to the young men when, as, and if considering home and family—where they should live and how. It is in the heart of the world's largest concentration of purchasing power; it has the widest diversification of interests — economic and social — of any area of its size in the country. Replete with Americana, this service area of ours has cultural, educational, and recreational advantages second to no other. A large portion of the world's research activities are conducted here. FEATURES 10 Nuclear Radiation Effects on Metals 13 JETS Contribute to Education 20 The New Brain at Michigan State 24 You Too Can be a Mathematical Genius 64 Basco Nobles—Muddles Through DEPARTMENTS 48 Clubs and Societies 36 New Developments 72 Student Authors Page They can...if you start your Douglas career now! Douglas has many things to offer the career- minded engineer! ...there's the stimulating daily contacts with men who have designed and built some of the world's finest aircraft and missiles! ...there's enough scope to the Douglas opera- tion so a man can select the kind of work he likes best! ...there's security in the company's $2 Billion backlog of military and commercial contracts! ...and there's every prospect that in 10 years you'll be where you want to be professionally, and you'll be in both the income level and geo- graphical location to enjoy life to its full. There's satisfaction in meeting a challenge For engineers worth their salt, challenge is stimulating. We live in such an atmosphere at Detroit Edison, a company internationally known for its bold, imaginative engineering. But let's be specific. Soon it's going to be sound economics for us to transmit energy at 345 kv. There's not much precedent to draw on; much remains to be clarified about system design, operation, radio interference, line losses, relays, system integration, lightning performance. Where does the challenge stop? Or take the problem of heat exchange. We're deep in atomic power plant design, where sodium is the primary coolant. Efficient heat exchange is essential! There's the same problem with respect to gas turbines and critical-pressure boilers, too. We also plan to use our digital computers, and like equipment, in new, untried ways. Applying them to engineering and management problems, for example. But it will take time AND talent to do some creative engineering first. / / these challenges—a few at random—suggest a career that appeals to you . . . well, YOU appeal to us. Stop at your Placement Office and arrange an early interview. ONLY 35 YEARS AGO.. oilfield compressors featured long belt drives like this... IN THOSE DAYS, a compressor was one thing and a gas engine was another. When you hooked them together with a long belt you used up most of a large building. The "no-man's-land" between the units was useless — uninhabitable because of the dangerous flying belts. 25 YEARS AGO. INNGERSOLL-RAND led compressor manufacturers in the de- velopment of integral gas engine compressors, pioneering a new concept in compressor design, the revolutionary V-angle engine. This was the famous "XVG," which used articulated connecting rods - the first of the 4-cycle, V-angle engine compressor family by Ingersoll-Rand. and TODAY... E A C H of these modern, turbo- charged KVS units packs 2000 horsepower of gas-engine compres- sor into only 375 square feet of floor space. The KVS was the world's first turbocharged gas-en- gine compressor—the youngest and biggest member of the extensive I-R engine-compressor line. It started another new trend in the industry. If you'd rather help make in- dustrial history than read about it, why not investigate the fine job opportunities available with Ingersoll-Rand —recognized leader in the machinery field. For further information contact your Place- ment Office or write Ingersoll- Rand. REPUBLIC has been pioneering new concepts in aircraft design for over 25 years. Our present production plane is the most advanced fighter-bomber in the U.S. Air Force—the incredible F-105 Thunderchief. Our Guided Missiles Division is investigat- ing the upper atmosphere and advanced satellite problems; and have created the first portable, inexpensive rocket, Terrapin. Our engineers are working ten years ahead . . . which means that every project you're assigned to is at a research or develop- mental level. And you get a crack at responsible assignments from the s t a r t . . . modern facilities to test out your ideas . . . with engineering aides to do the routine work. Well —for one —there's Alexander Kartveli, Vice President, Re- search & Development, who sparked the Thundercraft series. There's Dr. Theodore Theodorsen, for another—among whose accomplishments is the theory of wing-flutter —who heads our Scientific Research G r o u p . . . and there are hundreds of other engineers and scientists of major stature. You'll live on Long Island with its fabulous beaches and parks — less than an hour from New York City's cultural and enter- tainment facilities.. .giving a man the best combination for a well-rounded life...and enough money to enjoy it —coupled with a benefit program that's a model for the industry. Only you can answer t h a t . . . and your talent is the key. But everything that is possible for a company to do —for you to achieve your maximum potential — REPUBLIC does . . . including attendance and presentation of papers at professional meetings and advanced studies at prominent universities and colleges. Nuclear Radiatitffects on Metals I INTRODUCTION and third, consideration of the implications. There has The giant step from fundamental physical research been no attempt toward rigor in the treatment of to practical application is often taken quickly. Like crystal structure or mechanisms involved. At the con- analogous transitions in other areas of human affairs clusion of the article is a substantial bibliography on it leaves the participants gasping for breath. Such has the subject which will serve to amplify these remarks. been the case in the field of atomic and nuclear physics. II PHYSICAL TERMS, STRUCTURES, AND The past half-century, and more particularly the MECHANISMS last fifteen years, has seen a revolution in the physical Our title for the article contains two indicative sciences. This, most of us appreciate. However, what phrases: "Nuclear Radiation" and "Metals." To investi- we may be failing to evaluate is the fact that what gate effects of one on the other we will have to con- was once the sacred domain of the theoretician is now sider several characteristics of each separately. tair game for the engineer. More explicitly we may even say that it is the responsibility of the engineer. A. Nuclear Radiation The social scientist points out the culture lag that Fifteen years ago the world's best staffed "Metal- Follows periods of rapid change. To some extent we lurgical Laboratory" was in full operation at the Uni- are experiencing a period of "realization lag." The versity of Chicago. Under the leadership of A. H. engineering undergraduate is emerging into a field Compton (who was a visiting distinguished professor where huge enterprises are already advertising for at M.S.U. last Spring) and Enrico Fermi, the labora- Reactor Engineers" and dozens of texts have been tory was engaged in the construction of the first atomic written and titled "Introduction to Nuclear Engineer- pile. ing" or some variation thereof. Named the "Metallurgical Laboratory" for security As a result curriculum, too, lags. This is natural and reasons, one of the most critical problems faced by the it is prophetic to note that our engineering school has staff scientists was indeed metallurgical in nature. already included a course in nuclear energy in the What would be the effects of nuclear radiation on the Prescribed program. However, the time hiatus does reactor and its structural materials? not represent an adequate excuse for the discerning student to remain aloof from the implications of the In a sense, these various types of radiation can be atomic age" in his profession. This is not a responsi- considered as sub-microscopic "missiles." The "mis- bility of the future; it is with us now. siles" occur in the forms of alpha and beta particles, neutrons, protons and fission fragments. (Gamma rays This article is a survey of just one important engi- and neutrons are also emitted but their effects are not neering consideration of this entire area. The resource within the scope of this article.) materials were largely obtained from investigations Each is a distinct particle and as such has a certain into so -called "radiation damage." The object of these mass associated with it. The beta particle (or elec- articles was Primarily the dissemination of information tron ) has been experimentally measured at a cgs mass regarding the demage done to the materials used in of 9.1 x l(h->8gm and assigned a new designation of nuclear reactors by the resultant exposure to radiation. .00055 amu (atomic mass unit). The proton and the Thisdoesnot mean that the results of these investiga- neutron are approximately equal in mass and of the tionsarerestricted in their application. order of 1.7 x 10~24gm. (The proton has a mass of Consequently our plan of attack will be: first, a about 1.008 amu and the neutron about 1.009 amu). brief discussion of the terms and physical mechanisms (Continued on page 76) involved; second, an investigation of five basic effects, 11 what does outer space mean to you? Because of an unmatched record of scientific ex- perience in upper-air research as builders of the Viking Rocket series for the Navy, Martin was awarded the prime contract on the project known as ESV VANGUARD-the Earth Satellite Vehicle that will take its place in history as man's first exploratory step in the conquest of the final frontier, space itself. What does space mean to you as an engineer? Today, no other aircraft company in the world can give you more penetrating answers to that question. And tomorrow... If you are interested in the greatest engineering adventure of our time, contact J. M. Hollyday, The Martin Company, Baltimore 3, Maryland. JETS Contribute to Education John Dewey was one of the present-day contributors In constructing their projects the student must usually to modern education. In his many works he expressed combine principles of mathematics, physical science, the idea that effective education must control the and industrial arts. This gives him the opportunity individual's environment, so that he may become a to put into practice some of the theories he has sharer in the society. Today, many of our educators acquired in the classroom. Also this tends to show are trying to put Dewey's theories into practice. the relationships between these various subjects and If we look at our society of today, many of us will their importance. A somewhat astounding fact of conclude that it is one of a highly technical nature. G.R. club is that considering the former members, This is especially apparent if we look at the toys many with the exception of two or three, all are now directly small kids received for Christmas. These ranged from small rocket ships to ray-guns. Formerly, toys may involved in some field of the sciences. not have been as advanced technically, but they did "I really didn't know at all what the engineering consist of technical principles, and most youngsters profession consisted of," confided a sophomore M.E. took a great interest in them. major from Okemos, "until after becoming a member It seems that the young kids of America were always of the JETS." These clubs go on many field trips to little engineers. Doesn't it seem alarming when we industrial areas. Many club members feel that these read the newspapers and hear of the shortage of engi- trips give them a more precise knowledge of the work neers in our society? Just what happens to all the of an engineer. They also feel that it gives them the young minds which start out so well on the road to the engineering profession? Is our society one which opportunity to observe aspects of the different fields doesn't give the youth a fair chance to become an of engineering. This may help when they try to select engineer or are our educational systems at fault? the field which is closest to their interests. Many clubs If you ask a college student in Liberal Arts why he show movies and have professional people of engi- isnt studying engineering, he usually answers, "Oh, neering give talks at their meetings. Through these it was that algebra. I could get the concepts and facilities, the clubs seem to give the club members a formulas all right, but I could never see any way to aPply them." If we support Dewey's theory, we may feel that our system of education has been at fault and something should be done to correct it. An at- tempt in this direction has been made in the form of the JETS (Junior Engineering Technical Society) clubs. In the November, 1956, issue of the Engineer, the s t o r y of the origin and function of the JETS was presented. Probably from an educational standpoint the main purpose of the JETS is in supplying condi- tions for the students to put into practice what they have learned in the classroom. We may wonder if the JETS, as such, do supply the necessary purposes in serving our society. A Junior E.E. major, from the Grand Rapids South High School makes the following report. The G.R. South High School JETS club does a g r e a t d e a l o f w o r k O n proj- ects. These projects are left up to the individual. He may choose to work on a project which involves prin- ciples that he is interested in. The G.R. club also started selecting certain noon hours when the members go to the industrial shop for instructions on shop work. How else canyouryour training ? Meet Walt Wagner—SB and SM in Business and Engineering Administra- tion . . . and an editor who never wrote a word for publication before he joined McGraw-Hill! Today, barely six years out of college, Walt is near the top of his chosen profession as Assistant Managing Editor of FACTORY—the McGraw-Hill Publishing Company's magazine for production-minded en- gineers and plant-operating executives. Let Walt tell you how this successful and challenging career of .his came about: As a field Engineer at Hughes, through cess of the Field Service and Support trading and assignment you will become Division are the Technical Manuals familiar with the entire systems involved, Engineer, Training School Engineers, including the most advanced electronic Technical Liaison Engineers, and Field computers. With this knowledge you Modification Engineers. will he ideally situated to broaden your This Hughes activity is a highly trained experience and learning for future appli- organization of expert engineers, giving cation in either the military or commer- support to the armed services and air- cial held. frame manufacturers using the company's The national respect which Hughes equipment. Locations are in Southern commands in the held of advanced elec- California, continental U.S., overseas. tronics is in no small part due to the We invite you to join this team. For technical support provided by the Field further information write us at the Engineers. Other contributors to the suc- address below. I l l a world where understanding is the only hope, it is needful that we pay tribute to the engineer. To the man. Not his muscle of machines and mine not the might of the atom or industry. But more his knowledge, his compassion, his humility . . . more his mind and attitude that are our building stone for progress in peace. Highlights of your future with Honeywell! HONEYWELL IS A GROWTH COMPANY! Honeywell has the proven skills to design, engineer and A growth company is one where men move ahead be- build the equipment required by an increasingly auto- cause of opportunity and challenge . . . where problems matic world and to sell its products profitably. are turned into progress . . . where employment, sales and income increase steadily year after year. RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING ARE Honeywell, today's world leader in the automatic IMPORTANT AT HONEYWELL! control field, is such a company. For the past 30 years, Research, design-development and product engineering sales have doubled or tripled every five years ($1,084,- are indispensable for continued growth. Honeywell's 259 in 1926; $244,482,068 in 1955). Employment has research and engineering have advanced twice as fast increased from 720 to over 25,000 in the same period, as growth in sales. and net earnings have climbed from $424,241 to $19,278,648. Honeywell's growth from a small thermostat com- pany has been stimulated by research. And today re- This healthy growth of Honeywell is shown in the search and development work in metallurgy, ceramics, table below. heat transfer, plastics, vacuum tubes, ultrasonics, The future is even more challenging. Planned diver- magnetic materials, semi-conductors, and combustion sification puts Honeywell in such new fields as office and suggests new growth. Never in history has the potential factory automation, process control, transistors, plas- of these and similar Honeywell development programs tics, atomic energy, electronics, missiles and satellites. looked so promising. HONEYWELL MEN ADVANCE RAPIDLY! Aeronautical Controls: Research, engineering and The ability to accept and discharge responsibility, and manufacturing plants in Minneapolis, St. Petersburg to plan and execute programs mean advancement. Men and Los Angeles. who get things done, get better jobs. Precision Switches: Engineering and manufacturing in Such is the case at Honeywell. Ability, drive and the Freeport and Warren, Illinois, and Independence, Iowa; spirit of team play—combined with education and ex- research facilities in Denver. perience—determine where and how fast you progress. Ordnance and Missiles: Engineering and manufactur- And our growth means we are always eager to find men ing in Minneapolis, Monrovia, Calif., and Seattle, Wash. with capacity for greater responsibility. Servo Components and Controls: Engineering and Who measures this? Your immediate supervisor does. manufacturing plants in Boston. He will speed your progress by seeking your ideas and Oscillographic and Photographic Equipment: Re- opinions, by stimulating your interest and enthusiasm search, engineering and manufacturing facilities in and by giving you additional responsibilities as you are Denver. ready to accept them. Transistors: Research, engineering and manufacturing Then, twice a year he will review your accomplish- plants in Boston. ments with you and determine your salary increases. Research: In addition to research and engineering A program like this is assurance that contributions are activities carried on by various divisions, Honeywell rewarded by compensation and advancement. also maintains a Research Center in the Minneapolis There are other factors that accelerate advancement. suburb of Hopkins. Prime concern of the Center is Engineers predominate among our vice-presidents, basic projects of interest to the entire organization. divisional executives and departmental managers. So, Whichever Honeywell division or location you attitudes and opinions of our scientists and engineers choose, you'll be assured of special training to help you are understood and supported by management. grow in your job. This training includes regular on-the- Honeywell is composed of small units working as a job instruction, formal classes at the company and team. These units multiply opportunities for early tuition-aid courses at nearby institutions. managerial experience and lay the foundation for more HOW TO LEARN MORE ABOUT HONEYWELL! important management assignments in future years. HONEYWELL OFFERS M A N Y EXTRA BENEFITS! A Honeywell representative can answer your questions The importance of benefits in career planning cannot and give you additional information about opportuni- be underestimated. Honeywell's program ranks as one ties at Honeywell. Please consult your college place- of the most liberal in industry. There's free group life ment office for the date of his next visit to your campus. insurance . . . free accident and sickness insurance . . . Meanwhile, you will want to read a booklet titled free hospital insurance. You will find a liberal policy on "Your Curve of Opportunity in Automatic Controls." paid vacations and holidays and modern pension and Write H. T. Eckstrom, Personnel Administrator, Dept. CM, Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company, 2753 retirement program paying lifetime benefits. Fourth Avenue, South, Minneapolis 8, Minnesota. HONEYWELL PLANTS ARE LOCATED ALL ACROSS THE COUNTRY A N D A B R O A D ! you have a geographical preference either in the U. S. or abroad, consider Honeywell's many engineer- ingand production locations. You'll find challenging opportunities for a variety of engineering specialties with Honeywell in Beltsville, Md.; Boston; Chicago; Denver; Freeport and Warren, 111.; Independence, lowa; Los Angeles; Minneapolis; Philadelphia; St. Petersburg, Florida; Wabash, Ind.; and Toronto, Ontario. Abroad, Honeywell factories are located in Amiens, France; Amsterdam, Netherlands; Frankfurt,Germany; Newhouse, Scotland and Tokyo, Japan. If you prefer sales and application engineering you'll find 127 sales and service offices in principal cities across the nation and Canada, and 45 countries abroad. HONEYWELL"S MAIN FIELDS AND LOCATIONS ARE: Heating and Air Conditioning Controls: Engineering and manufacturing plants in Minneapolis, Chicago, WabashandLosAngeles. IndustrialInstrumentsandControls:Research, engi- neering and manufacturing plants in Philadelphia and The N e w Brain Michigan State By next Fall term Michigan State University will when it reached the door. There is more than one Most commercial computers are designed for some white to black. In the computer, the information on be the proud possessor of one of the country's best way to program or give an order to a computer. This specific job. The M.S.U. computer is designed pri- the tubes will either be a dot or no dot. "Brains." This "Brain" will do