UNITED STATES SCHOOL GARDEN ARMY • DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR IUSSGI BUREAU OF EDUCATiON WASHINGTON v COURSES IN SCHOOL-SUPERVISED GARDENING for the NORTHEASTERN STATES FOLLOW THE PIED PIPER. Join the United States School Garden Anny. • • WAlIIJl;\1)W-S : GOVER.s:YIC."T l't'IO'lTI;NO OFFIce: 10'9 • • ADMINISTRA TlVE OFFlCIALS. FnANKI.lN K. L"'-NE, l'w:l..A.I."DEK P. CLAXTON, Secretary Department pf tile. Interior, Commiuioner Bureau of EducottQu. 10m. L. RA...''""DAl.r.,Direciar, REGIONAL DIRECTORS. CluulE1'iCE M. WEED, FREDERICK A. MLnRlLL, Ncrtheaateru Stales. Southeaatem and Bouthweeturn Btetee. JAllHiiTEIl 8. IVINS, Or-art, A. STEBBINIl, Central States. westaru Stal.e!l. ETHEL GOWA.l'S, SpIlcialut in Pi{lld lkmmlllraliO'Tl. REGIONAL AREAS. Northeastern States: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Mnssacbueetta, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Peuneylvania, New Jereey, Delo.WIIJC,Marylll.Iid, District of Columbia. Southeastern SlAWs: Vitgin.i.a., West Viq,-inia, NorLh Carolina, South Cnroljnn, • Georgia, Florida, AJaOOmJL, Missi.BBippi, TennCSlOO. Southwestern SUItes: Missouri, ArkRlll'Ia8, Louisiana, KIIIlllDB,Dklahorua, 'I'cXlLB, Colomdo, New Mexico. Central Statefl: Ohio, Indiana, .Ilfincia, Kentud"y, IHlchigll..n, Wisconain, 'Mlnne-- seta, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebreeke, Wcetcm States: Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Ari7.(.JOU,WWlhing- toll, Oregon, ClLlilornia. A gardenfor every child-eDery child in a garden. • INTRODUCTION. The following pages embody Borne suggestive outlines of courses in gardening based au the- Manual for School Supervised Gardening for the Northeastern Stutes. 'fills manuel consists of two parts-Part I, Vegetables; Part II, Flowers-and is available for the use of teachers. Outlines are given herewith £01' the followirig courses: I. A course in gardening based au nature study for the first six grades of the elementary schools. II. A course in gardening for the fifth aud eixtb grades of the elementary schools. III. A 20 weeks' course in gardening lor grades V, VI, Or vn. • IV. A Bummer course in gardening . V. A course in school-supervised gardening for normal schools. In the outlines for the earlier grades of Course I, many suggestions have been derived Irom A Course in Nature Study for the FirstSix Grades of.Elementary Schools prepared in its final form by u committee of which the present writer was chairman, and published by the Messuchusetta State Board of Education. , C.M.W. • • • L •• • • • • • COURSES IN SCHOOL SUPERVISED GARDENING FOR THE NORTHEASTERN STATES. L A COURSE IN GARDENING BASED ON NATURE STUDY FOR THE FIRST SIX GRADES OF THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. FIRST GRADE. AUTUMN. l<"LOW1'.lt.S sou AlITUMK STUDY. The only study which young pupils should be expected 1.0 muke of flowers in this grade is I.l.ul.t of acquaintance making through seuse pereepuiona. The real flowers should nlwnys be used so lihat the children O1.i1.Y see their coJOI' and fouu, feel the texture of their surfaces, nud smell their Imgtnuce. III every case the flowers in 1.116child's environment should he used, including both those wild and those cultivated in gardens. It is probably desirable to lend the pupils to notice which grow wild nud which grow in gardens. 'J'he following list includes the common kinds lbnt hnvc sufficiently distinctive characteristics 1'01' the younger children to learn' • them easily: Purple lI.Illers. Cco5111llf!. Butler llnd eggs. Sweet pee. Goldenrod. Sunflower. Tansy. Golden glow. Mullein. Pansy, l\.lari6'O!d. rneae ron A1JTUMlS STUDY. With the trees na with the 'wild OOW6l'5 children must mnke acquaintance almost wl1011y through their sense perceptions. They enjoy picking up the fallen Ieuves aud using them in their glunes us 'well as in nssorbiug, pressing, end mounting them, Experience has shown that- the leaves of the following trees fire readily Jell-rued by pupils in tho first grade. or course, only such or IJj~ should he utilized Il8 are found growing locally. Tulip tree. Willow. Sugar maple. Apple. Red maple. Pear. While poplar. Lilac. White oak. GrC)' birch. R¢ cuk. Home cbestuut. Balm of Gilead. , .. Bear oak. 6 $CHOOL-SUPERV]$ED GARDENING FOR THE NQRTHEAST.EIl.N STATES. OARDE~'TNG- FOR AUTIDfN. It ie important, to give young pupils iLO opportunity for actually growing plants themselves. The most desirable kinds for use at this season are such spring flowering bulbs as tho paper- white narcissus, French Roman hyacinth, single Von Sian daffodil, or the single jonquil. Direccions for buying and growing these will be found in lessons 133 nnd 135 of the Flower Manual. If it is not practicable to have each child grow a bulb individually, let the pupils plant them ns u group und watch them during their growth. WlNlER. TREES FOR wrs-ren STUDY. Take up It few of the commonest evergreens for sense perceptions by pupils. This work may well be begun about the first of December and culminate with the Christmas holidays. Have the pupils see, feel, smell, and assort. the needles of these evergreens: White pine, pitch pine, Norway or other spruce. They should also be shown the cones, both closed and open and, if possible, the trees us they gl'OW out of doors. The leaves learned in autumn should be reviewed at leaet once a month during the win tor. BllWS :rOR WlNTER STUDY. Pupils in this grade can Iom-n by sight n few common birds if they have an opportunity to see them locally. Domestic pigeons and English sparrows are pretty certain to occur where every child can see them, and the crow and blue jay aro also genernlly casy to observe. Do not confuse the children l,y putting IIp around the room a miscellaneous lot of bird pictures of 'species from all over ibe world. It will 'be better I.tt this time to use only the pictures of these • four kinds. Wl:NTEIl. GARDEN S'rUDlES. The bulbs pleutcd in autumn will mostly blossom in winter, and their care should be an important phase of the nature work during these months. Tbe flowers should be used for sense games nod in connection with oral stories to II. very great extent. A definite beginning should also be made in this grade in the study of the common vege- tables, utilizing for recognizing and eeuse perceptions these three crops: Turnip, beet, and potato. Have real specimens and supplement these by colored pictures from the seed catalogues. SPRING. FLOWERS FOR SPRl...... a STUDY. It is very easy to lead first-grade children to [L real knowledge of tho spring flowers, both wild uud cultivated. They should be given opportunities to see, smell, and handle M many of the following kinds (IS possible. Lend them to notice which are wild and which grow in gardens. Dlucti!. Arbutua. Blue ...-iolet, White violet. Buttercups. Dandelion. Du.iJ:ly. P"""". Tulip. OrOCUll'. Daffodil. Hyacinth. SCHOOL-SUPERVISED GARDEN'ING FOR THE NORTHEASTBRN STATl-::5. 7 TREES FOR S.PItING STUDY. Even before tho trees out of doors have begun to push out their buds tho interest of the • children moy be aroused by bringing inside some branches of poplar, willow, horse-chestnut, or Wac to keep in water until the Jouf buds or catkin buds are sent out. Let them see again the leaves they learned in autumn and then watch the developing branches of the some kinds as they come along in spring. Have specimens of these on ilia nature table and be sure to change them at lonst once It week. lJInDS FOR SPIHNG STUDY. The returning birds are watched with eager interest by first-grade children. Ha'Ve pictures of those on the following list but not of any others; use every opportunity for tbe childron to see AS many of these birds as possible out of doors and help to interest them in learning where they live and what they eat, Robin. Blue jay. Dluobird. Pigeon. Song IlpUITOW. Purple grackle. English IlJllUTOW, Swallow. Catbird. Meadow lark. GAlIDENlNG FOR SPRING. It is woll worth while to give the pupils a real experience in planting the seeds of 1\ few common vegetable.'> in window boxes or paper pots in order that they ml\Y watch the germination of the seeds and the growth of tbe young plants. It .ie not at all necessary for this purpose that the plants should be carried to maturity. The kinds recommended for this. grade UJ'e tho seeds of bean) pea, corn, and squash. It is ulao practicable to plant in paper flower pots the Seeds of • dwarf unsturtium end dwarf marigold, as these will grow well under school-room conditions and later may be trnnsplunted out of doors in the school or borne gardens. Early in May it is desir- able to plant ill a small garden out of doors the seeds of dwarf marigold und cosmos for the pupils to take home a few weeks later- to plant in their home gardens. SECOND GRADE. AUTUMN. FI:.QWERS"FOR AUTUMN STUDY. The children in the second grade can study flowers profitably only by means of their sense perceptions. They of course are able to master somewhat longer words and to differentiate lese distinctive flowers thnn those in the first grade. It is very desirable to review the first-grade work nnd to Iced them to an acquaintance of such of the foUowing kinds AS lire found in the region of the school: Arrowhead. Wild enrrot. Olceed gentian Fringed gentian. Heal-all. Mommg.glnry, Mignonette Candytuft. Nastm1.ium Poppy. Jewelweed, Petunia. .. Tiger illy • 8 SCHOOL-SUPERVISED GAUm;NfNG FOn rna N01tTllJ':ASTEnN 5TAn~s. 