mathematical calcula- may result in the computer taking different lengths of marily for diversified, scientific use, rather than for tions with phenomenal speed and accuracy but won't Each word may be represented as: time to solve the same problem, just as it may take any particular use. have the intelligence of an idiot. The solution longer for one person to drive from Los Angeles to A 0 2° + A ^ - 1 + A22~2 H r- A 89 2 :"> One of the most important parts of the computer is of several simultaneous differential equations will be New York than another person, depending on the 1st bit 2nd bit 3rd bit 40th bit its memory. The computer uses its memory to store a snap but it won't have the common sense of a two- route each one takes. partial answers and instructions while solving a prob- where each part of the word is called a bit. The first year-old. By now you may have guessed that our bit of each word is on number 1 tube. The second bit The M.S.U. computer is being paid for by the Uni- lem. As the solution to the problem progresses, the "Brain" is an electronic computer. The computer is is on number 2 tube, and so on. Therefore, we see that versity. Some of the large scale computers at other computer draws upon these partial answers and in- a large scale, digital computer and is being built on each word is 40 bits long. This computer is based on colleges are sponsored either by the armed forces or structions to arrive at the final answer. This computer the fifth floor of the EE building. Building of the com- the binary system (contains only 1 or 0) and each bit puter is being coordinated by Dr. L. W. Von Tersch, by large companies. (The Midac at the University of will have two types of memory. There will be a fast storage where information that is needed in a hurry is is also called one binary digit. For each word there Director of the Computer Laboratory at M.S.U. Dr. Michigan was paid for by the Air Force). Since M.S.U. is one bit of information on each of the 40 tubes. The Von Tersch received his Ph.D. degree at Iowa State is footing the bill completely it will be under obliga- stored, and there will be a slow memory. The slow memory is a drum memory with a capacity of 12,800 first tube corresponds to the bit of information (or part and was a member of the faculty there before coming tion to no one concerning time spent on, or operation of the word) corresponding to A«2" for each word. to Michigan State. He spent the past summer at the of the computer. Rent for the use of the computer words (in computer jargon a number is called a word) will be roughly $15,000 to $30,000 a month. Dr. Von and will have an access time of approximately 6 milli- This first tube may contain this bit of information University of Illinois studying the circuits and opera- tion of the Illiac. The Illiac is a large scale, digital Tersch has expressed a desire to have the computer seconds. In other words it will take 6 thousandths of for 1024 words since it has 1024 dots. All the A's are computer at the University of Illinois. Dr. Von Tersch open at no charge, for use by all qualified M.S.U. a second for the computer to pick out any given word either 1 or 0 depending on whether there is a dot or is using the same system of logic for the M.S.U. com- students. These policies, however, have still to be on the slow memory drum. not. For an example, let's pick one of the positions on puter as that used in the Illiac. Due to an agreement decided. The rapid memory of the computer, called the Wil- the tubes and choose some value for the A on each between M.S.U. and the University of Illinois, each liams tube system, will consist of 40 cathode ray tubes, tube and see what word results. We may pick any school will have access to the other school's computer These tubes are similar to the one in your TV set, only position from 1 to 1024 but for simplicity let's pick programs. This is quite a boon for Michigan State much smaller-3 inches instead of 21 inches. This the number 1 position corresponding to the first row since the University of Illinois already has a large file rapid memory will have a capacity of 1024 words with and first column. Suppose this position has no dot of computer programs. The value of these programs an access time of 18 microseconds (18 millionths of a on tube number one. Then Ao is 0 and the first bit is veritably incalculable. If a price were put on them, second). (A(12°) is 0. Suppose this position has a dot on tube 2. in man hours and computer time, the value would run Just as the picture on your TV screen is composed Then AI is 1 and the second bit (Aj2 ') is .5. Suppose in the hundreds of thousands of dollars. All these of many tiny dots, so will the information on these tube 3 has a dot at this position. Then A2 is 1 and the programs will be reproduced and become part of the M.S.U. file on computer programs. This is one of the memory tubes be composed of many tiny dots. There third bit is .25. If all the other A's are 0, then the rest main advantages of using the same system of logic as will bed3o2t srows a n d 3 2 c o I u m n s °f dots giving a total of the word is 0 and the final value of the word will be of 1024 of information (32 X 32 = 1024) on each 0 -4- .5 + .25 + 0 = 0.75. The first bit signifies the the Illiac. of the 40 tubes. sign of the word. If Ao is 1 the word is negative. If Ao Computers are marvelous machines. However, they is 0 the word is positive. We see that our sample word are just machines and no more. A computer cannot do is a positive .75. We also see that there can be no anything unless specific, detailed instructions are fed words larger than 1. Excluding the sign bit (the first into it (contrary to some people's belief). These in- bit), the sum of all the other bits will never exceed 1. structions are called programs and give the computer complete instructions for solving a problem. As human This brings up the question, "How are larger numbers beings, we are used to such general orders as telling a handled?" The answer is that all problems must be child to go into the next room. If we were to give a scaled down so that all its numbers fall between 0 computer a similar order we would have to tell it in and 1. When the final answer comes out, the scale what direction to go, and how far to go. If we forgot Now here's where the similarity to a TV tube ends. is reversed and the correct answer obtained. to tell it to open the door, it would stop or go haywire The TV tube has a picture because of the different 20 shades of gray for each dot. The shades run from From its beginning over 70 years ago, the Research and development are given special Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, by emphasis because PPG believes in leading following sound business practices and a the way, and in producing only the finest progressive research policy, has been a products for industry and for the home. leader in flat glass. Over the years, the com- pany has expanded into paint, brushes, If you are interested in building a success- plastics, fiber glass and industrial chemical ful lifetime career with a progressive organ- manufacturing . . . and it is today one of the ization, PPG offers a wide range of occu- largest producers in all these fields. PPG is pations in greatly diversified fields. constantly growing not only in response to Write today for more information to expanding markets for its existing products, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, General but also as a result of its new products. Personnel Director, One Gateway Center, Pittsburgh 22, Pennsylvania. You Too Can Be Mathematical Genius I was sitting in on an arithmetic class in Zurich, he was able to perfect his system and to open his nothing. For me it is the records that are difficult," through a long row of figures with the swiftness of Switzerland. The teacher called on a nine-year-old institute. she explained. "I could never understand arithmetic a flying saucer. boy who marched firmly to the blackboard upon which and I made so many mistakes. I was afraid for my The great practical value of the Trachtenberg MULTIPLICATION BY 11 was a list of numbers a yard long. Standing on tiptoe job. But now you should see my records. They are to reach the top, he arrived at the total with what system is that, unlike other special devices invented in 1. The last number of the multiplicand (number the past for special situations, it is a complete system. perfect." seemed to me the speed of light. multiplied) is put down at the right as the first Much easier than conventional arithmetic, it makes A young and prospering architect is designing number of the answer. A small girl with beribboned braids was next it possible for people with no aptitude at all for mathe- buildings today only because he was able to pass his asked to find the solution to 735352314 x 11. She 2. Each succeeding number is added to its neighbor matics to achieve the spectacular results, that we ex- required mathematics after learning the Trachtenberg came up with the correct answer—8088875454—in system. But not only in specialized professions is a at the right. pect from "mathematical wizards." Quick to take less time than you can say multiplication table. An advantage of anything that adds efficiency, many of knowledge of arithmetic necessary. Today in normal, 3. The first number of the multiplicand becomes the adolescent boy wearing silver-rimmed spectacles Switzerland's leading business firms today are using everyday living mathematics plays an increasingly last number of the answer. was told to multiply 5132437201 x 452736502785. He this method of computation. vital role. In the Trachtenberg system you put down the blitzed through the problem, computing the answer— answers one number at a time—right to left. I started 2323641669144374104785-in seventy seconds. It look- To prove the point that anyone can learn to do This is particularly true in America where we live in a welter of numbers. Daily the average man and on an easy one: ed like rabbit pulling. calculation problems quickly and easily, Trachtenberg 6.33 successfully taught the system to a ten-year-old retard- woman encounter situations that require the juggling "Genius!" I murmured in awe. or figures-credit transactions, the checking of monthly x 11 ed child. Not only did he learn to compute, but his "Oh, but no!" said the teacher. "Both those little IQ was raised. Which bears out the findings of the bills, stock-market quotations, canasta and bridge and 6963 boys you watched were very bad in arithmetic. Twice billiard scores, bank rates, discount interest, lotteries, they failed." American psychologist, Thorndike, that the study of 633 is the multiplicand so the first number of my mathematics is important not only for itself, but the counting of calories, changing dollars into pesos answer is 3 "And the tiny little girl—surely she—" because it is the subject most useful in developing the and francs while traveling, figuring the betting odds on a likely looking steed in the fourth race, determin- I added 3 and 3 and got 6 The teacher shook his head. "She, too, flunked. power of reasoning. In fact every child here has failed arithmetic at least ing your chances of getting a flush or turning up a I then added 6 and 3 and got 9 once. That is why they are here." Experts believe that in the next ten years the seven. And income taxes, among other blessings, have I then put down the first number in the multiplicand Trachtenberg system may revolutionize the method brought the need for simple arithmetic into every (6) as the last number in the answer 6 The class was one where the Trachtenberg System of teaching arithmetic in schools throughout the world home and have made many a man aware of his of Mathematics is taught. The late Jakow Trachten- And, they add, "It is high time." For the manner of weakness. See how easy! berg, founder of the Trachtenberg Institute and origi- teaching arithmetic has not altered in our schools in By following the same rule I was able to multiply nator of a startling new system of computing, was of The teacher explained some of the rules to me. In 637894362435215362 x 11 and got the answer- more than a century, and it continues to be the subject a tew minutes I was multiplying 18-digit numbers and the firm opinion that everyone has "phenomenal calcu- 7016837986787368982-as quickly as I could write it. most feared and hated. feeling like a Grade-A genius. In order to understand lation possibilities." The reason most of us have diffi- culty in juggling figures is all the fault of the arithmetic But it is adult students who attend evening classes I had- a new parlor trick. Ever since, I've been theTrachtenbergsystem of mathematics, it is neces- system we are taught. at the Trachtenberg Institute, which opened in 1950 sary only to have the ability to count to ten. If in wowing my friends at parties with my mathematical on a quiet, residential street in Zurich, who are most addition to counting on your fingers you can memorize prowess and winning bets from the unwary by offering Trachtenberg, a brilliant engineer with an ingenious mind, conceived his system of simplified mathematics enthusiastic when they recognize the simplicity of the the simple rules that form the keys of Trachtenberg's to multiply any 30-digit number by 11 in thirty new system. Having experienced the drudgery of method, in a remarkably short time you, too, can seconds. while spending years in Hitler's concentration camps as a political prisoner. To shut out the intolerable learning arithmetic in the traditional manner of rote assume the attitude of an Einstein while performing In the Trachtenberg system there are no multiplica- and parrot and having made boners ever since, they what to the uninitiated appear to be amazing mathe- tion tables, no division. Instead, every digit from 1 world in which he was confined, he scribbled his proudly bask in their new-found mathematical bril- matical feats. to 12 has a set of rules. The processes are so simple theories on the backs of German work sheets, old envelopes, scraps of wrapping paper. He continued to liance. "Wunderbar!" a grey-haired woman exclaimed Here are the rules the little girl used in multiplying that all problems are worked in the head and only the simplify until all the drudgery had been taken out of as she figured out an involved problem. Her job as a by 11. And if you're to be known for brain instead of answers are put down on paper. arithmetic. In 1945 he escaped to Switzerland, where buyer for a department store included computing costs brawn, you have to get the rules fixed firmly in your and handling figures, she told me. "The buying is (Continued on page 27) 24 mind. Once you've learned the rules you can zip 25 NORTH AMERICAN'S COLUMBUS DIVISION North American Aviation, foremost in the design and production of military aircraft, has an established engineering team at its Columbus Division with prime responsibility for complete design and development of Navy aircraft. The New FJ-4-Navy's latest and fastest FURY J E T - i s the most recent achievement at Columbus. Other, even more advanced designs are now being developed from initial concept to actual flight... creating top opportunities for virtually all types of graduate engineers Contact your Placement Office for an appointment with North American representatives. Or write: Engineering Personnel Office, Dept. COL, North American Aviation, Columbus 16, Ohio. Mathematical Genius and arrive at the solution-574187813802-in record time. (Continued from page 25) If you can do the 9, you can also do the S if you remember the rules are the same but each number Once you have learned the rules for 11, multiplying is doubled. by 12 is a cinch. The rules for 12 are the same as 11— with one exception: you double each number. MULTIPLICATION BY 8 1. Subtract last number of multiplicand from 10, MULTIPLICATION BY 12 double and put down as the first number of your 1. Double the last number of the multiplicand and answer. put down this as the first number of the answer. 2. All other numbers subtract from 9. Double and 2. Double each succeeding number and add to its add to the number at the right. neighbor at the right. 3. The first number of the multiplicand is diminished 3. The first number of the multiplicand becomes the by 2. last number of the answer. Here is how it works: 564 736 x 12 x 8 6768 5888 You double the 4 and get 8, the first number of You deduct 6 (the last number) from 10 and your answer 8 get 4. Double it and you have 8—the first You double the 6 and get 12. Add the 4 (to the number of your answer 8 right) and you have 16. Put down the 6 and Subtract the second number, which is 3, from 9 carry the 1 6 and you get 6. Doubling it gives you 12. You double the 5 and get 10. Add the 1 you Add to the 6 at the right and you have 18. carried and the 6 to the right, which gives Put down the 8 and carry 1 8 you 17. Put down the 7 and carry 1 7 Subtract the 7 from 9 and you have 2. Doubling Add the 1 you carried to the 5, and you have it gives you 4. Add the 1 you carried and the the last number of your answer 6 3 to the right and you have 8 Now try multiplying 348126423713 x 12 and see how For the last number of your answer you subtract fast you come up with the answer-4177517084556. 2 from 7 (the first number of your multi- plicand) and get 5 Of all the multiplication tables the 9 is considered You may say, yes, but it's just as easy to do it the by most educators the most difficult to learn. But even old way. Why go to the trouble of learning a new the mystic 9 becomes tractable in the Trachtenberg set of rules? That is true if the problem is a simple method. Here are the rules: one. But if you're faced with 638974863594636857 x 8 you will find by using the Trachtenberg method you MULTIPLICATION BY 9 can get the correct answer-5111798908757094856-in 1- The last (right-hand) number of the multiplicand double quick time. Try it! is subtracted from 10. Junior, who has probably had as many difficulties 2- All other numbers are subtracted from 9 and with arithmetic as the kids in the Trachtenberg class, added to the neighbor at the right. can outsmart his teacher when he comes up against 3- The first number of the multiplicand is then the multiplication table of 5 if he will remember the diminished by 1. following three simple rules. This is how it works: MULTIPLICATION BY 5 543 x 9 1. Take each number of the multiplicand separately. When the number is even you start with a zero. 4887 When the number is odd you start with a five. You deduct 3 (the last number) from 10 and get the first number of your answer 7 2. To the 5 (or the zero, as the case may be) add in You subtract the second number, which is 4, half of the neighbor to the right (the smaller half from 9 and get 5. Add to the 3 (neighbor to of odd numbers). ri ght) and get 8 3. To get the last number of your answer, you divide Subtract the third number, which is 5, from 9 the first number of your multiplicand in half. and get 4. Add to neighbor at right-the 4 - It's a great deal easier than it sounds. Here is the and get 8 way you get the answer to or the last number of your answer you subtract 638 1 from 5 (the first number of your multi- x 5 plicand) and get 4 3190 Once you are able to utilize the rules in multiplying 1543 x 9, it is just as easy to multiply 63798645978 x 9 (Continued on next page) 3. To get the last number, divide the first number of Mathematical Genius your multiplicand in half. 832 (Continued from page 27) x 6 You put down a zero as the first number of your 4992 answer because the last number of your Your last number of the multiplicand is 2-an multiplicand is an 8-an even number 0 even number—so you put it down as the first The second number is a 8 so you start with a 5 number of your answer and add half of the 8 (neighbor to the right) and you have You add your second number, which is 3, to one The third number of your multiplicand is an half of number to the right and get 4. Three even number so you start with a zero and is an odd number so you add in a 5 and get 9 add half of the three, which in this case is 1 You add 8 — an even number — to one half of (the smaller half, remember?) 1 number to right (3), taking the smallest part of (1) and again you have For the last number of your total you divide the first number of your multiplicand-6-in half Divide the last number of your multiplicand in and you have the complete answer 3 half and you get a 4 as the first number of Once you have memorized the rules that apply to your answer i the multiplication tables of 11, 9 and 5, you will find The rules for multiplication tables 4 and 3 are varia- that the same rules with only slight variations apply tions on the rules of the table for 9. to all the other multiplication tables. The rules of multiplication by 7 and 6 are very MULTIPLICATION BY 4 similar to the rule given above for 5. 1. The last number of the multiplicand is subtracted from 10 and put down as the first number of the MULTIPLICATION BY 7 answer. If the number is odd, add 5. 1. Take each number of the multiplicand separately. 