'CREES Fan ADTu~rN STUDY. It. is essential to review tho leaves studied in the first t,'1"udah)' letting the pupils see and handle them and it. is desirable to add us many of the kinds listed below ns R1'O locally abundant. Tho children of this grade enjoy playing various guessing and recognition games with the Ienves and ru-e easily able to make e.ttrnctive booklets of the mounted leaves: • Elm. Alder. While maple. Locust Red bitch. Clltalpa. SQ.!lBIlfms Ash. Butternut Buttonwood or sycamore. Ailpc.npoplar. Large-toothed poplar. Lombnedy poplar. It is important in this grildc to give the pupils ns muny opportunities us possible of noticing the dierinctivefeatures of Lhovarious trees whose leaves they have been studying. GAlmE!\'TNG ron Acruax. 'rho pupils in this grade also should be given an opportunity to plnnt and cm-e for a few spring flowering bulbs nnd if practicable one or two foliage plants. Of the former the French Roman hyacinth, cemperuelle jonquil, and puper white nuroissus are desirable: and of Ute latter the fuOpllrngus fern nnd Inch plant are excellent, Suggestions lor growing ull of these will be found in lessons 128, 139, nnd 144 in the Flower Munuul. WINTER. TRE.'!':S l-'OH WINTER STUDY, The three or four species of evergreens taken up ill tho rtrst grade should he hl'iefl~ reviewed with real specimens of the twigs, needles, and cones, and these additional species so far fig they • grow locally be taken tiP: . Arbor ,it:ll, l1omlock. Fir balsam. Larch or tll.LUnmck. '11\0 loaves of deciduous trees learned in autumn should he reviewed by means of gneseiug or recognitiou games nt least once fl. mouth throughout the winter, nIRDs FOJt WThTIn STUDY. Taka advnntagc of every opportunity for obeerviug winter birds of ulmost flny kind. The fOllr species list~d for the first grade should be noticed ngnin and if possible tile foliowing should be nddod: ('hjclwl~. Woodpecker. Nut halch. Snowhunting. Provide ]>ietures of each o·r these species; but do not make n miscelllll100US picture gnlIru·)r. FL\: up fl, place nellr tho winda".,; of the room if J>oss:iblofat" nttr/lcting biJ·ds to 100cl, by plac- ing thm'c bOlle>, suet, or grains. WINTER GARDl!:N81'~T'ES. Hero nsin tbofirstgradoTUuchof the garden interest should come from the individunl care of the hulhs planted h)' the pupils. These l;mlhs wiH cam.e iJlto blossom durin'" the weeks of win tel' and mil.)'"he either taken homo hy the pupils or left ill the schoolroom. • the lattet' In case it is desil'lthle to Io.t, the -plnnts ripen oIT OJtel' the flowers l'o.de ill ordor to give the pupils f\. better idol\ of the yom·ly gl'O\vth-cycle of these bulhs. The chihhen will of course conti'O\lo to tako earn of the fi,.. Leeson 28.-Gctting your garden ready. LCl!8OIl64..-li'i.ve purpose beans. Lessen 29.-How to plant. your cropl'l. Lesson G5.---Bwoot crom to cat and to can. Lesson SQ.-The crops to plant Ilrst. Leeeou 66.-DuCUlllbers for salads and pickles. LCB/lOn85.-The care ol the garden. Leeson 6B.--8otting out tomato plants. Ioecu 3G.-Wood.iJlg the garden. Lessen 72.-Thc cuhll&go WOI11lS. Leeou 37.-ThinIUng your young vegetables. Leeson BO.-The toad-The garden tank. Lesson 41.-John'e dream. Leeeou SS.-Witch gnws-ihe root of garden evil. I.c8BOIl5J.-Rad.iBh_tho enaieet gurdon crop, Jessen S9.-QUIIlity vegatablee from tho garden. teecc 5~.-Bectl> for both summer and winter. FOUR1l-I GRADE. Tho first three grades have largely boon devoted to acqUllintnm:.a-:-mnki"ngthrough SCuSe- perceptions of tho living things in the pupil's world. The point of view should now «benge to that oC helping 1Ibopupils to get experience in learning how these things W'Ouseful to man nnd to show them thelr- power to make them useful. From now all c~rtainl)" the motto of the School Gardon Army should be applied: A ganlenjor evel'l1chWl. Every child in. a garrkn. The expo.l'icut:o of the pupils in those gll.rdons will yield muoh materinl for inCormn.l ~ociar- ized discussions and the skillIul tenchCJ' CllI} runeJj]y group these nround certllin topios to get thoir greatest educatiOllul value, Soml) of those topi~ ar9 suggestod below. AUTUMN. IfLOWEltS ]o"'()ltAtn.·lnLN STony • • "t Special omphnsis should bere be laid upon tho distinotion betweon wild flowers and gnrdeu flowers. By the end of this term the pupils should be acquainted with aU the common .fill .flowers of the locality. One gaod way to review and swmnarize what tho pupils have Jonrnoo previously is to make a. bltl.ckboo.rd list under the t"\VQ headings suggested. Have the pupils plant at lea.'1t tlU'oo l..