2. All other numbers are subtracted from 9 and added When the last number of the multiplicand is even, to one half of the neighbor to the right. If the you double it and put it down as the first number of your answer. When odd, you double and add number is odd, add 5. five. 3. Divide the first number of your multiplicand in half and take away 1 to get the first number or 2. Double every remaining number. Add to one half your answer. of number to the right. If odd, add to one half of 674 number to the right and add a five. x 4 8. To get the last number of your answer you divide 2696 the first number of your multiplicand in half. 384 You deduct the 4 (last number of multiplicand) x 7 from 10 and get the first number of your answer 2688 You double the last number of the multiplicand, Subtract your second number, which is 7, from which is 4, and get an 8-the first number of 9 and get 2. You add the 2 to one half your answer 8 of the neighbor to the right, the 4, and get 4. Since 7 is an odd number you then add a You double the second number, which is 8, and 5 and get get 16. Add one half of the 4 (number to the right), which gives you 18. Put down 8 and Subtract the third number, which is 6, from 9 carry 1 8 and you get 3. Add it to one half of the neighboring figure to the right-the 7 - Double the third number, which is 3, and get 6. (remembering to take the smallest half) and Add the 1 you carried, plus the 5 (odd num- get ber) and 4 (half the number to the right), and you have 16. Put down the 6 and carry 1 6 For the last number of your answer you divide the 6-first number of your multiplicand- , Divide the last number, which is 3, in half, and get 3. You then subtract 1 and you have which gives you 1 (take the smallest half)! Add the 1 you carried and you have 2 MULTIPLICATION BY 3 MULTIPLICATION BY 6 1- If the last number of the multiplicand is even, sub- tract from 10, double and put down as the firs 1. When the last number of the multiplicand is number of the answer. If odd, subtract from > even, you put it down as the first number of your answer. If odd, you add 5. double and add 5. 2. Subtract all other numbers from 9, double the 2. Add every remaining number to one half of the neighbor to the right. If the number is answer and add in one half of the number to odd, add 5. right. If odd, add a 5. 28 (Continued on page 84) Spartan Engineer' To the engineer capable of original thinking... your disposal.. .have your choice and controls, temperature controls, The Garrett Corporation has built an cabin air compressors, turbine outstanding reputation for pioneer- of location among the Los Angeles, Phoenix and New York areas. Also, motors, gas turbine engines, cabin ing because of engineers whose pressure controls, heat transfer, minds are not shackled to the past financial assistance and encourage- ment will help you continue your electro-mechanical equipment, elec- • • • or even the present. We concen- tronic computers and controls. trate on the future. education in the graduate schools of fine neighboring universities. We are seeking engineers in all If you're the sort of engineer to categories to help us advance our whom an obstacle is only a chal- All modern U.S. and many foreign aircraft are Garrett equipped. We knowledge in these and other fields. lenge, you'll be interested in working Send resume of education and expe- with us. You'll have the finest have pioneered such fields as refrig- eration systems, pneumatic valves rience today to: Mr. G. D. Bradley research and laboratory facilities at How often does Du Pont transfer technical men? Edward H. Berg received his B.S. Ch. E. from Cornell in 1944 likely to be more transfers in production and sales, and served as an Engineering Officer on destroyer duty until fewer in research. 1946.. Since coming with Du Pont, he has worked at New Jersey plants as a Field Supervisor in Du Pont's Engineering Service But one thing is certain. Du Pont transfers are al- division. Ed was recently transferred to Du Pont's Design ways purposeful. The majority are a natural result Division to further round out his professional development. of Du Pont's continued growth and expansion. And they invariably represent opportunity for further pro- fessional development. WE'VE just completed a study on that subject, Van, so I can speak with some authority. Using technical graduates who came with Du Pont in1949as a base, we found these men averaged 1.7 transfers of location in 7 years. We frequently shift men from one assignment to another at the same loca- tion, to broaden them professionally. But it's interest- ing to note that 38% of those surveyed had not changed their location of employment at all. Changes of work location depend a little on the type of work a man enters. For instance, there are Exploring the Universe: Sub-Atomir Worlds.... To Creeks, the atom was literally "a-tomos," not to be cut. Now its very nucleus is split and scientists are tracking sub-atomic particles, seeking lo discover ihe nature —order and meaning —of avast, dynamic universe in which domestic notions of space and time and energy do not apply. Ethical corollary: The "finds" of nuclear exploration must be employed not in the service of a scientific, or economic, or political provincialism but wherever they are needful to the physical, mental and moral rehabilitation of men and of societies. Especially Built For Burial Like King Tutankhamen's mummy, many Kerite Cables are especially built for long-time burial. But these Kerite Cables do not enjoy the favorable dry, almost air-tight conditions of King Tut's tomb. These cables must withstand all the adverse conditions encountered in direct burial in the ground from the Arctic to the Tropics. Yet when these underground cables are unearthed, even after years of service, they are, unlike King Tut, very much alive. The name Kerite is recognized, the world over, as the hallmark of endurance. A CHEMICAL HEADLINE MAKER OFFERS CAREERS WITH A FUTURE When the editors of the nation's business press going into new plant facilities this year alone devote cover stories to a company, it's a good Hercules will continue to be a growth leader in sign that the company is setting a fast pace in the years ahead. This is the type of company in today's competitive world. By branching off which ability finds its opportunity for advance- into new fields of creative chemistry, by build- ment; where a young man can grow into the type of job he will find most rewarding. Why ing its sales from $7,000,000 in 1913 to more not find out more about careers with Hercules than $226,000,000 in 1955, Hercules Powder from your placement officer? Or write direct to Company was one of the big stories of 1955. Hercules for additional information. With an investment of more than $28,000,000 New Economical Nuclear Power Reactor tion. Each pump weighs nearly 14 tons, stands 10 feet high and is 4 feet in diameter. Capacity of each II present efforts toward system simplification are successful, a nuclear power reactor will offer the first pump is 18,300 gpm at approximately 2000 psi at up real competition to conventional fuel-burning power to 600 degrees F. There are no external shaft seals plants. The atomic power plant is a homogeneous-type in the motor pumps, and suction and discharge nozzles reactor in which the fissionable material is contained are designed to be welded into the pipeline. in a slurry in the reactor circuit. Similar to the circulating system on a home aquar- ium, a pumping system circulates the slurry between the reactor and pipe coils in a steam boiler. The rate at which fission occurs is controlled by varying the level or amount of slurry in the reactor. Since this fissioning heats the slurry, the steam boiler, in generat- ing steam to run the turbine-generator, acts as a cooler for the reactor. The competitive prospects of the installation arises from the fact that the reactor selected offers excellent possibilities as a "breeder" reactor, one which gener- ates more atomic fuel than it burns. This means zero or nearly zero fuel cost. Therefore, if capital and operating costs can be kept low enough, competitive electrical power is at hand. It has been estimated that the thermal efficiency ( per cent ot heat generated in the reactor which ends up as usable electrical energy) of the plant may be in the neighborhood of 27.5 per cent, considerably lower than our most efficient conventional fuel-burning gen- erating stations. But, the authors point out, there is little economic incentive in going to higher thermal efficiencies in a plant which has extremely low incre- mental fuel costs. World's Largest "Canned" Motor Pumps New Fans Designed to Operate "Red Hot" Near Completion Two nine-foot gas recirculating fans, capable of Four 1600-hp, 2300-volt "canned" motor pumps-the handling gases at 850 degrees F, have been installed world's largest-have entered their final stages of con- at an Ohio plant. struction. They are the main coolant pumps for the To be used on the first commercial supercritical nation's first full-scale atomic electric generating sta- pressure steam generator at the plant, the fan wheels tion at Shippingport, Pa. The sketch shows location must be capable of a top speed of 25,000 feet per of the four pumps in the primary (radioactive) loops of the PWR. In this type of pump, both the stationary minute while handling the hot gases. These wheels outer coils and the rotor are "canned" in metal, and begin to glow from the extreme heat when operating the radioactive water flows through the space between at the high temperatures. them. In addition, the water serves as a bearing lubri These extreme performance requirements created cant. These are the first canned motor pumps with complex engineering problems in the design of the Class H insulation to be designed for 2300-volt opera- fans. It is necessary to control the expansion of the fans, 36 for the wheels, in building up from room temperature to maximum operating conditions will expand % of an engine weighs about 21/2lb. per BHP for an output inch with the other parts of the unit increasing in of 550 BHP. proportion. Adding to the problem was the fact that the radial-bladed wheels had to be built without side Apart from space and weight savings which are plates. The solution was extra heavy bracing with the important in ships and locomotives, a reduction in housings supported by pedestals holding them clear overall maintenance costs was reported to be derived of the floor, permitting controlled expansion while from the use of small engines. This is obtainable by adopting the "repair by replacement system" which maintaining necessary clearances. These pedestals are permits saving in skilled engineering service and over eight feet tall, and each one weighs over two tons. avoidance of loss of serviceability time with its eco- The fans are 17 feet high over-all and the casings nomic penalties. Even a complete change of engines weigh 60,000 pounds. is possible within a few hours. Mr. Chatterton presented extensive engineering data in support of his contentions that the development of the high-speed diesel is justified on both technical and economic grounds. They covered practical speed limits, three types of engine, air supply, fuel efficiency, utilization of heat and distribution of temperatures, and power output per unit volume of cylinder. New Navy Guided Missile Although performance data about the U. S. Navy's new Sidewinder air-to-air guided missile remain classi- fied, the missile is known to have considerably greater range than the Navy's older air-to-air missile, Sparrow, which had a maximum range of five miles and a speed of about 2000 mph. The new missile has very few moving parts and no more electronic components than an ordinary radio. Its simplicity of construction and operation make it possible for Navy personnel to handle and assemble it without undergoing any specialized technical training. The Sidewinder was conceived and developed at the Bureau of Ordnance's Test Station at China Lake, California. It is named after the fast-striking, deadly desert rattlesnake. The missile will be used both to augment protection of fleet units at sea from enemy aircraft and to help defend the continental United States against air attack. The Navy says two squadrons of aircraft already are Revolutionary Engine equipped with the Sidewinder. The greatest possibility for reducing the size and weight of diesel engines for marine and railroad uses New Powerful Mobile Radar Antenna ottered by a highly super-charged two-cycle engine compounded with a turbine driving an axial flow An extremely lightweight, mobile radar set of revo- compressor. The cylinder layout which offers the lutionary design and long range has been developed greatest potentiality for such development is the for the U. S. Air Force. "opposedpiston" design. The key development is the radar antenna: two paraboloids-one of which is coated on the inside with these are tje conclusions of the chief engineer of vaporized aluminum to form the radar reflector-are the Piston Engine, Ernest Chatterton. Mr. Chatterton joined at their rims and inflated. Called the Para- presented a paper on engines best suited to such de- balloon antenna, this radar was developed to detect velopments at the 1956 annual meeting of The Ameri- high-flying aircraft and to play a vital role in strength- can Society of Mechanical Engineers. ening the defense networks of America and its allied An interesting solution of the problem, the "Deltic" nations. engine, has opposed piston cylinders arranged in a An air-supported radome-lightweight, sectionalized triangle with crank shafts and designed to erect directly on the ground-protects at the three corners. Mr. Chatterton declared that this arrangement overcomes the radar and electronic equipment, operating person- most of the technical objections to the opposed piston nel and the Paraballoon antenna from high winds and layout. Furthermore, the space in the center of the ice'loads. Within the radome, the Paraballoon antenna delta may be used for an axial flow compressor, mak- (Continued on page 41) ing the complete compound engine compact. The 37 To the young engineer with high hopes The Engineering Department at Convair San aircraft and other far-reaching aircraft and Diego offers you challenges found in few missile programs. places. And, the diversity of big projects in For personal achievement, security, and our "engineer's" engineering department pleasant, happy, year 'round, outdoor living, means satisfaction and opportunity for quick the young engineer with high hopes is invited advancement for capable young men. For to take a good look at Convair in beautiful instance, current projects at Convair San San Diego, California. Diego include the F-102A Supersonic Inter- Watch for announcement of personal inter- ceptor, new Metropolitan 440 Airliner, the new Convair 880 Jet-Liner, Atlas Intercontinental views on your campus by representatives of Ballistic Missile, long-range study of nuclear Convair San Diego. ... It could be the most Important 3 minutes you've ever spent! No matter what branch of engineering you're following— no matter which phase of engineering interests you most w e want you to know SQUARE D and what we have to offer. For we're looking for all kinds of engineers-Research, Design and Development; Manufacturing; Sales Application and Field Engineers. The electrical industry is doubling every 10 years. And SQUARE D, as an aggressive leader in that industry, offers tremendous opportuni- ties—now and in the exciting years ahead. NEW DEVELOPMENTS (Continued from page 37) is supported in an upright position on a collapsible magnesium base by a difference in air pressure. Thus, a compact and complete radar structural system is obtained which is literally "blown up like a balloon." Major General Stuart P. Wright, Commander of Rome Air Development Center at Griffis Air Force Base, New York, stated, "This outstanding develop- ment is a major breakthrough in the design of ground electronics equipment. The air-inflated Paraballoon antenna is the key to a large and truly mobile radar set. It is now possible to employ high-power radars in tactical situations and locations where time and trans- portability are of utmost importance." The radome can be deflated and unzipped into sections and the associated supporting structures col- lapsed. As a result, the entire antenna system can be dismantled in a matter of minutes and packed in ship- ping containers of small volume. Fully-packed ship- ping containers weigh about 200 pounds each, and can be easily handled by two or three men. The "lollipop" shaped Paraballoon antena can be erected and dismantled an unlimited number of times. Even after repeated rough handling, it will retain its desired reflector contour when inflated. In addition, no special fixtures are required for checking the re- flector surface contour when the inflated antenna is erected. When the antenna is packed in special airlift on a tripod at a height sufficient to provide work space cases, air drops of an entire radar set are feasible. beneath the antenna, where the balance of the radar The Paraballoon antenna for this radar system is equipment is located. made from a vinyl-coated fiberglass fabric. This fabric was chosen because of its high modulus of elasticity The radome is designed so that temperatures rang- and consequent low stretch. To form the assembled ing from 65 degrees F below zero to 140 degrees F antenna, two paraboloids of revolution 30 feet in above and wind velocities of 125 mph will cause no diameter are joined together at their rims and inflated interference with antenna rotation. Air pressure inside to less than 0.02 psi above the surrounding pressure. the Paraballoon antenna is maintained greater than When inflated, the two paraboloids are stabilized by air pressure inside the radome by a fixed amount. This a 16-inch diameter fabric tube that is incorporated is necessary to maintain the close tolerances needed into the rim of the Paraballoon antenna and inflated on the surface of the reflector and prevent any dis- to 10 psi. When inflated, the Paraballoon antenna tortion of the radar transmission and reception pattern. system is 30 feet high. The antenna system weighs Entrance to the radome is through a pressure-lock only 1690 pounds. Lightweight alloys and air-frame door. Air pressure in the radome—approximately 0.17 design techniques resulted in a 10:1 ratio in weight psi above atmospheric pressure—does not cause dis- saving. comfort to personnel. To make the 30-foot wide by 20-foot high reflector, Mounted directly on the ground and stabilized by to the inside of one paraboloid is attached a sheet of ten guy wires, the radome is secured to specially de- Mylar that has been coated with aluminum by vapor veloped ground anchors that are adaptable to all types deposition. The thickness of this aluminum deposit of soil. Tests have shown these anchors to be capable is about one-millionth of an inch. The uncoated fiber- of withstanding continuous pulls up to 3,000 pounds glass fabric will not obstruct radar beams as it is when imbedded in sandy soil. During erection, the transparent to all radio-frequency energy. 24-foot diameter base circle of the radome is covered The fabric paraboloids are cut off at the bottom to by a ground seal cloth to prevent air leakage through Provide a suitable area for attachment to a folding the ground. A magnesium-grating floor provides a structural magnesium base. Assembly is accomplished walk from the air lock to the electronic equipment in with quick operating fasteners. The entire base which the event that frozen ground is thawed by the radome iS 2 0 f e e t long, 8 feet wide and 5Ms feet high, is sup- heating units. The radome is sectionalized into five ported on a bearing a n d d r i v e n a t 6 r P m b y a 1/4-hp (Continued on page 42) 400-cycle, induction motor. The bearing is mounted 41 the Paraballoon antenna and electronic equipment NEW DEVELOPMENTS placed on it. The radome side panels are attached to (Continued from page 41) the ground anchors, zipped to each other and the crown piece. In 10 minutes the radome is inflated side panels and one crown piece for ease of transport by connected blowers. A 1000-pound capacity block and erection. Total radome weight is about 1400 and tackle is attached to the center of the radome pounds. crown piece and is used to assemble: the antenna Blowers with sufficient capacity and suitably flat tripod; the antenna base, which is erected on top of preuure-volume characteristics are used for both the the antenna tripod; and the air-inflated tube and para- Paraballoon antenna and the radome housing. Wide boloids which are zipped to the base and to each variations in the amount of air leakage from either other. A blower and compressor then inflate the Para- Inflated area will not result in large pressure changes. balloon antenna. During inflation, the electronic cables This, coupled with rip-resistant fabric, makes the com- are connected and the electronic equipment set in plete system insensitive to minor tears caused by wind- place. blown objects <>r gunfire. Specifically, more than fifty 20-mm projectiles can pierce both the antenna and the radome without affecting normal operation. Stresses in "Shell" of Nuclear Reactor Are Made Heating and air conditioning are provided. The Visible by Scientists lightweight heater is rated at 120,000 Btu's per hour while the air conditioning unit is rated at 42,000 Btu's Scientists have found a way to see and study the per hour. Special ducting is installed to carry the complicated stresses existing deep inside the solid healer combustion products outside the radome. steel pressure vessel of a power-producing nuclear reactor. Adequate illumination is provided for repairs and adjustments. A low-level illumination circuit is in- The technique uses a model made of special plastic stalled for use (luring operation of the indicator (PPI) to make visible the stresses in full-scale pressure vessel scope. —a large, complex steel structure which houses the The assembly of the complete system can be quickly core of the reactor and the inferno of its nuclear "fire." accomplished with no special erection fixtures. A Use of the technique will help speed pressure vessel trained crew of 20 men can set up the entire radar design and insure that this vital structure can easily system in two hours. withstand any design pressures it may be called upon Only rough leveling of the base area is necessary. to contain. The base eirele is first laid out and the 25 ground The pressure vessels now being studied are those anchors driven. Then the ground cloth is spread and for power reactors of the "pressurized water" type. In a reactor of this type water is pumped through the pressure vessel, where it acts as moderator for the uranium fission process and also removes the vast quantities of heat the process releases. To make this water hot enough to produce the superheated steam required by a ship engine or an electric power station, it must be kept in a sealed system under pressures as high as 2000 pounds