-inda oCspring-flowering bulbs. Suggestive lessous on ordol·ing llod planting the.~e will be found in lessons 133,137, ap.d 141, oC the Flower Manu:a.l. CJ} SOHOOL-SUPERVISED G.lliDeNTNG :FOH THE NQRTHR1180097.-KlI.lo for September sowing. Leeson to.-The kinde of garden soils. Leeson IlS.-Pln.llting OWOllacta this fall. Leeson15.-Uumlill-the food producer. Lll8!lOll9!),-Getting ready for spring. Lesson 16.-Improvillg sandy sella. WINTER 'r]'tBl:~S }·'OR WU.'"'l"ER. STUDY. A good topic for tree atudy in this grade at this season is thltt of tJle growth of trees from seeds and cuttings. Lead the pupils to notice the native trees of the Ioca.lity Illld find out how they are reproduced. Of course they will see that most of thorn growfrcm seeds of vurlous sorts. They will also find that some r-eproduce themselves nuburally from cuttings. St8J't cuttings of poplar, willow, uud Russian artemisin in bottles of WItter to ece how cuttings grow. Study the structure of these twigs to ace WhOl'Othe roots como out. Let the pupils see if there is any • relation between the fl1ct that willows grow along the river hanks and their reproduction from cuttings. Dm.D8 son 'WINTER ST1J1)Y, Tn.ke up the topic l)f flWinter birds flS garden friends." Sen the pupils W finding out 'what the win tel' hirds e!\t and how they gat their food, III this connection study especially the snowbirds and winter sparrows as eaters of weed seeds and the chickadee and winter wood- peckers as eaters of insects. Furnish food to attt:nct birds near the windows and got the pupils to collect an exhibit cf winter food of birds, chiefly wild fruits, weed seeds, nuts) and insecta. WLNTElt GA,lIDl:N" STUDIES. The pupils will of course continua to care for the bulbs started in. f'l,utun:u), Take up tho study of ga.:rden soils, with especilll reference to the iJ.nprovement of the ~oiJ in the garden of each pupil, Utilize these 1008008 in the Vegetable Manual: Li~n 1O,-Tbe kind!; of glll'don l!(1i1s. Leseon ~l.~The hidden gold_ Leeson 15,-Hl1mUII-tllo food producer.. LC880n B,-Tho third plowing. Leeson 14.-Ii"oeding the. flllhworlO6. Lc8l!On21.-Grcen mo.nUM, Study theso crops far Tocognitioll, sellse-pel'ceptioJls, llnd uses, having renJ specimens or colored pictures or both: &lsiIy. Cb..ro. PQ.nmip. C.m. Cucumber. Wheat. MeloIlE. Ol1!.f.l. Spinach. 14 SCHOOL-SUPERVISED GARDENING FOR THE NORTHEASTERN STATES. SPRING. FLOWERS FOR SP.RrN'G STUl)Y. Make the same sort of a study of tlie spring flowers 1\.,,> was made of those of autumn, claeei- lying them under the two headings; "Wild" and "Ouluive.tcd." Get the pupils to finding out • the origin of cultivated flowers and learning tho.t most of them were Once wild in some part, of the world. The following list may be helpful in showing tho flowers nvuileble for such study in addi- tion to those on the lists for the earlier gardens: Miterwort. 00'" lily. Sarifr:t,,"C, Fringedpolygalu. Gold:lucnd. MOllll pink. Spring beauty. Wild yellow lily. Yellow vlclct. Lady's slipper. Bunch berry. Scilla. Pcrteidge b,:rry . Balsam. 'Indian pipe. Phlox. Meadow rue. Globeflower. Pitcher plant. Bachelor's buttons. White water lily. 'I'ubeecee. 11' a small plot of land is available in or nenr- tho school yard utilize it lor n tree garden, On even so smell a Bpace JlS 6 by 10 feet one can grow ft surpri.sing number 01 trees. The Boil need Dot be rich and the eibuution is nll the better if in partial shade. Ouutinga may be made early in spring before the buds lj>tJ1rtof currants, poplars, willows, Russian artemisia, and golden bell (Forsythia). Plant these 1\8 early as possible. ' • Sprouted acorns end other nuts nrc readily found and planted: So also arc many young tree seedlings which mny readily be. found by the roadside and in other places. GARDENING sou SPRING. En:rly in Murch begin planning for n spring garden for enoh pupil. Encourage them to plnn for some of the following crops: Radishes, lettuce, Swiss chard, beets, kohl-rabi, sweet corn, and cucumbers. Utilize the following lessons in the Vegetable Manual: Leeson 2.-HoW' to plan your garden. Lesson 36.-Weeding your gurdon ." Lesson S.-Plans lor rnnn.tl gardens. Leeson 37.-Thinning your young vege!.ablll'l. Lll8BOD5.-EBlimtl,ting the needs. T~n43.-How to etud y n crcp. Lessen 6.-Short season companion crepe. Leeson 44.-Lettllce f.orhome gurdDllR. T.CI!SOD 13.---cmpa fer new clay gardens. Leeecn oo.-earrota for every garden. Leeson 22.-The seed order. L~II 5!l.