per square inch. Being part of the sealed system, the pres- sure vessel must withstand these pressures. However, it is a large, complex structure and the walls of the vessel and its head are pierced with many holes for control rods, water pipes, and the like. With such complications, it is extremely difficult to calculate all the various stresses which the high-pressure water creates in the walls and head of the vessel. The new method of examining the shell of a nuclear reactor uses a laboratory procedure called photoelastic stress analysis. An exact model of the structure to be studied is constructed from a photoelastic resin, or plastic. Such resins have the ability to show visibly the twisting, bending, or other stresses they undergo when various forces are applied to them. When examined under polarized light, the stresses show up as patterns ot colored light. The plastic pressure vessel model is about two feet high, a foot and one-half in diameter, and about 100 (Continued on page 57) Spartan Engine ...A PROBLEM IN PURITY Preparing superpure titanium and other hard-to- get metals was a tough problem, but Westinghouse scientists solved it. Their method, called cage- zone refining, uses an unusual method to melt a bar of metal while the metal acts as its own cruci- ble, preventing contamination by a container. Westinghouse offers you the opportunity to work on similar stimulating, challenging projects. Investigate career opportunities at Westinghouse, where the big expansion program means real chance for growth and progress for Electrical, Mechanical, Chemical or Industrial Engineers, Physicists, Mathematicians and Metallurgists. In this one diversified company, you can do the kind of work you prefer . . . in the field of your choice—radar, decision devices, automation, elec- tronics or nuclear energy. There's plenty of room at Westinghouse to move around—and up! Million-dollar Educational Center offers a com- plete training program, and Master's and Ph.D. degrees can be earned at company cost at 22 colleges and universities. Have your placement officer make a date for you now with the Westinghouse Interviewer, who will be on campus soon. Meanwhile, write for Finding Your Place in Industry, and Continued Education in Westinghouse. Historically, the process of combus- bringing together of fuel and air in like the J-57, J-75 and others stands tion has excited man's insatiable proper proportions, the ignition of as a tribute to the vision, imagina- hunger for knowledge. Since his the mixture, and the rapid mixing tion and pioneering efforts of those most primitive attempts to make of burned and unburned gases in- at Pratt & Whitney Aircraft en- use of this phenomenon, he has volves a most complex series of gaged in combustion work. found tremendous fascination in its interrelated events — events ocur- While combustion assignments, potentials. ring simultaneously in time and themselves, involve a diversity of Perhaps at no time in history has space. engineering talent, the field is only that fascination been greater than Although the combustion engi- one of a broadly diversified engi- it is today with respect to the use neer draws on many fields of science neering program at Pratt & Whitney of combustion principles in the (including thermodynamics, aero- Aircraft. That program—with other modern aircraft engine. dynamics, fluid mechanics, heat far-reaching activities in the fields At Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, transfer, applied mechanics, metal- of instrumentation, materials prob- theorems of many sciences are being lurgy and chemistry), the design of lems, mechanical design and aero- applied to the design and develop- combustion systems has not yet ment of high heat release rate de- been reduced to really scientific dynamics — spells out a gratifying vices. In spite of the apparent sim- principles. Therefore, the highly future for many of today's engi- plicity of a combustion system, the successful performance of engines neering students. You can do much better than a "standard'' career today! Careers, like cars, come in various models. And now- The t e c h n i q u e s adays such things as security, adequate compensation, of Electromechan- vacations with-pay are not "extras" any more—they're ical Engineering just "standard equipment"! reach t h e i r ulti- As an individual, mate efficiency in you decide whether their application to you want white wall missile guidance tires or maybe a systems, fire and s p o r t s c a r . You flight control sys- should do no less tems, computers in choosing where and recorders. You you want to work. will explore, study, At North American, test, develop and produce apparatus that can extend fringe benefits are or supersede the human nervous system. second-to-none ; but you can get ROCKETDYNE DIVISION —Builders of Power for Outer much more than that. Such extras as creative work, Space. advanced technology, latest facilities to implement If you like challenging work, the large liquid-propel- your work —these all add up to rewards an ordinary lant rocket engine is your field. This Division operates job cannot give. You'll work with men of high profes- the biggest rocket engine workshop in the Free World: sional standing. Your personal contribution will earn the Rocketdyne quick recognition. Field Test Labora- tory in the Santa It will be worth your while personally, as well as Susana Mountains. financially, to find out about the extras that go with The engineers and a position in any of these four pioneering fields. scientists say they MISSILE DEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING meet more differ- ent phases of work The SM-64 Navaho Intercontinental Missile is only one in a week here than of the projects here. You can well imagine the exacting standards of the in a year of "con- work, the quality of ventional" practice. the facilities, the ATOMICS INTERNATIONAL—Pioneers in the Creative caliber of the men. Use of the Atom. Here you will deal with speeds well At this Division you will see a new industrial era tak- up into multiple ing shape, and play your part in putting the peaceful Mach numbers, atom to work for mankind. Nuclear Reactors of various encountering phe- kinds, for both power and research applications, are nomena that were designed and delivered to order by Atomics Interna- only being guessed tional. With many "firsts" to their credit, these dedi- at a few years ago. cated men continue to spearhead the progress in this exacting field. For more information write: College Relations Repre- sentative Mr. J. J. Kimbark, Dept. 991-20 Col., North American Aviation, Inc., Downey, Calif. Would you like to work on the same team as this man? LAMONT ELTINGE is a group he makes to Standard as a regular member of leader in the Automotive Research our team, he finds time to attend Illinois Insti- Division of Standard Oil's great Research and tute of Technology where he recently received Engineering Laboratories at Whiting, Indiana. his M.S., and takes an active interest in church He and his group dig freely and fruitfully into work. just about every area you can think of in diesel, Lamont Eltinge and hundreds of young men automotive, gas turbine, and jet fuels. Current like him are going places and doing things at studies range from air pollution problems Standard Oil. Each concentrates on his own arising from diesel smoke to laboratory use of special field of interest and experience, but radioactive carbon tracers for the basic study none is limited to it. Chemists, metallurgists, of deposits in gasoline engines. engineers, physicists and others maintain a Mr. Eltinge earned his B.S. in mechanical continuous relationship for the broad exchange engineering at Purdue in 1947. He is a member of ideas. Perhaps you, too, would enjoy mem- of SAE, Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Tau, and Pi Tau bership on Standard's team of engineers and Sigma. Along with the important contributions scientists. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS lating, refrigeration and air conditioning, power, and On May twenty-first the American Society of many other fields. The organization meets every two Mechanical Engineers will celebrate forty years of weeks with additional field trips for these programs. scrvitc to Michigan State Engineering students. Dur- Under the capable leadership of the chairman, Fred ing this time the A.S.M.E. has helped students make a Kummer, and the faculty advisor, Mr. Ditsworth, the smooth transition from school to industry by keeping year looks very prosperous for all the members. them abreast the happenings in engineering. In addi- OFFICERS tion to this, students are given an opportunity to be- come associate members upon graduation. Chairman Fred Kummer Vice Chairman Dale Allison This year, as in years past, we have an able chair- Secretary Larry Norman man to shape the program of A.S.M.E. which will Treasurer Tom Lawton cover automotive, aviation, design, heating and venti- (Continued on page 52) WHAT IS YOUR FUTURE IN THE EXECUTIVE LINE-UP? Do YOU HAVE IDEAS? Are you willing to alloys, carbons, chemicals, gases, plastics, and take responsibility? Can you convince nuclear energy... for qualified engineers and your friends of what you believe ? A successful scientists, for business and liberal arts gradu- executive has all these qualities . . . and more. ates who look to the future with confidence Many of the successful executives of the and enthusiasm. future are in this year's graduating class. We If you are that kind of man, see your place- hope you're one of them, and that you're ment director about Union Carbide, or write looking for a place where you can put your Mr. Vernon 0. Davis, Co-ordinator of College ambitions and talents to work, where you can Recruiting. develop qualities of executive leadership, where you can train for a position of responsi- bility on a management team. Investigate a dynamic future with Union Carbide. It offers diversified opportunities in "A new era is beginning... "As I review the progress in aeronautics within so short a span, and marvel at the complex aircraft of today, I call it an achievement little short of miraculous. "Today, electronically-guided planes take off and land without human touch. Lethal sky missiles seek and destroy invisible targets with uncanny precision. And still other fantastic achievements in both man-controlled and pilotless flight are now in the offing. "When men go to the moon and planets, electronically-controlled skycraft will take them there. Aviation maps will be studded with stars as well as with cities. New developments in aeronautics will go on and on. Success opportunities and careers will continue to develop for ambitious young men in this exciting field where a new era is beginning!'* LEE De FOREST Appropriately qualified to speak for aeronautics and other fields in which his own scientific achievements play an important part, Dr. Lee de Forest gives help- ful counsel to young graduates headed for successful, rewarding careers. His expression, "a new era is beginning" has parti- cular significance at Northrop, world leader in the design, development and production of all-weather and pilotless aircraft. At Northrop, permanent positions are available that offer full play for individual talent and ambition. Here the graduate engineer will find interesting assign- ments for which he is best fitted. Surroundings are attractive, co-workers congenial, opportunities for advancement unceasing, the compensation good. For detailed information regarding specific openings in your field oj specialization, write Manager of Engi- neering Industrial Relations, Northrop Aircraft, Inc., 1001 East Broadway, Hawthorne, California. Color TVis here! Now, more than ever, new engineering skills and tech- niques are needed in the television industry — to keep abreast of the tremendous strides being made in Color TV. RCA — world leader in electronics — invites young engineers to investigate these challenging opportunities. Only with RCA will you find a scientific climate particular- ly suited to the needs of young engineers. Your knowledge and imagination will be given full rein. Rewards are many. Your talents are needed in research - in TV receiver de- sign - in network operations -even "backstage" at TV stu- dios. The experience and knowledge you gain can take you anywhere! WHERE TO, MR. ENGINEER? RCA offers careers in TV and allied fields - in research, devel- opment, design and manufactur- ing-for engineers with Bachelor or advanced degrees in E.E., M.E. or Physics. Join the RCA family. For full information write to: Mr. Robert Haklisch, Manager, College Relations, Radio Corporation of America, Camden 2, New Jersey. programs have included such topics as Tornadoes CLUBS AND SOCIETIES The Nebraska Tractor Test, Tractor Testing in Italy. (Continued from page 48) and the Possibilities in Sales Engineering. We plan on having just as interesting programs throughout the year. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF AG ENGINEERS The club is planning a tour for sometime in winter Any Student that is enrolled in either the Agricul- term. We are also planning on attending the Michigan tural Engineering or the Agricultural Mechanics cur- Section meetings of the ASAE to be held during winter riculums is eligible for membership in the Michigan and spring terms. Slate branch of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Plans are already shaping up for a better than ever midget racer. Duane Satterlee and committee have The student society is affiliated with the parent been working for quite a few months on it already. national society. Student members who belong to the National receive the National ASAE Journal. Our two advisors have been indispensible to us. They have been an inspiration to all of us. We are In June of 1957 the American Society of Agricultural thankful for the cooperation given us by Mr. Mackson Engineers will hold their National meeting at Michigan and Mr. Wheaton. State University. The student club is making the arrangements for the student National meeting to be OFFICERS held at the same time. President Allen Butchbaker The club also has the responsibility of publishing Vice President Leslie Lee the National ASAE Student Journal. Ike Sheppard, Secretary George Bingley as editor of the Journal, is being assisted by a very Treasurer Patrick Rogers capable staff. This is probably our most outstanding activity for the year. The club usually holds its meetings on the second and fourth Tuesday of each month of the school year. We aim to have short business meetings. The out- standing part of our club meetings is the program that is held after the business meeting. In the past our Advanced structures facilities speed careers of Lockheed engineers Engineers in Lockheed's Structures Division are supported by unmatched research and testing facilities in their constant effort to increase strength while decreasing weight. Among those facilities are the Lockheed-designed 500,000 lb. Master's Degree Force Fatigue Machine, first of its size; Shimmy Tower, only one in private industry; and Drop Test Tower, Work-Study Program largest in the nation. The program enables graduates in Engineering, Facilities such as these give engineers a major advantage Mathematics and Physics to attain a Master's Degree in making technical advances — and thus advancing their at the University of California at Los Angeles or careers. Moreover, the large number of projects always in University of Southern California while gaining motion at Lockheed mean continuing opportunity for important practical experience on the engineering promotion as well as job security. staff of Lockheed A ircraft Corporation in Burbank, California. Why Lockheed needs Engineers with Structures training: Additional information may be obtained from your 1. "Fail-Safe" Structures — Lockheed has begun an extensive Placement Officer or Dean of the Engineering School or pioneering effort in the new concept of "fail-safe" structures. by writing E. W. Des Lauriers, Employment Manager Studies are being applied to virtually all phases of Lockheed's and Chairman of the Master's Degree diversified development program — already the largest Work-Study Program. in the company's history. 2. New studies in: Effect of high temperatures on structures; optimization of thin-wing designs and other aero-elastic problems; new materials such as ultra-high heat treat steel, panel instability at extremely high speeds. You are invited to contact your Placement Officer for a brochure describing life and work at Lockheed in the San Fernando Valley. Here's how graduate engineers move up in the GAS industry Charles C. Ingram Jr. B.S in petroleum Engineering, 1940 univerrsity of Oklahoma homa, and was soon called into service. Following his discharge, 5 years later, he rejoined the Engineering Depart- ment in Tulsa. He was quickly pro- CharlesIngramhasbeenVicePresi- moted to Assistant Chief Engineer . . . the nation's sixth largest dent of the land and geological de- partment of Oklahoma N a t u r a l G a s and then took over the position of Superintendent of Gas Purchase and Reserves, and by 1954 was District CompanysinceJuneof 19S5. Mr. Superintendent of the Oklahoma City Ingramjoinedthecompanyimmedi- district. The Gas industry—the sixth largest in the nation atelyafterhis graduation from Okla- There are many opportunities for you in the —has a total investment of over 315 billion. Last year the industry set a new all-time record in industry. The industry needs engineers, and does number of customers, volume of gas sold, and not overhire. You won't be regimented. There's William A. Collins, Jr Star, Bill has worked primarily in the dollar revenue. In fact, Gas contributed 25% of always room for advancement. With utility com- B.SinmechanicalEngineering,1947 design, sales and installation of air Panies and with manufacturers of Gas equipment A M College of Texas conditioning equipment, with some the total energy needs of the nation as compared time devoted to industrial gas appli- with 11.3% in 1940. The Gas industry is a major there's a future for you as an engineer. Call youBillCollinsisemplyedbytheLone cations. When it was found that a force in the growth development and economic nearest Gas Utility. They'll be glad to talk withStarGasCompanyin D a l l a sas Co-large scale air conditioning program requires close attention to design and health of this country. you about your opportunity in the Gas industryordintor of Air Conditioning and installation as well as sales and service Utilization. Bill operates over 400 policies, a special department was or- American Gas Association. square miles in North Texas and ganized in 1955. Bill was put in charge. SouthernOklahoma.Since joining Lone Can you help add to these achievements? These accomplishments in pure and applied science are widely known. To this impressive list, scientists and engineers at the Laboratory's Livermore site are making equally important contributions in the fields of nuclear weapons design, nuclear rocket propulsion, controlled thermonuclear energy (Project Sherwood) and high current accelerators. What you can do to help add to these accomplishments is limited only by yourself—your ability and your interest. For the University of California Radiation Laboratory is managed and directed by outstanding scientists and engineers. These men are your "team-mates"... offering pioneering knowledge of the nuclear field and the newest, most expansive laboratory facilities. Here—where new ideas and techniques are traditional—initiative is constantly encouraged and developed. findings in the open literature. And for your family-there's pleas- ant living to be had in Northern Cali- fornia's sunny, smog-free Livermore Valley, near excellent shopping centers, I F YOU are a MECHANICAL or ELEC- TRONICS ENGINEER, you may be in- volved in a project in any one of many interesting fields, as a basic photography (including work in the new field of shock hydrodynamics), reaction history, critical assembly, schools and the many cultural attrac- tions of the San Francisco Bay Area. nuclear physics, high current linear You can help develop member of the task force assigned each accelerator research, and the controlled research problem. Your major contribu- tomorrow—at UCRL today release of thermonuclear energy. Send for complete information on the tion will be to design and test the nec- essary equipment, which calls for skill In addition, you will be encouraged facilities, work, personnel plans and at improvising and the requisite imagi- to explore fundamental problems of benefits a n d t h e good living your family nativeness to solve a broad scope of con- your own choosing and to publish your can enjoy. sistently unfamiliar and novel problems. If you are a CHEMIST or CHEMICAL ENGINEER, you will work on investiga- tions in radiochemistry, physical and inorganic chemistry and analytical chemistry. The chemical engineer is particularly concerned with the prob- lems of nuclear rocket propulsion, weapons and reactors. If you are a PHYSICIST or MATHEMA- TICIAN you may be involved in such fields of theoretical and experimental physics as weapons design, nuclear rockets, nuclear emulsions, scientific 56 NEW DEVELOPMENTS across the thermocouple terminals to test for correct voltage. It will provide faster servicing of such units (Continued from page 42) as gas-fired hot water heaters, clothes dryers, furnaces pounds in weight. After the model is cast, it is space heaters, and gas refrigerators. machined to exact shape. Air is then pumped into the Ranges are 10, 30, 100, 300, and 1000 millivolts model until it is under a pressure of about four pounds Large binding posts, clearly labeled by an engraver- per square inch—a pressure large enough to produce filled panel, are used for range selection. Accuracy is in the model the exact stress patterns existing in the 3% of full scale at ambient temperatures of 50 to actual pressure vessel under its working pressure of 120° F. From —55° to +185° F, an additional error about one ton per square inch. of no more than 2% can be expected. The meter has The model is then cured by heating, which "freezes" a low current draw of only 750 microamperes, which the stress patterns permanently into the walls of the is calibrated to within ±27, of full scale. This per- model. Samples are then cut from the model and mits accurate computing of instrument loading when examined under polarized light. The "frozen" stresses necessary. can then be studied rapidly and with great precision. This is the first time that photoelastic stress analysis Electronic Light Amplifier has been applied on the scale required for study of a The new electronic light amplifier, which can in- reactor pressure vessel. It is possible only because of the recent discovery of a new improved photoelastic crease by up to 1,000 times the brightness of projected resin. Compared to previous materials, this new resin light images, was described as "a development of is three times more "sensitive" in forming the desired major potential importance in the field of electronic stress patterns. display techniques." The main features of the device were discussed by The new resin also makes it possible to prepare Dr. D. W. Epstein, of the RCA Laboratories technical much larger models than before. A structure as com- plicated as a pressure vessel can be duplicated for staff, and Benjamin Kazan, RCA scientist who de- photoelastic analysis only by taking full advantage of veloped both the new light amplifier and its applica- this increase in model size. tion in the amplifying fluoroscope demonstrated today. "An amplifier of this type," said Dr. Epstein, "may The success with current Westinghouse studies indi- find wide application in a number of areas. An cates that the technique will soon be applied to many structures equally complicated and difficult to analyze example is radar viewing, where the observer fre- by other means. quently must cope with dim images, and where per- sistence as well as brightness are desired. Since the amplifier also converts invisible X-rays and infra-red images to bright visible images, other possible im- portant uses lie in the military field and in astronomy, where analysis of infra-red radiation from dim sources plays an important role." Mr. Kazan described the light amplified in these terms: Developed from the electronic light amplifier origin- ally developed by Mr. Kazan and Dr. F. H. Nicoll, of the RCA Laboratories technical staff, the new device consists of a thin screen formed by two closely-spaced layers, one of photoconductive material and the other of electroluminescent phosphor. Between these is a very thin layer of opaque material to prevent feeding back of light. The layers are sandwiched between two transparent electrodes, and a voltage is applied across the entire assembly. In operation, an extremely dim light image falls directly on the photoconductive layer, permitting a corresponding pattern of electric current to flow through to the electroluminescent layer. Under the influence of this current pattern, the electroluminescent phosphor emits light, forming a high-brightness image Tester Checks Safety Thermocouples on of the original picture. This process occurs because Gas-Fired Equipment the photoconductive material acts as an insulator in A new millivoltmeter, for checking the voltage out- the absence of light, but conducts current under the put of safety thermocouples on gas-fired equipment, influence of light. The electroluminescent material has just been announced. The new pocket-size tester is simple to use. The lead clips are merely placed NEW DEVELOPMENTS Hot Materials Entombed Engineers at Hanford have solved another atomic (Continued from page 57) problem. Construction of a 500-foot tunnel at the remains dark until it is excited by an electric current, Hanford plant provides for disposal of equipment too which causes it to emit light. radioactively "hot" to be repaired and too heavy to be hauled away for burial. In today's demonstration, an [mage too dim to be The tunnel, about as big as an Egyptian Pharaoh's seen dearly by the human eye was projected against tomb, is outfitted with a spur railroad track. Equip- the photoconductive layer of the panel from a slide ment beyond repair or too contaminated is loaded projector. On the other side of the panel, the image aboard a railroad car and rolled into the tunnel. A appeared aa an extremely bright picture of television concrete, water-filled radiation barrier gate swings quality, formed by the light emitted by the electro- shut, safely entombing the contaminated equipment. luminescent phosphor. Usually, contaminated equipment that has worn out Mr. Kazan pointed out that the far greater brightness is crated, loaded on a flat car, hauled to a desert burial achieved with the new light amplifier in comparison site and interred. with the earlier type has resulted from the availability of improved materials produced by RCA research, and fr a new type of construction in the light Amplifying Fluoroscope for Industrial X-Ray Use amplifier panel Itself. Adjacent to the new electronic light amplifier at Mr. Kazan pointed out that the ability of the light today's demonstration was an application of the device amplifier panel to convert X-rays to visible light made as an amplifying fluoroscope for industrial X-ray use- possible file development of the amplifying fluoro- an application which was described by Dr. Engstrom scope. in this application. X-ray shadow pictures fall- as opening the way to "far greater speed, efficiency ing on the photoconductive layer permit a correspond- and accuracy in the vital field of industrial inspection ing pattern of electric current to flow through to the techniques." electroluminescent layer, which emits light corre- "Producing an X-ray image about 100 times brighter sponding to the original X-ray shadow picture. than that obtained with the conventional fluoroscopic screen, the RCA amplifier panel at the same time The gain in brightness, plus the added clarity of the provides far more contrast than can be obtained with image displayed by the amplifying fluoroscope, will permit far more rapid and thorough X-ray examination the present type of fluoroscopic equipment," said Dr. of metal welds, castings, loaded ammunition, electron Engstrom. "This far greater brightness and increased tubes, critical structures, and many other objects which contrast in turn provide marked improvement in per- must be inspected without being disturbed or de- ceptibility of detail. In addition, the X-ray image can stroyed," said Mr. Kazan. be viewed in normally lighted surroundings, rather than in an unlighted enclosure where the eye must In today's demonstration, the amplifying fluoroscope become dark-adapted." was shown in operation adjacent to a standard industrial fluoroscope screen of the type in general use. Even in a darkened room, the fluoroscopic Electronic Air Conditioning System image on the conventional screen remained almost Reing demonstrated in a specially constructed room, Invisible until the eyes of the observers had become an electronic air conditioner was described as a dark-adapted, and the visible image even then remain- truly revolutionary development—an air conditioning ed difficult for the eye to observe in detail. The same system which for the first time operates in complete image appearing on the new amplifying fluoroscope, silence, contains no moving parts, produces no heavy however, could be seen clearly and in detail even drafts, and can be used either to cool or to heat a room when the room lights were turned on. The sample by the simple expedient of reversing the flow of direct examined with both screens was an electron tube. electric current. Mr. Kazan pointed out that the panel may be con- The demonstration system comprises two large wall structed in any desired size. The example shown today panels-one measuring 5 x 5 feet, and the other 5 x 6 was a square measuring 6 inches on each side. feet-with surfaces consisting of an array of 2-inch According to Dr. Engstrom, further research is ex- metal squares. To the back of each square is attached pected to produce a photoconductive material which a small cylinder of thermoelectric material. Such a will respond with sufficient speed to changes in X-ray material can produce either cold or heat under the or light emission, making possible the development influence of direct electric current, depending upon of an electronic amplifying fluoroscope for various the direction of flow of the current. medical uses. The present device, he explained, con- The air conditioning system and the refrigerators tinues to emit its light for a few seconds after the operate on a principle discovered more than 120 years X-rays have been cut off. He pointed out that this ago by the French physicist Jean Charles Peltier. In feature in the present device permits its use also the so-called "Peltier Effect," the passage of a direct wherever it is necessary to obtain an image that will current through a junction of two dissimilar materials persist for a few seconds after X-ray emission has been creates a cooling effect at the junction when the cur- discontinued. 58 How to keep paper machine speeds and tensions under control To give better control of roll speeds and sheet tensions in a paper machine, engi- neers developed a new differential drive system that uses a single line shaft to power individual paper machine rolls. This called for rigid shaft mountings and extremely accurate gear mesh. So the engineers specified Timken® tapered roller bearings for the drive units. Timken bearings hold shafts and gears in rigid alignment. Gear mesh is smoother, more accurate. Shaft wear is eliminated, gear wear reduced. How TIMKEN® bearings hold gear shafts rigid The full line contact between rollers and races of Timken bearings gives shafts rigid support over a wide area. Shaft deflection is minimized. And the tapered design of Timken bearings permits them to be set up with the most desirable amount of end play or preload that gives the best per- formance. Want to learn more about bearings or job opportunities? Many of the engineering prob- mation about the excellent job lems you'll face after graduation opportunities at the Timken will involve bearing applications. Company write for a copy of For help in learning more about "Career Opportunities at the bearings, write for the 270-page Timken Company". The Timken General Information Manual on Roller Bearing Company, Can- Timken bearings. And for infor- ton 6. Ohio. given the opportunity to continue learning while you work alongside top-level engineers in the aircraft engine industry. Should you want to work toward an advanced degree, you can, for we have arrangements with an outstanding engineering school which conducts classes within the plant. You get your Master's degree in engineering while you continue to work and earn. A variety of refresher courses at college level and other specialized, non-credit courses are always avail- able at Allison. Lectures on curent problems and W I T H the completion of your academic training, practices are conducted by prominent university men, you're basically qualified to start your career in consultants and Allison's own specialists in their engineering. respective fields. What then? We'd like to tell you more about the many benefits, If you plan to go ahead and further your education advantages and unlimited opportunities awaiting you to prepare for greater things later on you'll be inter- at Allison. Write for full information: Personnel ested in the Allison Training Programs. Dept., College Relations, Allison Division, General Starting your engineering career at Allison,you are Motors Corporation, Indianapolis 6, Indiana. NEW DEVELOPMENTS featuring a song by Eddie Fisher, and the other In- cluding portions of baseball and football games (Continued from page 58) Pre-recorded tapes for tile television tape player rent moves in one direction, and a heating effect when can be easily produced by techniques alreadv proven the direction of current is reversed. in the RCA television tape system for broadcast use, and they can be marketed in the same Fashion as Starting with this experiment, which has remained standard phonograph records and sound tapes. As largely a scientific curiosity for more than a century, television itself has shown, the artistic possibilities of a new approach based on recently-acquired knowledge combining pictures with sound are limitless. of the behavior of electrons inside various solid mate- rials was taken. As a result, for the first time, new materials which achieve cooling and heating by this means on a practical scale was produced. New Autoclave Produces Adhesive Bonded The passage of direct current through the thermo- Components electric junctions behind each of the small square The advantages and potentialities of adhesive plates on the wall panels causes heat to be carried bonded aircraft components are now being realized away from the squares. At the other end of each by aircraft designers throughout the country. To meet junction is a set of small cooling fins which dissipate the inevitable trend toward this type of structure, a the heat. When the system is used for heating, the 30 foot long autoclave to be used initially for the current is reversed, and the heat is "pumped" elec- production of helicopter rotor components has been tronically into the plates from the air outside the room. designed. An autoclave is, in essence, a large pres- surized oven for curing the adhesives which bond the The panels replace a complete section of wall, so elements of a structure together. Through its use, that the cooling or heating surface is in the room while large assemblies and sub-assemblies with deeply the fins are exposed to outdoor air. Since the fins are drawn profiles can be successfully and economically only 4 inches long, they might normally be adapted to bonded in a single operation. Formerly, this type of any architectural design by shielding behind a decora- operation was performed on a heated platen press, tive panel suiting the exterior appearance of a house. which greatly limited the scope of the design to flat or gently curved panels. "Hear-See" Magnetic Tape Player for Television Rivet holes and bolt holes are known to seriously reduce the fatigue life of any aircraft part subjected An outgrowth of a research program which de- to alternating loads. Therefore, the success of the heli- veloped a tape recorder for color television broadcast copter is predicted on the design of a rotor blade use, the new "hear-see" home magnetic tape player structure that is free of such stress raisers. It is now tor black-and-white television was described as a possible to design these components through the use development of major significance in the field of home of metal-to-metal bonding and honeycomb sandwich entertainment. construction. Adding sight to the sound of recorded selections heralds the approach of a new era in the recording Through extensive experimentation, successful bond- art. In its present experimental form, the player pre- ing methods were developed and contributed signifi- sents on a standard home television set, selections cantly to the early techniques to be put into practice comparable in length to those on phonograph records. in the United States. Subsequent rotor blade design took full advantage of the earlier successes. The need Added research is in progress on development of a for equipment more suited to production led to the simple recording attachment for the tape player. Such present autoclave selection. a system would permit the home user to record his avonte incoming TV programs for repeated viewing, The new autoclave is eight feet in diameter and has and to make original tape recordings at home for im- a volume of 1500 cubic feet. The vessel is almost com- mediate or later playback on the TV set. pletely automatic in operation. An entire bonding pro- gram can be pre-set in the automatic programmer, and Small transistorized television cameras that could once the proper buttons are pushed it will maintain be used with such a system of electronic photography the correct temperature-pressure-time relationship already have been developed. A recording system of throughout the bonding cycle within extremely close this type also may be expected to bring about new and limits. Other accessories installed within the vessel more effective techniques of television news coverage, automatically record the pressure and temperature as as well as new visual techniques of importance in well as the actual temperature of the bond line in as industry and defense. many as eight different places along the length of the In a demonstration, three pre-recorded tapes were part This is all important to insure conformance to played by the new device through a standard tele- the pertinent bonding specifications. Heat for the ves- vision set. they included a special 4-minute recording sel is supplied in the form of steam, which can, by by Vaughn Monroe, recorded at the David Sarnoff means of a steam compressor, be boosted if the speci- Research Center on September 19; and two 4-minute fication demands it, to temperatures as high as 430 selections tape-recorded by picking up from the air (Continued on page 82) regular television broadcasts on September 22-one 61 Although acclaimed everywhere as the world's is moving into high gear . . . going all out to keep most versatile aircraft, helicopters have had only pace with ever-increasing military and commer- a few short years to prove it. A product of your cial requirements. Quite naturally, the world generation, they are . . . in f a c t . . . younger than looks to Sikorsky to design and build the heli- you are. copters of tomorrow. And for the creative en- Like you, they face a future that is at once gineering, for the imagination, for the technical challenging and promising, but the exciting de- abilities that the future will demand . . . Sikorsky tails of that future remain to be discovered and Aircraft looks to you. worked out. We would welcome the opportunity to give you a more complete picture of our company . . . and If you expect to be a graduate engineer shortly, to see if there is a place in that picture for you. all this can be most important to you. Sikorsky The next step is yours. Take that step and write Aircraft, the company that pioneered helicopters, to Mr. Richard Auten, Personnel Department. We want YOU! The kind of engineer who won't Our training programs for engineers are among stand still for the ordinary, the "pat", the obvious. the most complete in the country. And as a Standard Oil of Ohio engineer, you would be The kind of engineer who's constantly explor- working in one of America's largest and most ing new approaches. The Creative Engineer! challenging growth industries—oil! What company offers the most to this "restless" So before you decide on any company, look into kind of engineer? We believe it is The Standard Standard Oil of Ohio—where creative engineer- Oil Company of Ohio! We are engineering- ing counts! Contact the placement director of minded. Seven per cent of all our employees are your school. Or write Mr. E. G. Glass, Jr., engineers. One-half of the president's staff-our Standard Oil Company (Ohio), Midland Build- top management—are engineering graduates. ing, Cleveland, Ohio. Basco NobleMuddles Through "Every fantasy has its limits. But trying to make a Imogine fixed thoughtful eyes on the woman that Imogine looked at her watch, as she hurried to her "Sure, but nobody calls me that." summa cum laude out of Basco, is going beyond the just asked the question. "Basco hasn't been given a room. She had told Basco to cut his lunch period short Miss Finch felt stymied for a moment, her mind bounds," Miss Mavis Jaastad, sitting next to Mr. Bit- chance," she defended herself. "Just because he's a so they could put in an extra half hour of study. Were more at lunch hour in the teachers' room, said in a flashing back to Ed. VII and the section on disturbing little slow . . ." all these teachers right or were they just set in their beguiling tone of voice. ways? Miss Finch laid her head on the hand that was problems that are likely to come up. But somehow "You mean stupid," Mr. McGraw interrupted, join- resting on her desk. At the moment time seemed never someone like Basco had never been under discussion. "He is a king-sized headache all right." ing the conversation. "This is the tenth time I'm going Ah, try another question, she thought. so out of joint. Basco was a challenge, but she had to "But why, why?" to fail him in phys-ed. Every boy has some redeeming prove . . . She stopped herself. Was she doing this grace. That hulk has nothing. Did I tell you about "Mr. Nobles," she said, emphasizing the "Nobles," "Maybe just because she is new in teaching . . ." for Basco or herself? Or was she only trying to show "are you comfortable in that seat?" the time some new teacher came along—a bright young the other teachers how smart she was with her new Mr. Bitmore was the psychology teacher and so he thing like you, Miss Finch, and begged: 'Please, Mr. He stared at her curiously. "Sure." believed in being discreet. Besides, Miss Finch was methods? McGraw, give Basco a chance to shine on the football young, shapely, with golden hair and flawless features. field . . .'" Mr. McGraw paused, his eyes slightly "And how do you feel on this first day of school?" She was coming into the room at that time. While searching her mind, her initial meeting with glazed at the memory. "So I let her talk me into it. Basco came to her. Somehow she could not yet over- "Not as good as on the last day," and with that he "She is plain ambitious. Thinks she can explore the And do you know what Basco did? In our first game come her shock at Bosco's appearance. He looked to turned and clumped out. uncharted continent and thus accomplish in one year with our worst rivals, mind you, he ran the ball the her like a pile of meat, muscles, and bones incredu- what we couldn't make in ten," Miss Jaastad vigor- wrong way!" But he never left her