-Kohl-mbi for young gardeners. Leeecn 23.-Ufl:ing tho seed <''lltalogues. Leeson GO.---Grolnng onions from !leta. T'CllIlOn24.-Vnrietief! of vegelubles. ~n M.-Five-purposo benns. T>C!II!On29.-How to plWlt your crope.. 1,(l!l801I G5.---.swoot corn tQ eat nnd \0 can. Lesson 30.-The crop!!to plan~ first. T'Cl!8On t)ll.-Cucumbere lor Blllad8 nnd pkklcB, Lesson 32.-When to p1o.nt your cropll. Some or the pupils at leust should be encouraged to plaut such fl.Ull11nl.flowoI'Sas nastur- tium, bachelol"s buttons, swect alymltlm, und Chino. asters. These lessons in the 1'lower Manuul may be taught in this connection; Lesson 14.6, 149, n.nd 150. ( SCHOOL-SUPJo:RVlSED GARDENING FOR THE NORTHEASTERN STATES. 15 FIITH GRADE. AUTUMN . • STORING GAltDEN CROPS. Soon after school epees many of the young gardeners meet problems in liarveedng and 'Storing their vegetables. The following lessons may well be tnken up at this time, being sure that the pupils have an opportunity to discuss the ways in which each lesson applies to their own conditions: Leeson 89.-Quality vegetables lrom the garden. Lesson 92.-Storing root crops. Leeecn 90.-8clJing 'Your vegetables. Lesson 93.-Bftrve~ting and storing squashes, Lesson 91.----Sl.oriug yo~r vegetables. I Leese» \}4.-Digging and etcriug potaeoea. GARDEN PESTS AND THEm QO:<;,TI(Ql,. The experiences of the summer ere likely to promote 11 real interest in this subject. Study definitely the life history of each of the more important insect peste which have been trouble- some. Get in the minds of the pupils the diffrrence between Insect injuries and plant diseases, the trnnsformatioua of insects, nnd tile differences between biting insects and sucking insects. 'These ]essone should be hel pful: 'LC!!8011S4..-Plant diaeatm~. Lesson 78.-K.cralene emu1fflon. Lasson 72.-Tho cabbage wonn. 1.o680n 79.-S;pmyilJ.S' with. tobacco aQlutioDIl. LC8!lOn'i5.-'I:he tomato wcrrae. Leason 82.-The corn-ear WOrID. Lessen 7!i.-The black aqueah bug. Leeson 83.-11ow to fight potato petits. Lesson 77.-Tho aphids or plant Ike. G-.UtDEN1NG FOR AUTUMN. It is highly important to impress upon the pupils tho necessity of clean garden culture in • the fall nnd of the value of tillage and fcrtili;mtion at this season. The following lessons mny be taken up in connecucu with the reports of the pupils. Pnll inspection of the home gardens by the captains or lleutenante of tho Garden Army Oompuuy will help to keep up tile interest: Lesson H.-Feeding the Ilehwcrma. Leeson 21.---Gmcn manures. Leeson 15.-I1umua, tho food prcducer., Leeson 98.-PluntiDg onion eete tbia Iull. Lessen la.-Improving sandy scile. Leeeou 119.-Gotting ready for Il:pring. Leeson 17.-l\InnureB. WINTER. GARDEN WEEDS IN W1NTER. T.h.is is n good topic to take IIp in connection wiLh tho garrlen. Lend pupils to now.ce how weeds pass the winter flS seeds 01' as roots or tubers. How are the seeds distribuLed in winter: Which by wind/ which by wntez'/ ,,,hiGh by nniIlllJ1g~ G~t fl, collection of wood soods and sow &omo i.u window boxes. Use IfLcsson 36.-Weeding your gl11'dell." StflTt booklets of gnrden woeds. GARDEN CROPS F.'OI~ STUDY. Mu..koa definite study of sovcral of the garden crops Ute pupils havo grown or should grow. Usa sced c"O.tnloguesconstantly ltnd follow the outline in lesson 43: Row to study a crop. The following lessons mlty be used as needed: LCllllOn46.-Patsley. Lcsaon 52.-Plauting tumipe oo.rly ll.nd late. LessOl147.---Spinu.ch. Leason 56.-Parmips. Lesson 5O.-Endive. J"(l!I!IOn57.-8allrify. Le!I9on 51.-lliLdiaboa, tile oll8iestg,H'don crup. LC!!IIOnbS.---Qubbagcll. 16 S(Jl]'OOL-SUPEBVISED GARnENTNG TOR THE NORTffEASTEHN StiTES. SPRING. Every filth-grade pupil should plan lor us good a reel garden as possible. Begin with a discussion bused on "Lesson 5.-Estimating the needs," and follow with "Lesson 2.-IIow to plan your garden," and "Lesson 3.-PIllDS for-ernall gardens," "Lesson 4. Plans fOT huger • gI1Tdens." Then take up a study of varieties of vegetables based on "Lesson 24.-'1'ho seed order." Tholl tnke up na many of the following lessons as eeern necess3l'y to meot the needs of tho pupils: Leeson 6.-8hort season companion crepe. Lesson 38.-How to thin vegetables. Lesson 7.-J~OllgReason compauicn Cl'OpOJ. Lesson SQ.-How L<:> trunaplnnt, Lessen 28.--Getting your garden ready. I.>C5&IU 40.-?>[ulchoo and how to lOOthem. Lesson 211.-IIoW' to plant your crops. Lesson GB.--8etting out tomato plAnta. Leeson aO.-1'lJe cropu to phUlt Iinlt. Lesson G9.-'rm.ining tomato plants. Lesson 3l.-The outdoor eeed bed. Lesson 8.-StlCCffiIlion cropping. Leeson 32.-\%011 to pluut your crops. Leeeou £I.