after that. Miss Finch badg- °usly put together. She remembered that that hap- ously dented her pastrami sandwich, as she appeared ered and urged and coaxed. She gave him special to reflect. There was a dead silence as all in the room recalled pened in the first day of school. She had just finished calling the roll when the door burst open noisily and books to take home; she spent her lunch hours with the dismal day. him; she stayed after school to coach him. And when "It's not that," Mrs. Hester Hickenlooper chimed in. a prodigious late-comer stomped in. His twaddlehead, "Her head is on the second spin around. At this point, "But . . . but . . ." Miss Finch spread out her hands. Hanked by lantern jaws, bobbed six feet nine above she went home at night, she re-read her Piaget, Dewey, it's hard to know who is interested in whom. Whether "There must be a way. No one is a total loss . • • sea level. His stubby nose protruded between two and Montessori. No, she must not give up. Some- it's Basco for one reason or Imogine for another." because needs of a human being are like a powerful glassy eyes. A mass of hair, like a wagonful of straw, where, there was a brain that could be touched in stream. You could cover it up, dam it, divert it, but was heaped on top of his head. His shoulders were as Basco. Somehow she would get some kind of a human "What makes you think so?" Miss Finch remarked w calmly, as she entered the teachers' room. you couldn't destroy its force. Deny, forget or distort ide as the door and the rest of him below a narrow reaction out of him. them, you could only drive these needs into dark waistline, filled his worn jeans to bursting capacity. Mr. Bitmore looked uncomfortable. His eyes down "After all, this is an age of democracy," she told unconscious closets . . ." Without a word of greeting or apology, he clumped like he was being shy. "Well, he's been at Bradford to the rear row of desks, where, with no small effort, Mr. Bitmore, when he gently urged her to stop her High off and on for ten years how. Basco's face always Mr. Bitmore raised his long, lean frame from the crusade. "Every child is entitled to educational oppor- he forced his torso into a seat. looked like an unpeeled potato and he had never deep leather chair, took three steps to where Miss tunities. before worn a matching suit," Mr. Bitmore had tried Finch sat, and slightly bent over her. "Imogine, you When class was over, Miss Finch detained him for to explain. now are talking Freudonian language. But we are Mr. Bitmore gazed with complacent favor at her. a moment. "What is your name, sir?" she asked pleas- not talking about emotional disorders. We are dis- Then he said, "I am not a hanky-panky who's dealing "That's because I'm going to register him for Hanley antly "I want to check my roll call." College this afternoon." cussing a thing that isn't there," he pointed his finger bottoms, but I do not recognize the allusion com- to his head. He hesitated for a moment, as if thinking it over. pletely, because every teacher is also entitled to some "What!" Mr. Bitmore leaped like he was a short- And in that moment, Miss Finch recalled the laughter recreational opportunities. We have had two staff fused piece of dynamite. Imogine scrutinized his bushy eyebrows and his that she had heard in the teachers' room when Miss gray penetrating eyes a while. Then she stood up, she meetings, one special luncheon, a spring dance, and "Well," Miss Finch's brown eyes twinkled sweetly, Jaastad had said, "Lucky you, Imogine, you've got a dinner in honor of Dr. Hopgrove and you were to looked wounded. "You two seem to think I am on a "you were the one who told me to give Basco an in- Basco Nobles, the prize of the school!" none of them. Why not?" fool's errand." Fighting back tears, she swung her centive-to motivate him-if I wanted him to graduate fine hips in perfect time and stumbled out of the "Muddles," he finally said. Imogine stood there, tall, erect in a crepe dress this semester. And so I thought going to college would be a strong inducement for him . . ." teachers' room. Muddles?" she questioned, scanning down the list. tightly fit across her full breasts and smiled archly. "That egghead? You are not serious, Imogine?" Mr. Bitmore started to follow her, then glancing "Butitsayshere . . ." she looked up at him to see if "I know which way you want me to look. But I won't Miss Jaastad shrieked. around at the others in the room, shook his head he were joking, but his blank face did not say so. (Continued on page 66) twice, gave a dejected sigh and went back to his seat. Aren't you Basco Nobles?" 64 65 know anything about Basco's parents. Maybe his home BASCO NOBLES environment . . . (Continued from page 65) "His parents are simple, quiet, hard-working farm- ers. They are patient people, most patient, I would . . . I won't give up!" She swung her fist as if to drive say. They need Basco's help on the farm and yet the last nail into every reason or doubt that Mr. Bit- they have given him every opportunity to finish high more might still nourish. school." "As I said before, there is no sense in borrowing "But maybe there is something there . . . something trouble. College is not for Basco," Mr. Bitmore still we don't know about that's holding him back . . ." trying. "Even if he manages—and I don't see how—to graduate this semester, he is not college material." Mr. Bitmore shook his head. "Imogine, teaching problems are like Alcatraz—easy to get into and tough "I thought that as a psychology scholar, at least, to get out of. The only way to get out of this problem you would listen to reason, but you're as prejudiced is to let Basco alone," he explained. as all of them," and off she stalked away from Mr. Bitmore only to bump right into Basco. "Edward, when you talk like that, I feel as if my bones had been pounded into jelly. But here is some- Her head snapped up and there was that fourteen thing for you to grapple with," Miss Finch raised her stories tower growing out of his new clothes. He brows significantly. "Do we merely lock up our crimi- grinned. Her anger abated. "Basco," she fired bluntly, nals and juvenile delinquents as hopeless defectives "what are your chances for passing your finals in your beyond redemption? Or do we try to 'cure' them, other subjects?" seeking out causes in their homes and childhood? Do we generally give our children more sensitive treat- He gazed blankly a while, then blurted innocently, ment at home and in school? . . ." "Oh, I'm going to pass them all right." "Oh, Imogine, you are now again bringing in Freud. Her heart lifted. "Is it all this extra studying that's These broad ripples by the first stone he cast, they are given you the confidence?" she asked hopefully. impossible to measure and much less to apply in our "Naw," he laughed. case . . ." In her eyes was a puzzled, defeated look, "What "I've gone too far," she admitted. "I can't back then?" down." She put emphasis on the "down" with all her streamlined body. "It's the teachers. They told me they couldn't take another year of me." "If I said you're too new in the field, you'd bite my head off." Miss Finch leaned against the corridor wall weakly. "But that's what the school needs-a dose of newness "Basco, don't you want to go to college and be some- body some day?" —a new approach." Mr. Bitmore shrugged again. "There's no substitute "Sure, I'd like to be President of the United States, for experience . . . and I can see you're going to get or maybe a space ship inventor," his thin voice said. it the hard way." He took her hand gently, "How She opened her mouth and had good mind to say about some coffee?" "I give up," but a few seconds of reflection made her She turned away. "No, thanks. I'd rather drink ask him a question. "You'll study hard now, won't some iodine the way I feel now." you, Basco?" "I'll try," he promised. But if she felt bad that night, she felt worse next morning. "I want your marks to be high enough so you can get into College . . ," "Miss Finch, you've got to help me," Basco like a locomotive roared, coming into class a half hour "But I bet I'd learn more spending another year early. here, studying with you," he blurted, interrupting her. After that remark, Imogine made sure she knew "What's wrong?" she asked, her face lines beginning when the next staff meeting was being held, and when to deepen with worry. it was over, she put a lady-like hand on Mr. Bitmore's "My pop locked me out last night." sleeve. "I need help, Edward," she whispered, and her voice was ethereal. "What!" So. There must have been something wrong at his home all the time. That's why he couldn't A smile began to wreath his mouth. "That's good study. Mr. Bitmore, you see how far you are off. news." thought flashed through her mind. Then her eyes went "No, don't smile at me like a Cheshire cat. I'm not soft. "You poor thing," she said, sit down and tell me giving up." what happened." "O . . . so, he still affects you like seven sleeping "It's not his fault, I guess," Basco bit on his lower pills He shrugged. "In that case there's nothing6 I lip, "I went to the library to get those special books can do. you want me to study for college and by the time I "Yes, there is," she said. "I was wondering if you 66 Victory at 2400 fathoms Teamwork characterized the Bell System's role in the success of a tremendous undertaking: laying the first transatlantic telephone cables. One challenge given engineers and scientists at Bell Telephone Laboratories was that of designing equalizing networks and amplifiers to be placed in the cables every 40 miles to compensate for the huge attenuation losses. Electron tubes of unrivaled endurance were developed, capable of operating for up to twenty years. Western Electric, manufacturing and supply unit of the Bell System, assembled the repeaters in a special plant under clinical conditions. A mere speck of dust could fatally upset the sensitive amplifiers. The delicate and demanding job of laying the cables was supervised by engineers from Long Lines Depart- ment of A. T. & T. New cable-laying equipment was designed, and exacting procedures were devised so that the cable could be laid smoothly and safely on an ocean floor in places more than two miles deep. Teamwork helps Bell System engineers and scientists to anticipate and provide for America's growing com- munications needs, no matter what the magnitude of the job to be done. Able, imaginative young engineers and scientists will find absorbing careers with the Bell Telephone Com- panies, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Western Electric and Sandia Corporation. Your placement officer can give you more information about career opportunities in the Bell System. "Basco's a good boy. I've been trying to help him. BASCO NOBLES The least you could do is help him, too." (Continued from page 66) "How?" the old man snapped. "By fillin' his head got home, it was too late to do the chores. Pop said with a lot of nonsense? Those other teachers at school the next time I wasn't home to do my chores, he'd who left him alone or failed him were kind and more lock me out—an' that's what he done." honest with him than you. You pushed him into some- Miss Finch swallowed hard. "And he just locked thing he couldn't do. Why don't you get married and you out . . . " have some kids of your own-instead of messing up others; fillin' em with nonsense-nonsense-" His "Ya bet he did, like he said he would an' put a voice broke. "You hurt ma' son more by danglin' that padlock on the kitchen door and tacked on a note: carrot of bein' somebody big before him than any of 'Don't try to bust it off on account it's against the the other teachers who flunked him four or five times." law'." "Well, I never heard of anything like that. It's "How can you doubt your own son?" against the law to starve a child." "Because I live with him, Ma'am. If you want him "Well, I'm not a child," Basco said, his eyes on Miss to go to college so badly, then you can feed him. Now, Finch's lovely, heart-shaped face. I've work to do. Goo' bye." He slammed the door in her face. "Did you eat this morning?" Imogine asked abruptly. "No, the lock was still on the door." Miss Finch stumbled down the steps, feeling as if she had been taken by pixies. Mr. Bitmore had told She opened her handbag. "Here's a dollar. Go get her almost the same thing but more gently—and she yourself some breakfast. I'll think of something." had been too pig-headed—too young—too inexperi- "You needn't feel too bad," Basco said, "even if it enced—to realize that he had spoken the truth. is your fault." There was an easy way out for her—but what was My fault!" Miss Finch's voice rose to a high pitch. the way out for Basco? She could use a big friendly as her heart fell down inside her like a weight. shoulder to cry on—and she knew of only one. Sure," he brazened it out, standing before her like "Mr. Bitmore," Imogine called softly, as she saw him a prize bull at a fair. "You made me do all that extra early the next morning, "do you have a few minutes' studying instead of letting me go home to do my time?" chores. Pop didn't mind as long as it was going to help me graduate from high school but he says he "More than a few minutes—if you need me," he said doesn't need a college graduate to milk cows and . . ." eagerly. "I'm going to see your father this very afternoon," "Well, you see—" She gulped and then just stood there a while boring holes in the floor with her eyes. MissFrenchstormed. "And there's nothing wrong with a college graduate milking cows, either!" she added "I'm a good listener," he encouraged. "Don't be for good measure. afraid." Imogine did as she said she would-although she "I went to see Basco's parents yesterday and . . ." was more worried than angry by the time she reached With evident reluctance and a burning face, she the Nobles' farm. Like a soldier putting on his helmet repeated Mr. Nobles' conversation. before a battle, implacable and alone, she ascended "He didn't have to be so strong," Mr. Bitmore said. the stairs and knocked on the door at Basco's home. She heard a muffled voice inside the house call. "Hildy. "But he was right, wasn't he?" Miss Finch said. someone at the door." "Just as all of you have been right. The only thing is how can I help Basco now that I've got him into this Mrs. Nobles opened the door, pushing her dis- mess? I realize that college is not for him-even if he helveled hair back from her stern face with a hand could get in." soapy from washing the dishes. "Well?" "If it'll help any, I have a friend, a prosperous "My name is Imogine Finch. I'm Basco's problems farmer who's got a place about twenty miles out of teacher. I would like to talk to Mr. Nobles." town. He's always in need of extra helping hands. About what?" Mrs. Nobles asked crossly. Basco could have a job almost at any time. He'll be "The question of eating or not eating." away from his parents yes, but independent and on his own-that way he might even win back his folks' "I don't understand ya." respect. "Basco came to school hungry today and . . ." "Oh, if only you could arrange it," Miss Finch sighed "I'll take over from here, Ma," a voice rasped. The heavily. woman stepped to one side and a m a n s shoulders filled "I'll give Mr- Drake a buzz right now," Mr. Bitmore said, going into the office. the doorwar. "Waht's yer trouble, Ma'am?" Mr. Nobles ing his breath peered in though histhrough teeth. rheumy eyes at Imogine, suck- "I would hate to hurt Basco. Maybe I had better ask him first." Miss Finch hesitated. "It seems like I've Miss Finch's confidence began to ooze down into her thin shoes BASCO NOBLES (Continued from page 70) been trying to lead him into things without telling him first." "Hurt? Him! Try and hurt that lump. He has the hide of an elephant And besides, I think that he would do whatever you'd ask him," Mr. Bitmore snorted. Miss Finch thought that last remark over carefully as Mr. Bitmore dialed his friend's number. The door hurst open and Basco came hurtling through. "I was looking all over for you, Miss Finch," he said. "Sh," she pressed her finger to her lips. "Mr. Bit- more is on the phone." He looked at Mr. Bitmore, "Yeah, I can see." He turned to Miss Finch. "My dad is madder than hell. He says that you're still wet behind the ears and . . ." Imogine winced. "I'm afraid he's right, Basco. But I'll try to do my best to patch up things between you and your father." "How ya're gona do that?" "Would you like to work on a farm twenty miles from here?" "And not go to college?" Basco asked. "And not go to college," Miss Finch repeated. "I'm sorry I was wrong, Basco. Not every boy is right for college just as not every boy can be President of the United States." Mr. Bitmore looked up smiling. "More important, Miss Finch, you learned that a teacher can be wrong— and that's learning a lot." "Any luck?" she asked. His smile broadened. "Basco could begin today- if he wanted." "Gosh, thanks," Basco grinned. "I've always wanted to work on a farm and . . . away from home." Imogine leaned against Mr. Bitmore's desk weakly. "Got any last words of advice, Mr. Psychology?" Say- ing this she fixed her thoughtful eyes on Mr. Bitmore. He beamed. "It's like this, Imogine. Now that Basco is out of the way, I, too, believe in motivation. What is the quickest way to get you out on a date with me?" A smile sailing up in her eyes, she slightly bent over the desk and whispered, "I'm not keeping any- body after class today, you could start with walking me home." THE END 70 ALLIS-CHALMERS . . . where you can design, build, research or sell products like these • • • and grow with 3 growth industries You can grow faster in a company that supplies the to many fields of engineering: electric power, hy- basic needs of growth! Power, construction and draulics, atomic energy, ore processing. manufacturing must grow to supply the needs of our There are many kinds of work to try: design population which is increasing at the rate of 50,000 engineering, application, research, manufacturing, per week. Allis-Chalmers is a major supplier of sales. Over 90 training stations are available, with equipment in these basic industries. expert guidance when you want it. Your future is But there's another factor of equal importance: as big as your ability can make it. Allis-Chalmers Graduate Training Course offers un- Or, if you have decided your field of interest and usual opportunities for the young engineer to: are well qualified, opportunities exist for direct as- • Find the type of work he likes best signments on our engineering staff. • Develop engineering skill In any case—learn more about Allis-Chalmers. • Choose from a wide range of career possibilities Ask the A-C manager in your territory, or write Allis-Chalmers graduate training course has been Allis-Chalmers, Graduate Training Section, Mil- a model for industry since 1904. You have access waukee 1, Wisconsin. Student Authors Page "JETS Contribute to Education" is Patrick Miller's Second Story about the JETS organiza- tion for the Spartan Engineer. Pat is a Senior from Maple City, Michigan. Pat is majoring in mathematics. He attended junior college in Traverse City before coming to Michigan State University. His future plans include teaching math and physical science in high school. Pat is also a member of the Newman Club. John Green, the author of "Radiation Effects on Metal" is a senior majoring in mathematics. John was bom in Detroit, Michigan and now lives here in East Lansing with his wife Barbara and son John. He has been active in the I.F.C. and Union Board and is a member of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. Besides writing "The New Brain at Michigan State," Ernie Lapensee is Business Manager of the Spartan Engineer, Secretary of The American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Vice-President of Eta Kappa Nu, a member of Tau Beta Pi and a member of the Engineering Council. This is Ernie's second story for the Engineer. The first was a science fiction article. 