-Follow crops. SIXTI-l GRADE. THE O~\Rl)EK nxnrnrr. Have the officers of tue sixth grade companies take charge of a garden exhibit including at least the products of the pupils of this grade, hut preferably also of the products of all the pupils of the school in grades below the sixth. Flnve both !lOW61'Snud vegetables. Prepare for it by means of these lessons: T..eeeon 89.--Qualit:r vegcto.blea from the garden. I T,~n !l(i.-TYPe!l of tnIlrketi.J.g. Lesson O-1.-Dim;,.>'iugand storing potatoes. Lessen ]26.---Ch.itl,~ IllILen> tor exhibit.ion, LCB/:lOn lJ5.-Preparing root. crops for faiTIIo,nd 6l\:hibit..ion;l. STUDIES IN CROP j'llODUOTION. Begin a definite study of crops grown Cor the use of mall. Base the study upon t,he gro·den • e.xperienccs of the pupils, nnd utilize seed cn.Lalogues tcxtbooks, and the vegetable nnd flower j manuals fi8 helps in the work. During the fnU term take up the3e topics: Hoot crops, bulb crop~, vine CI'01':':1,P0Il111CCOW,fruit'''j aud tuber crops. 110.\"0rellI specimens and colored pjc- turca in connection with each crop. The following lessons will lie helpful: Leaaou 48.-Ncw Zealand p.pinach. I..etl!KJfI 57.-SiOllsi.iy or vogctublo oYJIter. LC8l!OD.51.-lla-diahe9--Lhe ensiCllt garden crop. Lewtl 59.-Kohlrnbi for young gan!eneTll. LCll80n52.-Plo.nting turw}n, early allel llItc. LC!'BOU 60.--Growillg onions irom ~ets. Lesson 53.-Rutubilgus. Lnaaon 61.-Qniol)ll from aeed. ~n 55.-<:larrota for ev(.'r)'I,"llrden. Ll.'$WrI112.-Pota.taCll. "Le!lao.J.u 56.-PlLn!llipa. LllllIillu 67.-Wintor HljUashoa, WINTER. STUDT:ES IN OROI' 1'ItOllUCYI·ION. 'I'!\ka Up othol' crop'" grown by mnn tban those studied during tho autumn term. Theso topics aro suggested: Salad CJ'op!>,brrccns crops, flowers, stone fruits, small fruits, grasses, and clovers. Use seed and fl'uitrtroo clLtalogue5, colored picttrres, lind the renl th:i.ngs as much fl.3 pOl:lSible. These les:so,ns IDay bo helpful: LI!!I$OD +i.-Leltuce for homo gardens. 1.E!l3IlOn 58.--ellbbagca. l.ealon 45.--Gelcry. 'Lcsaon47.-8pinnch. LClJlQll 46.-po,rllley. LClIllOo4S.-Now ZOf\.l11ndIl"pillAch. ~ 5O.-Eodive. Ll'MOD49.-8wiBs chard tor Bummer 11&0. SCEOOL-SUP£RVl$J::l} GARnEXTNG ron THE 'N()J:TH"EtlSTf:J:N STATES. 17 TIm FIUE~TlLY BInDS. Take up this toplc for It month. Give the pupils a comprehensive idea of the place of birds ill nature. Study their foods-c-iuseots, fruits, seeds, mice, and other things. Show how the structure of each group of birds fits them to their Ieediug habits. "Lesson 85.-'1'he chimney swilt, the garden ace," may prove useful. SPRING. $taTt nn intensive gnrdec campaign with the objective of having each pupil have as huge and as productive a. garden ns possible. Take up garden plans, with a. plnn by each pupil, and methods of preparing and fertilizing .the soil. Then help in getting the seed orders made out, following with studies of planting tbe crop. Later take up methods of culture util.izing the lessons under the subheading, "Growing the crop." Study any special crops new to the pupils, and toward tho end of tho term take up the study of garden pests. Have ilia Vegetable Muuual and the Flower Mnnunl rondy fOI" relercuce at all times. Let the officers of the Garden Army Compuuy rend many of the-l~OIlS 1110u(1to the compau)'. II. A COURSE IN GARDENING FOR GRADES Y AND VI. It is the commonly accepted opinion that the fHtb. end SL"({Jl. grades are two of the best years fo!' the study of gnrdening in the schools, with prncticel work on. the part of the pupils in real gardens outdoors, nnd as much indoor practice in growing plants as possible. The following outline of lessons is suggested for these years. GRADE V. • A. GARDEN CROPS, VEGET ABLf.S. A Teal study of real crops with socialized recitations in which. the pupils are encouraged to relate their garden experiences will be of greatest value. These recitetioua may be based upon the following lessons in the Vegew.ble Munual, supplemented by tho vegetables themselves and studies of seed catalogs: Leeson ·13.-How 1;0atudy a crop. Losac:>n -I8.-New Zea.ll1nrlllpinach. LQ!ISOll IH.---Growing oninua from eete. LesBl)1I OO.-{1ucumbers ror ealada end pickles. LC!I!lOn 51.-Rndi.well---tho oasieet gerdeu crop. L(\SS(>l1 58.-Cllbbll.J;,'lJIl. L08OO0 44.-I,ettuce for b<;lluegn:rde.UIl. LCSIIanb2.-Pll1ottng tUnljllll earl y and late. Lemon 49.---swias clmrd for Bummer 1lilC!. Lessoll G;;.---Sweet corn to eutalld 1'1 CHI. l>esaon 5'1.-Boota for botl. summer ,md winter. Lesson G3.-KohJmbi ror young gu.rdcnere, LllS!K)n 55.--o11t:rota fur livery garden. LesBvn 1l-1.-Five-pnrpoee beam. LceBon 46.-Plll'Slcy. Lel'l5On GS.-Setting out talJlll.OO ph1lJta. LO!l8011~7.--Spinach. Ll!t&lll 611.-Tmining tOlUilto plants. B. GARDEN CROPS, FLOWERS. It is well worth whila to give to both. boys and girls a bronder concept.i.on of gllrdeu1.11g than tbey get from studying und gro,\-ing vegetnbJes alooe. Gardens fOI" beauty rank nc.xt ill '"Olue Lo gardens' for food. n), taking up the following lesso!);:!in tIfe Flower :Mfl.D.uaJ in a. "itlll wu.y lhe pupils will get much knowledge llnd experlence: Ltlt;st)n 127.-Making /l1\wer pictures iudoors. L~n 140.-Pllluting tul i ()SO\ltdl}t.lrs. LQ!ISOn·1S2.-U We g:u.rdlllls indoors. I,t!Il5OU H3.-Tfurrring lip jflck-i.n-1.b.o-l'u11>iL. tCS90tI 12!l.-Flowcr!I for ThflOklfgilziug. LOBBOn145.-Tl1C !\Illdcim \"ina. Leeson 133.-Qn.lcrillg buJ1)8 for forcing. I>esIll)n 144.-ABIlll.rBgtlB for i.lld ....,'r bl'!ll.llty. LOl!Sl)ll 141.-.'\ pot of CroCUBU LeESOn 150.~'3weEt nlyaau.rn. 18 SCBOOL-SUPERVISED GARDENTNG FOR THE NORTHEASTERN STATES. C. GARDEN PRACTICE. All pupils who have had experience in gardens will appreciate in some degree the necessity of a knowledge of garden practices to insure success. The following lessons in the Vegetable. • Manual are suggested for this course: Leaeon 23.-U!li:ng tho seed cata-loguea. Lesoou 37.-Thinning your young vegetables. Lesson 22.-The seed order. Lsssou 15.-HumU&-llle food prcducee. Leeson 24.-Yarietiee of vegetables. Lesson 20.-Tho compo!lt heal). Lesson 25.-800d tcsting in the echccl. Lesson 16.-Improving sandy ecne . Leeson 3L-Tho outdoor 1lOO'd bed. Lesson 18.--CommerciM Icrt.ilfzere. Leeson 28.-Gotting the garden ready. Leason H.-Feeding the Ilahworms. GARDEN PESTS. Pupils in this grade should be thoroughly grounded in u knowlcdge of the most important facts about ineecte that nfleot garden crops. Such a knowledge should include at least a real understanding of the changes undergone by insects from egg to adult and the two great methods by which they get their food, by biting and by sucking. A careful study of these lessons will help to this end: Lesson n.-The cabbage worms. Leeson 85.-The chimney swift-the garden ace. Leeem 73.-Spraying for biting Ineecte. Leeson SU.-Tho toad-tIw garden tank. Leeson 77.- The.aphids or plnrrt lice. Lessen 87.-The Mole--'J"he tunnel maker. Jeeeon 79.--8praying with tobeccc eolutaces. Leason 88.- Witch gra£a--tbe root of garden evil. teeecn 76.-The black equaah bug. SIX1H GRADE. The garden studies of this grnde should of course be based upon the knowledge and expert- ence of the pupils. The officers of the School Garden Army Company may readily be led to an • active supervising interest in an exhibit of garden products to which the public should be in- vited. Such au exhibit is en excellent basis for a. comprehensive study of garden crops under this .6:nst topic. A. MORE GARDEN CROPS, VEGETABLES. The aim. here should be to complete the list of valuable vegetables wnioli the pupils may grow in their gardens, now or later. The following lessons "ill supplement the studies made in the fifth grade: Leeecn 43.-How to study n crop. Leeson 61.-QnionB from seed. Lessen 23.-UIling the seed C8.tll.loguCfl. T_e5BOn 62.-Potatool!. Lesson 45.-Colery. Leason 63.-Peas. Leeecn SQ.-Endive. LeBllOn 67.-Winte.r squashes. Lesson 53.-RutlI.bo.gas. Lessen 70.-Eggplant. Le!:Ison5G.-P&rmipB. Lessen 7l.-Sweet peppers. Leeson 57.--8alaify or vegetable oYJrler. B. MORE GARDEN CROPS, FLOWERS. 'The study of flowers and thl':lirl,ISesshould be continued throughout tho year as opportunity offers. The following lessons in tho Flower Manual are suggested: Lesson 126.-China.ll.Iliers lor eilibilion. Leeson lSS.-nyllcinlhll lor winter beauty. Lesson 130.-Making £lower pictW'Cll on lhe wnlls. .Lesson 152.-Fems to grow indoors. Lesson 139.-Growing bulbs in fiber. Lcssoll148.-Bringing' in the spring wild £lowere. [ l..ce8Qn 135.-Bulbe for Ohristmas presents. Loooon 154.-The beautiful gladiolw. SCHOOL-SUPERVISED GARDENING FQn THE NORTHEASTERN STATES. 19 c. ADVANCED GARDEN PRACTICE. The greater garden experience of pupils in this grade will enable them to discuss more Intelligently than before the points brought out in the following lessons: Leeson 6.---Shorl-eenaon companion crops. Lesson 40.-1Iulchee and how UllL\lElthem. Lesson "7.-Long-aeaBOlt companion crops. Le9901193.-Harvesting and storing squaehes. Letl801135.-Weeding your garden. LeSBOll94.-Digging and storing potatoes. Lesson S3.-CropB for lata planting. Lesson 90.-Prepiuing root coops for fairs. Leeson 34.-TIoot ceopa far late sowing. Lesson l02.-Your aspamgus bed. Leeson SS.-How to transplant. Lesson 26.