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This booklet will be helpful to you in your engineering courses and also later on, when you face problems as a practicing engineer The International Nickel Company- Inc., Dept. 128e, New York 5, N.Y Who gets the most exciting assignments in electronics? The answer is young engineers at IBM—long a leader in computer engineering. Perhaps you, too, would find it challenging to solve problems similar to these typical and recent IBM problems: Design and development. Develop a magnetic core memory using transistor drive circuits. This involved a study of the characteristics of cores as a load, of the arithmetic portions of the machine as a source of information to control the core driving circuits, and of the pulse characteristics of transistors. Manufacturing. In magnetic core storage units, three or more wires must be woven through every core in the array, each a tiny doughnut less than 1/10 of an inch in diameter. This weaving process was a tedious, painstaking hand-operation —a far from desirable method. The development of a rapid automatic assembly method was necessary to attain economic volume production. Field Engineering. Assume responsibility for performance and maintenance of an entire computer system (composed primarily of electronic equipment) in one of today's most vital defense projects. In addition to exciting assignments, young engineers at IBM find the kind of advanced facilities, stimulating associates, and climate which encourage personal progress and achievement. If your abilities thrive on challenge, IBM offers you unlimited opportunity to make important and rewarding contributions. tics are a function of the electrostatic interactions of NUCLEAR RADIATION the charged particles in the crystal structure. If we (Continued from page 10) consider the neutron as an electrically neutral elemen- tary we can see that essentially it will be unaffected The alpha particle (or helium nuclei) is roughly four by these Coulomb forces. times as heavy. Fission fragments are variable in their mass. The penetrating power of the neutron is then a These masses are all extremely small in terms of simple result of a probability consideration. Students macroscopic measurement but they represent appreci- who have taken Statistics 351, Statistics for Engineers, able center! of energy in the atomic world. First of will recognize this as an application of the "sample all when we apply the linear momentum concept from square" method. For the high energy neutron (exceed- Newton's Second Principle (classically, neglecting ing perhaps 1 MEV) the expected value of the number relativists effects), we realize that the "impact" of of elastic collisions of the neutrons with atoms (nuclei) these particles, treated as missiles, is a direct function will be very small. However, when they do occur, the of their masses. Second, in terms of Einstein's mass- effect can be similar to a geometric progression. The energy equivalence equation we see that the mass energy transferred in the initial collision will (except- Itself represents a concentration of energy. The con- ing possibly massive nuclei) exceed the inertial and version factor used here is 1 amu equals 931.1 MEV electrostatic holding forces of the "knocked-on" atom. (millions of electron volts). As a result both the original neutron and the displaced atom have "missile" properties. Glasstone cites the possibility of a 2 MEV neutron producing 6,030 B. Metals "knock-ons" in the bombardment of aluminum. In We are all cognizant of the fact that metals only summary then a "fast" or high energy neutron has appear to be continuous in their physical make-up. sufficient energy to produce numerous displaced atoms Their true nature, on the atomic level, is discrete in although the probability of each collision is relatively character. The atoms of which they are comprised are small. arranged in a regular three-dimensional pattern called a crystal structure or "lattice." Another consequence of neutron bombardment Dr. J. C. Slater of M.I.T. expresses the importance occurs in the so-called "slow" neutron range (.01 to of the lattice structure as follows: .3 ev). Because of the neutral charge, it is relatively easy for a neutron to enter the nucleus of the target "The fundamental fact about a solid is that under ordinary circumstances, its behavior is a unique func- atom. The result may be an isotope of the original tion of the position of its atoms, no matter how its element or possibly even a complete transmutation. atoms come to these positions." It is thoroughly possible that the new material thus formed would be unstable and thus radioactive. The atoms, themselves, are of course composed of a particular array of the elementary particles with The permeability of particles other than neutrons is "plenty" of free space between the nucleus and the limited by factors including their size, energies, sub- orbital electrons. Essentially then the density we jection to Coulomb forces and so on. One of the main intuitively attribute to metals is merely a product of effects created by these particles is the excitation ot our macroscopic comparisons with other materials. the orbital electrons and vibrations within the lattice, Two features should be noted. First, the metal crystal, itself. In the main, however, radiation damage is a because of the crystal "lattice" formation and the inter result of the neutron flux. atomic arrangement, has a sufficient volumetric capa- city for many additional foreign particles to be added. One final mechanism should be considered in the Second, because the crystal is primarily this "free" exposure of metals to the bombardment. This is the space, the atoms in the lattice do not represent the thermodynamic aspect. Nuclear kinetic energy can be excellent closely arrayed target for radiation bom- considered as essentially heat energy. The process by bardment that might be first assumed. which the various collisions occur involves the trans- fer of the "missile's" energy by instantaneous thermal Obviously the first considerations involving the two conduction. This means we have a large amount ot reactants are the mechanisms brought into play. heat localized in a small area of the lattice. The natural result is a "thermal spike" or a rise in the temperature C. The Mechanisms to the order of 2000° F. or even above. In this range Neutrons and the heavier charged particles are the actual vaporization of some metals may occur. When important types of radiation in the reactions because resolidification occurs, distortion of the lattice is a of their mass. (Electrons, however, have been actually probable result. utilized in the "Elox" process which is mentioned at the conclusion of the article). When the neutron was first observed by Bothe and Becker in 1932 they mis- Ill BASIC PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION took it for gamma rays because of its extreme pene- A. Tensile Strength Up, Ductility Down trating nature. This introduces an important concept. We have mentioned the importance of crystal struc- Metals are ultimately (we believe) composed of ture on physical properties. Plastic deformation in charged particles. The nature of the metal we have metals occurs when the metal slips along certain dis- said is a function of the crystal structure. What we crete planes which can be diagnosed from a knowledge parenthetically imply by this is that these characteris- of the particular structure involved. The planes al- 76 ways appear to be those which are most closely packed with atoms. This can be somewhat analogously visual- ized by picturing a deck of playing cards being shifted parallel to the individual boundaries. When the metal is subjected to irradiation some of the "knocked-on" atoms are knocked out of their normal positions leaving vacancies at these points. These atoms, themselves, are then displaced into "un- natural" locations between the lattice components. There is a resultant increase in the tensile strength because the slippage normally possible is impeded by these so-called "interstitial" atoms (this is probably an electrostatic phenomenon). This type of lattice distortion has been compared in mechanism and results to cold working methods. Like cold working there is a resultant decrease in the ductility. There is conflicting data on the relative de- gree of the various effects. In an article in "Scientific American," Seitz and Wigner cite the U. S. Atomic Energy Display at Geneva. Every few seconds a light ball was thrown alternately at two copper cylin- ders which looked identical but differed in the fact mat one had been exposed to the neutrons of the Oak judge reactor. The normal cylinder when hit by the light ball, gave no sound but the irradiated one sang like a tuning fork. The authors mention that no amount of normal cold working could endow copper with as much rigidity as the irradiated specimen pos- sessed. Steele and Wallace writing in Metal Progress claim that certain aluminum alloys had yield strengths rebled and tensile strength doubled by radiation ex- Posure. Although ductility decreased, the decrease was not as pronounced as if the same strength increase had been obtained by heat treatment or mechanical means. The late H. A. Sailer presented similar evi- nce for steel in an article for Nucleonics Magazine. of coordination and standardization of techniques is apparently a cause for much (superficially) "contra- dictory" data. The roll that methods of experimental exposure play in divergent data must be investigated. In addition the possibility of some subtle structure differences may rule out any all-inclusive rule for the effects. D. Dimensional Instability Pronounced As more atoms are displaced from their normal positions in the lattice, a definite "swelling" of the crystal occurs. Anyone who has had experience pack- ing an army barracks bag will appreciate the problem here. As long as everything is in order and neatly packed, a tremendous amount can be packed in the space. As soon as disarray sets in, the overflow gets out of hand. Seitz and Wigner discuss the problems of the AEC Materials Testing Reactor in Idaho. When the reactor went into operation with its new Beryllium Oxide moderator there was a l'< expansion the first day! The expansion was not linear with time and at the end of ten days the expansion was not nearly 10% but this is still indicative of a major problem. E. Unstable Energy Situation B. Rockwell Hardness Increases The interstitial atoms represent a considerable As might well be expected from the results above, amount of stored energy. If there were a concerted the hardness of metals increases with irradiation. Like movement back into a normal equilibrium position, the increase of tensile strength, it has been found that there would be a sudden energy release. The energy a time proportionality does not exist for the exposure- theoretically could reach values to hundreds of calories physical change relationship. It appears that a certain per mole. Unpleasant complications are a possible saturation point of these dislocations is reached after result. The phenomena is certainly not impossible. All materials (and humans) display a certain recupera- which continued exposure has negligible effect. tive power after radiative exposure. This is the self- In a comprehensive survey written for Materials and healing" effect. Methods magazine in 1954, D. O. Leeser found nickel- based alloys to be most susceptible to radiation harden- IV A FEW IMPLICATIONS OF RADIATION ing. Changes to the order of 150 Bhn were reached EFFECTS in annealed specimens. Certain low hardness stainless steels showed changes of 15 points Rockwell "C" scale. When the author began this paper he had a few In general Mr. Leeser found "soft" steels more adapt- hypotheses regarding methods of harnessing the so- able to this technique. called "radiation damage." The theory was that dam- age" in the sense of reactor construction problems did not necessarily preclude application of the principles C. Electrical and Thermal Conductivity Down to another field. One of the last resource articles in- Some contradiction appears on this point in available vestigated was the article written by the late Mr- H. A. data. In general, one would expect the presence of Sailer of the Battelle Memorial Institute writing in extensive lattice deformations a deterent to the free the September, 1956, issue of Nucleonics Magazine. flow of electrons. Seitz and Wigner bear this out with Mr. Sailer's article was entitled "Beneficial Effects of data from the operation of the Materials Testing Re- Radiation on Metals" and contains several excellent actor showing losses in electrical and thermal con- examples of potential engineering applications of these ductivity up to 30X normal values. effects. Seitz and Wigner point out that the energies residual in lattice defects are being considered as a However, H. A. Sailer in his discussion of semi- kind of storage battery. conductors claims that this decrease reaches a limiting value after which an actual conductivity increase In the area of hardening metals there would be se* occurs. eral obvious advantages. Localized hardening cou be accomplished with even greater precision tnaI In examination of much of the available test results induction hardening methods. Perhaps even more U^ in this entire field of radiation effects, it is evident that portant is the fact that the hardening does not inVOli much basic work must yet be accomplished. Lack 78 B -52 jack screw—a typical Boeing design challenge On Boeing B-52 bombers, the hori- MARC IM-99 pilotless interceptor, and In addition to design engineering, zontal tail surface has more area than the aircraft of the future. there are openings on other Boeing teams wing of a standard twin-engine airliner. Because of Boeing's steady expansion, in research and production. Engineers yet it can be moved in flight, up or down, there is continuing need for additional like the life in the "just-right" size com- to trim the aircraft. munities of Seattle and Wichita. They engineers. There are more than twice as may pursue advanced studies with com- The device that performs this function many engineers with the company now is a jack screw, which, though it weighs pany assistance in tuition and participate as at the peak of World War II. Because only 255 pounds, can exert a force of in a most liberal retirement plan. There Boeing is an "engineers' company," and approxmately 225 tons! may be a place for you at Boeing-Seattle promotes from within, these men find or Boeing-Wichita. unusual opportunities for advancement. Many kinds of engineering skills went Design engineers at Boeing work with For further Boeing career information consult your into designing and developing a jack Placement Office or write to either: screwsoprecisethat it automatically com- other topnotch engineers in close-knit pensates for stretch and compression project teams. They obtain broad experi- under load. Civil, electrical, mechanical ence with outstanding men in many and aeronautical engineers, and mathe- fields, and have full scope for creative maticians and physicists - a l l find chal- expression, professional growth and indi- vidual recognition. And they find satis- lenging work on Boeing design projects for the B-52 global jet bomber, and for faction in the high engineering integrity the 707 Jet tanker-transport, the BO- that is a Boeing byword. NUCLEAR RADIATION THE NEW BRAIN (Continued from page 78) (Continued from page 21) any general elevated temperatures. These two con- The output of the computer may be obtained in 2 siderations bid well to solve knotty practical metal- different ways. There is a fast output consisting of punched tape and a relatively slow output where the lurgy problems. answer is typed on a teletype tape. On the fast, The probable transmutations resulting from slow punched output the bits are punched five abreast neutron reaction bombardment leads to another inter- rather than in single file. This system is called the esting possibility. Alloys and structures heretofore im- sexadecimal system. The sexadecimal system is basic- practical by the most advanced orthodox methods may ally a binary system with the bits gathered in groups of 4 and placed vertically. A fifth dot on the tape is be feasible now. In other words tailor made metals not part of the word but is used for other purposes. with characteristics totally unobtainable by any other oooooooooo means are a theoretical possibility. oooooooooo At least one process on the market, "The Elox oooooooooo Process," involves the bombardment of metals by a oooooooooo charged particle. The terrific problem of machining oooooooooo carbides has been partially solved by using an appro- one word in the sexadecimal system paper tape priately shaped electrode maintained at a particular oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo potential. As it approaches the work piece there is one word in the binary system a flow of electrons to the metal. The collisions involve In this illustration each position is filled with a dot. a thermodynamic principle similar to the "thermal For an actual word there may or may not be a dot in spike" mentioned earlier. The localized heating is so any given position. intense that the metal is vaporized at the surface and SAMPLE INPUT TAPE ___ carried away by a coolant. We might at this point Instructions Instructions wonder about the possibility of machining with an Add Next Word Word Multiply by Word Two Words Following incident beam of protons or alpha particles. The mass Word _ _ _ dependent kinetic energy would thus be greatly in- The computer hasn't even been finished yet and creased. It could be assumed that the thermal conduc- already the rapid memory is being considered almost tion at impact would also be greatly increased. The obsolete. Dr. Von Tersch is making plans about the net result might well be an expedited radiation type system which will eventually replace it—a transistor machining. The use of a carefully designed directed driven core memory, using printed circuitry. This flow, however, poses a substantial engineering prob- future memory will have slightly more speed and lem. better reliability than the cathode ray tube memory. Its capacity may also be increased. All of these considerations are perhaps impractical at the present time. However, as men trained in the SUMMARY techniques of atomic engineering become more plenti- The new computer will probably be in operation in ful, the whole field is bound to produce startling new the Fall. developments. The fast memory has a capacity of 1024 words and an access time of 18 microseconds. The slow memory has a capacity of 12,800 words Little Jack Homer and an access time of 6 milliseconds. Sat in a coiner, Each word is 40 binary digits long which is the Crib notes under his eye. equivalent of 12 decimal places. He opened his book, The input is on punched paper tape using the sexa- And took a quick look, decimal system. The output is either on punched tape (fast output) And now he's a Tau Beta Pi. or typed on teletype tape. « o a The Cathode Ray tube rapid memory will eventually be converted to a transistor driven core memory. "Hey, Murphy, what are you putting in your vest pocket?" "A stick of dynamite. Everytime O'Leery sees me, he slaps me on the chest and breaks my cigars. The next time he tries it, he'll blow his damn hand off." 80 Classified Ad: "Young man trans- ferring from Engineering to Science would like to trade one good study lamp for a good mattress." # 0 0 Diplomacy is the art of saying "nice doggie" until you can find a rock. ft ft e "You look very downcast." "Yes, my wife was away for six weeks and I wrote her every week and said I spent all my evenings at home. "She's back now and the light bill has come in. It's for 50 cents." ft ft ft Thermometers — Something else graduated with degrees without having brains. « « 0 Have you heard the new radio program . . . the girl who wanted two bathrooms, or . . . The wife's other John. ft O O Father Rabbit: "What's Junior so elated about?" Mother Rabbit: "He learned to multiply today!" * « * "Beg your pardon, but aren't you an engineering student?" "No - it's just that I couldn't find Omega West, newest of the research reactors at my suspenders this morning, my Omega site in Los Alamos, is one of several reactors razor blades were used up, and a in operation or under development at the Laboratory. bus ran over my hat." The OWR is designed for high flux at low cost, O O ft flexible operation, and has extremely versatile port facilities. This installation is an important addition Now gentlemen," said the presi- to the impressive array of research facilities available dent of the Homely Baby Bottle to Los Alamos scientists. Co., "we have 50,(X)0 of these feed- in g bottles in stock and we expect The Laboratory is interested in receiving employment you salesmen to go out and create applications from engineers and scientists of superior a demand." qualifications. Direct your inquiry to: 0 0 0 Department of Scientific Personnel Division 571 . Papp a Bear: "Who's been drink- ln g my beer?" M o m m a Bear: "Who's been drinking my beer?" B aby Bear: "Barf." » » a Secretary _ "Professor, isn't this te r V ame test y o u §ave Iast semes " .Prof- 0cha - " Y es, but it's alright -I've nged the answers." January 1957 NEW DEVELOPMENTS Tiny Light Cell A tiny light-sensitive electronic device that may be (Continued from page 61) used to guide missiles by sunlight, spot the flashes of distant artillery, or enable blind operators to find degrees F. The presently installed equipment pro- plug-in positions in a telephone switchboard was vides for bonding pressures up to 100 psi with a design described at Washington, D. C , by scientists. operating pressure limit of 125 psi. The device, a novel type of photocell no larger than the eraser on the end of a pencil, was disclosed at a Electronic Boilers meeting of the Professional Group on Electron Devices, An electronic system designed to analyze the opera- Institute of Radio Engineers. The transistor-like cell tion of a giant steam generating unit in a few hours- is capable of sensing with a high degree of accuracy a task ordinarily requiring weeks of work by a team both the direction and intensity of a source of light. ol specialists-has been developed. It was pointed out that the compact device is capable By means of "sensing" elements linked to analog of performing with improved accuracy and efficiency scanners, the system can probe hundreds of different many functions which have been handled previously boiler locations. At the touch of a button, it begins only with as many as four separate conventional photo- gathering such data as temperature, pressure and gas cells. composition, Complex electronic devices, operating The development is based on the recent discovery without human guidance, then sort the information, of a phenomenon that occurs when light is focused by supplement it with pre-set figures, and punch it in a lens on a semiconductor junction like those used code on continuous tape. in transistors to generate and control a flow of elec- Tape readings are transmitted by teletype to a trons. It has long been known that when light shines large electronic computer. Translated automatically directly on such a junction, a small voltage is gener- into code suitable for computer use, the information ated across the junction from front to rear. In addition is processed mathematically and transmitted back to to this previously known effect, it has now been dis- the boiler site for application by engineers and tech- covered that when the position of the light is changed nicians. so that a point of light strikes the junction to one side The new system has been developed to help engi- or the other of its center, a voltage also is developed neers determine quickly and economically such boiler along the junction from side to side. problems as sources of heat losses, the most efficient This lateral voltage has been put to use in a new types of fuels, and when and where to remove com- type of photocell whose most interesting characteristic bustion waste deposits. Emphasizing the need for is an additional photo-output that varies from a posi- a method of correcting material or operating faults tive to a negative value over its surface. The result promptly, authorities pointed out that boiler mal- is achieved by use of three electrical connections in- functions and abnormal fuel consumption may con- stead of the usual two in conventional cells. tinue for weeks under ordinary trouble-shooting methods. They said that the system also represents This means that a point of light, focused on the an effort to conserve critically short engineering man- photocell by a lens, will produce a signal between two power by reducing the number of personnel and the of the connections that varies with the angle between amount of time required to conduct boiler analyses. the direction to the light and the axis of the cell. These signals can be read with high accuracy to determine The "brain" of the system is a centrally located elec- the direction and intensity of the light source. At the tronic coordinating unit. A special "scanning" device makes it possible for the system to gather data from same time, the third electrical connection produces a widespread points of a boiler. Each scanning unit normal photocell signal in response to the intensity collects information from 25 different sensing elements. of the light and independent of its direction. Any number of these devices may be hooked up with the system, depending on the quantity and location of LIST OF POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS points from which information is desired. LIGHT COMMUNICATION BETWEEN Recently the system underwent performance tests. MOVING OBJECTS: It gathered data from 140 boiler locations. The photocell could be used to receive light signals Potentials of the new equipment will be more fully from a transmitter. The transmitted message is picked realized when it is applied later this year to the first up by the photocell using the normal connection, while of three steam generating units of a new type being the new direction-sensitive connections may be use built. This unit will utilize the highest steam pressure for lining up or "tracking" receivers and transmitters and temperature ever employed in the commercial continuously even if one or both stations are moving. production of electric power. Data will be gathered from 500 different locations of the unit. Successful operation of the system on this GUIDED MISSILE NAVIGATION: unit will conserve both manpower and money during Since the photocell is capable of detecting the center the boiler's "proving out" stage, and provide perform- point of the sun with great accuracy, it could form the ance data of a type unobtainable in the past. 82 NEW DEVELOPMENTS be used also in a variety of detecting and measuring functions in which signals provided by a light source (Continued from page 82) are translated into various mechanical effects. As an example, the production of sound from a film sound heart of an automatic navigation system employing track. the sun as a guide. ARTILLERY SPOTTING AND RANGE FINDING: Two spaced photocells would be used in this appli- cation. The cells could detect a sudden flash of light at a distance, such as that caused by the firing of a gun, and could determine the direction to the light. The intersection of these directional lines extending from each cell would then locate accurately the posi- tion and the distance of the gun. The photocell would be capable of locating sources of infra-red or ultra- violet light as well as visible light. LIGHT FINDER FOR BLIND TELEPHONE OPERATORS: The extreme compactness of the new photocell would make possible the design of a lens and photo- cell assembly small enough to mount on a finger in the manner of a ring. The cell would signal the direction to an indicator lamp locating a call on the switchboard. The signal from the photocell would be fed through a special circuit that would translate it into a low audible frequency for transmission into an earphone. This audible signal would fade as the operator's hand neared the right location on the switchboard. In addition to these applications, the new cell might For a short and simple example, suppose you check MATHEMATICAL GENIUS the grocery clerk's figures: (Continued from page 28) eggs .89 peas .23 3. Divide the first number of the multiplicand in half butter .96 coffee 1.04 and subtract 2. oranges .39 786 milk .25 x 3 1.23 2358 0.23 You deduct the 6 (last number) from 10 and 3.76 get 4. Double it and you get 8-first number This is how it works: of your answer ° In the first column you add 9 -|- 3 = 12. Don't go You subtract the second number, which is 8, higher. Make your first check mark and subtract 11 from 9 and get 1. Double it and you have 2. from 12. This leaves you 1. Add to one half of neighbor and you have 5 Add the 1 to the next number. 1 + 6 -f- 4 = 11. Subtract the 7 from 9 and you get 2. Double Stop. Make a check mark and continue adding. and you have 4. Add 5 (7 is an odd num- ber) plus one half of neighbor to right (the 9 -4- 5 = 14. Make a check mark and subtract 11. 8) and you have 13. You put down the 3 You have a remainder of 3, which you place below the and carry 1 3 line. You count the number of check marks (3) and put this directly below the first 3. For the last number of your answer you divide the 7 ( first number of your multiplicand) in You do the next column of figures exactly the same half and you get 3 (the smallest half). You way and end up with a remainder of 2. Underneath add the 1 you carried and you have 4. You that you put another 2 to designate the number of now diminish this by 2 and you have 2 times you reached 11. In the last column you have a If men have a fear of numbers, the feelings of most 1 and underneath that you put a zero as you had no women toward anything mathematical is plain terror. elevens. Even simple addition gets them down. You now have only two rows of figures to work Because of their ingrained fear of numbers, women with instead of 6. with college educations will permit a grocery clerk 1.23 who never got past the fourth grade to total up their 0.23 bill, meekly paying whatever sum he arrives at. The 3.76 average woman quickly chucks change from a bus driver into her purse, rather than go through the agony To get the final result you add the two sets of figures of counting. that you have put down, but you remember to add in Barnard College has included a course in Personal the check mark neighbor to the lower right. Finance in their curriculum because, "The trend Thus you add 3 + 3 = 6; 2 + 2 + 3 (neighbor at toward feminine control of American expenditures lower right) = 7; 1 + 0 + 2 (neighbor) = 3 . makes such a course advisable." In simple English, With this system even the monthly bank statement this means that college professors hope that women loses its terror. Let her try it! List her checks and will learn to check their household bills and handle remind her that no matter how complicated it looks, their financial problems without getting the screaming meemies. she need count only to eleven. In fact, since there are no carryovers from one column to the next she can By teaching her to add by the Trachtenberg system start with any column. The longer the addition, the you can save her a lot of headaches and at the same more she will appreciate this method. time shine as an example of efficiency. supermarket 79.04 In the Trachtenberg system you must remember tailor 30.53 only: shoes 21.53 rent 125.00 Never count higher than 11. electricity 11.38 telephone 5.70 Addition becomes cumbersome, unwieldy and liable dentist 18.35 to error when the numbers mount into the higher drugs 6.43 echelons. It's when she gets entangled with totals like 167 + 9 = 176 + 8 = 184 that she is apt to make 152.54 errors, become a nervous wreck and decide that it's 013.22 just too much for her. 297.96 In this system as soon as she reaches 11 or more, All operations involving calculations are susceptible she stops, puts a check mark down and continues to error. Anyone who has ever had anything to do adding, starting with the left-over number. When with bookkeeping knows the endless hours spent going she reaches the next 11 she repeats the process. 84 MATHEMATICAL GENIUS EDITOR S NOTE: This engineering report was re- ceived in the Spartan Engineer office the other day. (Continued from page 84) Undoubtedly, much thought, research and experimen- tation was involved in the perfection of this valuable over a calculation to "make it come out right." If invention; hence, we passed it on to yon for your fatigue sets in, the original error is sometimes repeated critical observation. over and over. The Trachtenberg method, which uses the rule of 9's, shows up errors quickly. For instance, SURE-KILL INSECT CORP. an error of transposition in a long calculation—the sort P. O. Box 742 of mistake that has kept many a bookkeeper burning Gainesville, Florida the midnight oil—will show up at once. If the number Instruction No. 487 297 is put down instead of 279, thus throwing the Date: December 5, 1955 whole calculation off, you find the error by subtracting From: J. M. O'Byrne, Head Engineer 279 from 297. You get 18, or two nines, and know immediately that this is where the mistake lies. T o : Consumer The Sure-Kill Killer is a scientifically-designed To prove the addition you add across each horizon- device that will rid your premises of all types of tal row, divide by nine, and jot down the remainder. crawling and flying insects. Thus: EQUIPMENT Take out 9's 79.04 7+ 9+ 0 + 4 = 20 leaves a remainder of 2 Please check your shipment on arrival to see that •30.53 3+ 0+ 5 + 3 = 11 " 2 it contains the following: 21.53 2+1 + 5 + 3 = 11 " 2 (1) Black Block 125.00 1+ 2 + 5 = 8 " 8 11.38 1+ 1 + 3 + 8 = 13 " 4 (2) Red Block 5.70 5+ 7 =12 " 3 (3) Green Block 18.35 1+ 8 + 3 + 5 = 17 " 8 6.43 6+ 4+ 3 = 13 " 4 INSTRUCTIONS 297 -96 Add the remainders 33 (1) Unwrap the individual blocks and check for Take out 9's leaves 6 cracks or dents. Add the digits in the answer: 2+ 9+ 7+ 9+ 6 =33 (2) Place blocks beside each other on a hard, sturdy Take out 9's leaves 6 surface. To prove multiplication, you follow the same rule (3) Place insect on the black block. as in addition. For example: (4) Place red block on top of insect. 67392 x 9 (5) Raise green block two feet above red block. (6) With a hard slam, bring the green block down 606528 squarely on the surface of the red block. To prove it you a d d : 6 + 7 + 3 + 9 + 2 = 27 (7) Remove green block. Take out the 9's and you are left (8) Remove red block and wash with hot water. with a zero. (9) Scrape insect from black block. Wash the block You now a d d t h e answer 6 + 0 + 6 + 5 + 2 + 8 = 27 with hot water. Divide by 9 and you are left (10) Follow steps (2) through (9) until your prem- with a zero. ises are entirely free from insects. This key is applicable to any mathematical problem The Sure-Kill Corporation hopes you are completely and is infallible. satisfied with your killer. Known as the shorthand of mathematics, the Trach- tenberg system is applicable to the most intricate Problems. The same simple rules are used to arrive Ag student: "Ah'm named after my parents. Pa's at the answer of 5132437201 x 452736502785 = 2323641669144374104785,or in figuring out the square first name was Ferdinand and Ma's name was Liza." root of 3/48726851. Engineer: "And what's your name?" great many mathematical experts believe that Ag student: "Ferdiliza." within the next decade the Trachtenberg system, O 0 • which has eight major keys, will have as far reaching an effect on education and science as the introduction of shorthand did on business. He: "Why do the most important men on campus The problems shown here are but a small part of the always get the prettiest girls?" trachtenberg system. But by memorizing these rules She: "Oh, you conceited thing you." you can build yourself a solid reputation as a full- a • « grown mathematical genius. adequate comparison, only one JETS scholarship stu- JETS dent in engineering has changed to some other field. During the same period of time the majority of the (Continued from page 13) entrance scholarship students in engineering have fairly adequate definition of the many jobs involved in changed to other fields. This may somewhat show work in the sciences. how the clubs more or less assure the student's interest in engineering. Probably an important function of A former Olivet club member, studying E.E. at the JETS is to provide a test so as to show the student M.S.U., feels that the connection the JETS offers be- whether his interest is great enough for him to become tween high school students and university personnel an engineer. Most of us will agree that it is much is very important. The JETS main office is at M.S.U., better for a student to make this decision at the high and every year many of the numerous clubs' members school level than after two years or so of college. are present at the Annual Engineering Exposition held One receives quite an experience when talking with at M.S.U. This tends to give them some personal con- these club members. You find high school students tact with some of the professors in the Engineering asking questions of a very high technical nature. Many College. Because they have this relationship and meet of these questions involve use of principles which are usually offered to sophomores and juniors at the col- many members from different clubs with similar back- lege level. Although these students are not able to grounds, their adjustment to a different type of life solve these problems they have a very inquiring mind. is somewhat easier during their first year of college. This desire to inquire should lead to many useful and Many of the present and former club members feel practical engineers. Also, when talking with former members at the college level, one finds them very that they are very grateful for having excellent advisors enthusiastic and saying something to the effect that or club pilots. Usually a mathematics or science the JETS organization is going only one way and that's teacher in the school system will fill this position. the direction of progressive advancement. These advisors are very important as far as the effi- At present a committee is working on the possibility ciency of the club is concerned. Probably the most of organizing clubs at the college level. This is just important qualities of the advisor are to have a genuine another example of their progressive motivation. It interest in engineering and good organizational abili- seems that an organization of this nature with its ties. As is evident by the tremendous progress of the many features is greatly contributing to the educa- JETS, many schools have been quite fortunate in tional process of our technical society. having teachers with these qualities. Club members take great pride in the abilities of their advisors, and likewise, the advisors take pride in the club. Since the JETS are a rapidly growing organization it seems that present teachers and future teachers should take an interest in promoting these clubs. As is evident by the experiences of present advisors, they should find their contributions stimulating as well as rewarding. Just how do the students from JETS clubs compare with other students after entering college? Although there is no concrete evidence as of now to make an so CHALLENGING this industry... so REWARDING its opportunities ...and so VARIED the careers it offers... Alcoa wrote this book to tell the story Few basic industries can match aluminum for speed of They can share in new and startling research and growth and diversity of activities. And Alcoa sets the development triumphs sure to come from Alcoa . . . for pace for the aluminum industry. these new engineers will work with research teams that Because of this growth and diversity, Alcoa needs developed such products as the first 330-kv transmission outstanding young engineers who, someday, will take line . . . the first aluminum curtain walls . . . all the over every important management function at Alcoa. important basic families of aluminum alloys. Alcoa's Alcoa's book tells you this story. new book outlines this exciting future. If you are earning a degree in metallurgical, mechani- Or, if you prefer selling, Alcoa provides opportunities cal, electrical, industrial, chemical, civil or other engi- in sales engineering and sales development where sales- neering field, Alcoa wants to discuss your future with manship of the highest order is needed . . . and where you. Alcoa's book tells you how to go about this. recognition comes quickly. You'll find this excitingly Engineers who select a career with Alcoa will earn portrayed in Alcoa's book. their professional recognition under the men who built See your Placement Director, or write directly for the aluminum business. They'll gain their experience your copy of A Career for You With Alcoa. You'll find w ith the industry's foremost production equipment, it stimulating and rewarding reading. Use the coupon such as America's biggest forging press. for convenience. SIDETRACKED STOLEN BY FRANK W. BRUTT The ME instructor held the chisel against the rusted The tightwad, out of town on his wife's birthday, sent her a check for a million kisses as a gift. The wife, bolt. He looked at the ME student and said, "When annoyed by his extreme thrift, sent this postcard: I nod my head you hit it." "Dear Jim: Thanks for the perfect birthday check. They're burying him at noon today. The milkman cashed it this morning." o * » The designer sat at his drafting board; A wealth of knowledge in his head was stored; Papa Robin returned to the nest and proudly announced that he had just made a deposit on a brand Like "What can be done on a radial drill, new Buick. Or a turret-lathe or a vertical mill?" o e e But above all things, a knack he had Of driving gentle machinists mad. So he mused as he thoughtfully scratched his bean The more we study, the more we know. "Just how can I make this thing hard to machine?" The more we know, the more we forget. If he made this body perfectly straight, The more we forget, the less we know. The job ought to come out first rate. But t'would be so easy to turn and bore The less we know, the less we forget. That it would never make a machinist sore. The less we forget, the more we know. So he'll put a compound taper there, So why study? And a couple of angles to make 'em swear, And brass would work for these little gears, • • • But it's too easy to work, he fears, So just to make the machinist squeal, Lady in streetcar to little boy holding large box: He'll make him mill it from tungsten steel! "What's in your box, little boy, cake?" He'll put those holes that hold the cap Little Boy: "Nope." Down underneath where they can't be tapped; Lady: "Cookies?" Now if they can make this, it'll be just luck. 'Cause it can't be held in a dog or chuck, Little Boy: "Nope." And it can't be planed and can't be ground, Lady, seeing a wet spot on the box, running So he feels his design is unusually sound, finger along it and putting it to her tongue: U , know. Pickles." And he shouted in glee, "Success at last! This thing can't even be cast." Little Boy: "Nope. Puppy." > • • • • • Ashes to ashes, dust to dust; She: "Did you hear the horrid things they been say- If it weren't for paint, ing about me?" Women would rust. Engineer: "Why do you think I came over. 88 Nuclear reactor vessel for Shippingport, Pa. power plant designed by Westinghouse Electric Co. under contract with the A.E.C. for operation by Duquesne Light Company. Where atoms turn into horsepower Combustion Engineering designed and built this "couldn't- be-done" reactor vessel for America's first full-scale nuclear power station. And photography shared the job of testing metals, revealing stresses and proving soundness. COUNTLESS unusual—even unique- tography saved time in the drafting problems faced Combustion rooms. It revealed where stresses Engineering in creating this nuclear and strains would be concentrated. reactor vessel. Nine feet in diameter It checked the molecular structure with walls 8V2 in. thick, it is 235 tons of the steel, showed its chemical of steel that had to be flawless, make-up. And with gamma rays it seamed with welds that had to be probed for flaws in the metal, imper- perfect. And the inner, ultrasmooth fections in the welds. surface was machined to dimension Any business, large or small, can with tolerances that vie with those use photography in many ways to in modern aircraft engines. save time and money. It can go to As in all its construction, Combus- work in every department—design, tion Engineering made use of research, production, personnel, photography all along the way. Pho- sales, and accounting. AT G E N E R A L ELECTRIC . . . Your engineering background fits you for expanding opportunities in manufacturing Today's engineers are going to work in rently planning expansions and im- Mechanical, industrial, electrical, at manufacturing and rightly so. The provements to double its production chemical engineers will allfindwid products of our rapidly advancing tech- rate in the next ten years. To meet this opportunities in the varied activities] nology involving mechanical, electri- intensified demand, the Company has modern G-E manufacturing. For co cal, hydraulic, chemical and electronic instituted a Manufacturing Training plete information on careers in man components call for greater engineer- Program to develop young men for the facturing, write to John E. Jones, M ing skill in their production. With the important jobs which will result from ufacturing Training Program, Gene advent of atomic devices there will be this manufacturing growth. Electric Company, Schenectady an even greater demand for engineer- You can share in G.E.'s manufac- New York. ing knowledge in the manufacturing turing progress. This is a field where function. manufacturing engineers will apply all General Electric, long a leader in their technical knowledge to provide modern manufacturing methods, is cur- solutions for industry's many problems.