---Grecn manures. D. GARDEN PESTS AND THEIR CONTROL. .A. further study of this topic is wall worth while, reviewing the knowledge the pupils may have of insect trn.nsCormations Mel methods of destroying insect pests. Most of the lessons listed below are additions to the fifth-grade list. Lesson n.-Spraying for biting insecta. Lesson 78.-Kel'0gelle emulsion. Lesson 74.-Allplying arsenate of lead. Looson81.-The cutworms. Lesson 82.-The corn ear worm. Leeecn 83.-JIow to fight potato peete. Lesson 80.---8quash lLlld cucumber beerlee. Leason &t.-Plant dtseeeee . • Lessen 75.-Tha tomato worms. These lessons may well be supplemented by discussions of other insects of special lcoel interest. .Any pest thnt is injuring or has lately injured the crops of the pupils should of course be cousldered. In the case of all insects that have complete life changes-like the butterflies nnd beetles-these stages should be taken up: When and where the ~rgis laid. When and where it cqe to a chrysalis. • When the larva. hatches . What the larva feeds upon. TIo","long the larva Uvea. How long it ataya B8 a chryaa.li.ll. Whut the adult insecta food upon. The following insects are likely to come to the attention of pupils and teachers at various times: Tho calTOt caterpillar. The pea. weevil. The atalk borer. The liBpll.ragus beetle. The spinach leaf miner. The blister beetles. The squaah borer. The army worm. Gl'll.Mhoppe1'll. The bean weevil. E. 5COlJIlNG FOR NEW PESTS. Several very destructive insects are at work in restricted Iocalitles in the Northeastern States which as yet are not generally distributed. Almost any of them may be introduced into a DOW region at any time. Consequently it is desirable that the young soldiers of the School Garden Army should know of them and be on the !Jert for their first appearance. The more important of these dangerous invaders ure: 1. Tho gipsy moth. 3. The COOlborer. 2. The brown-tail moth. 4. The Ja.panese beetles. Special bulletins describing these pests roay be obtained free on application to the Ento- mclogiet, United States Department of ..Agricultural Washingtonl D. C. Let the captains or lieutenants send for these. T 20 SCFrOOL-SUPEnVlSED GATInENTNG :FOR THE NOnn'lEASTgn:N STATES. Ill. A TWENTY-WEEKS' COURSE IN GARDENING FOR GRADES V, VI, OR VII. A special pamphlet entitled "Forty Lessons ill Gardening for the Northeastern States" is available for the use of teachers who desire to take up the subject in Februury to continuo until June. Two lessons [L week with periods of about 20 minutes each w1J1covel' tJIC course. An • attempt hns been made to In-range them in 1\ 6Cll50U1l1 sequence, so that. OlO lessens will coincide with tho real wor-k the pupils may do. EAch teacher ceu, of course, v:l.ry the Ot'uer to meet the conditions with respect to her own pupils. 'l11(~numbers uud titles of this arrangement of the lessons fire as follows: Lesson I.-First, catch yourmbbitt. I.lC/l!l(/)1 21.-'l'hinnillg-your young vegetables. Lesson 2.-Hvw to llian your garden. Lessen 22.-Planung turnipa early and late. Lesson a.-Using the HOOdcatalogues. V-Jll2:l.-Bwoot corn to oat and to CILll. Lesson 4.-The seed order. ~ 24.--Hucce9rion croppiu.g . Leason a.-GelUng )'our b'fU"denready. LOfl101125.-II'l\\' t-o rransplant. :LoeBOlL B.-Seed testing .in "til,. eohccl. Lessen 2G.--cucum1Jf)rs for salada and pickles. Leeson i.-\Vhcn to lliant ....'our OrQp6, Lesson 27.-Settiug out tomato plants. Lesson a.-now to plant your crops. Leeson 28.--Thc care of the garden. I.A!~n 9.-Radishes for sc;hool-fl,upel"Viaedgardens. T111:1 from eete. I.etl!IOH30.- The compost heal). Losaon j Lc-Peea. Leeson 31.-Ifow to kill the bitingirl.'l0 li~elyto come undel' the geneml bendings in which the garden lcssons of the mwunl fll'e clnssilicd. 'rhus when the time for rcplill1wng comes in July, lessons 8 fiud 9 on "Succession cJ;opping" and "Follo\", crops" as well as lessons 3::1and 34 on "Crops for late plo.nt.ing" mllY well 1>0 taken up and their principles llppliod to the par·tioulu.rproh- leIilll of mwh young go.rclener, Or if fl gal'den soil is pOOt· in qlmlity, neccung both the udditjOll of fcrtility and the working ove.r given. by deop tillage at Joost four of the lessons under the heading H80ils" Illay well bt) take.n up itS well flS some of those under tho followil1g head: II501182.-1'ho corn-enr wornL Llsson 45.-Celery. LCS!I()ll8S.-f1ow to fight JXItlll.o peatl:l. Lcsaou 32.-Plnnting turnips et\r1r Iilld late. l~ll 84.-Plant diaeMel:l. LceRonL"~MS 01" 81Jl11M'FJROULTUltE. llA,RVESTING PROBLEMS. l,esson 35.-The cnro (rf tho gnrden. ~n 811.-Q.unlity vegot.'\b!es from lllll_j,"l1!(!en. 'Laoon S6.-\Veeding tbo gardon, ].esaoo OO.--8olling your viJg