• UNITED STATES SCHOOL GARDEN ARMY DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GARDEN MANUAL No. 2 lussal BUREAU OF EDUCATION WASHINGTON 'V LESSONS IN GARDENING FOR THE CENTRAL STATES REGION FOLLOW THE. PIED PIPER Join the United States • Schad Garden Army. • • LESSONS IN GARDENING FOR THE CENTRAL STATES REGION. GARDEN MANUAL NO.2. The following 251ossons in gardening are intended for the use of teachers and supervisors of gardening. They constitute Garden Manual No.2 und are based upon the spring and fall manuals and the leaflets that have already been issued for the Central States region by the United States Scbool Garden Army. The subject matter contained in each lesson CIlll easily be taught during 11 I5-minute period by any teacher that has an interest in gardening. These lessons can 1)0 made u part of tbe regular work in nature study, elementary science, elementary ugriculture, OJ' garden work. They nrc suitable for any grade above the third. GROUP 1.-PuN'I'Dm A?>"l) OARiSG Gnotn- 2.-Pn~VF.NTING A.sO CoN- GIIOIJI' 3 ....---.Qf.'l"l'ING READY ron POR TJI"E CRoPS. TROLLnlG biSECTS AND PLANT NE.lt'l' YEAR'S OROP. DISIlA6Ji:S. Lel5BQu 1. Panmips. Leeson 19. HUlliUS ill.crll1l.!lll6tbe crop. 2. 3. 4. Turuipe nnd rutaba.gtW. Sweet petatoee. 'Iumetoce. 5. Beans. Leeson 13. Bow to kill inaoets. H. Hew to uac arsenate 15. lead. The aphids or plant lice. of 20. 21. 22. Manures pa.y dividends. How to make your hotbed. How to make your cold frame. • 6. Sweet corn. IG. How to uao kerosene wash 23. How to keep Jack F.ro5t 7. Cucumbers. or emulsion. away. 8. Melons. 11. Plant deoeeee injurious to 24.. Pla.nuing for next year's 9. Peppers. gaWllll crepe. ",00.. 10. When to gather your vege- 18. Insect enemies of garden 26. Judging the home gardens. tables. ""'1". 11. Selling your vegetables. 12. Storing your Y(,og"cto.blt'll. Addit.ional garden helps for use of tecchera and supervisors nrc indicated on. the last page , of this pamphlet. • • LESSONS IN GARDENING FOR THE CENTRAL STATES. GROUP I.-PLANTING AND CMtING FOR THE CROPS. Lesson I: PARSNIPS. . Parsnips . SQn.. AND OLIMA TE. are very easily grown when the soil is made rich and mellow. When such condi- tions prevail they will grow in most. any part of the country. PLANTL...-G Al";-rJ CULTH'ATION. The seed may bo planted as soon in tho spring as the soil can be placed in good condition. Usc, ounce of seed to 100 feet of row space, planting! to 1 inch deep. The plants should be thinned to 2-1-inches apart. The plants taken out can be traneplnnted to other garden space. When this is dono make the soil very mellow to a depth of 6 or 8 inches. Very loose mellow soil is necessary to produce smooth roots. Tho rows should be 12 to 18 inches apart. Frequent cultdvutdon is necessary. Plant 0. few radish seeds in the row lIS II marker, so that early cultivation may be possible. • The roots may be used in the full, but their qunlity is improved if left in the ground until spring. This makes them sweeter. 'l'bey should be removed, however, before they begin to grow, as sprouting will make them unfit for table use. Furthermore, they produce seed the second eeeson, and if left in the ground the seed will got scattered and produce n weedy garden. V.<\R1 El·l.ES. Hollow Crown und Sugar nrc loading varieties. Lesson 2: TURNIPS AND RUTABAGAS. Tm{NlP5. SOIL AND OLiMATE. The turnip does best in 8. cool, moist climate, but grows in nearly all sections of the country. The fact that it is hardy makes it a popular crop for cool latitudes. The crop is most successful in a fich mellow soil, j ]>LANTlNO AND OULTIV.Al'(ON. 'Iwo crops can be raised in one yenr. For the early crop plant as soon as soil can be worked. Use one-half ounce of seed to 100 feet of row space. Plants should number 6 'Or 7 to a foot. Rows are usually ]2 to 18 inches apart. The roots of the early crop will be ready for use before the weather gets hot. The lata crop is usually sown broadcast on lend occupied. by early vegetables. Seed may be sown for the late crop from the lest of July until the middle of August. • Turnips should be covered one-fourth to one-hill inch deep with flue soil. When sown broad- cast, use 2 pounds of. seed per acre. To get the quantity of seed necessary for your garden 3 4 LESSONS IN GARDENING FOR CENTRAL STATES REGION. space find what part it is of an acre. Stir ground frequently for the cultivation of an early crop. Keep free from weeds. When sown broadcast, pull weeds out by hand and use a hand hoe for loosening soil among the turnips, if it seems necessary. VARIETIES. The Purple-top Globe and White Globe are good turnip varieties. RUTABAGAS. The culture of the rutabaga is the same as for the turnip except the rutabaga requires a longer period and more room for growing. VARIETIES. The Kangaroo and Purple-top are leading varieties of the rutabaga. Lesson 3: SWEET POTATOES. SOIL AND CLIMATE. The sweet potato grows best in the South because it is of a tropical nature. It is best adapted to a warm, well-drained, sandy loam soil. This crop is grown extensively for commercial purposes as far north as the southern boundary of Pennsylvania. It may be grown in a limited way for family use in southern New York and Michigan. PLANTING AND CULTIVATION. Sweet potatoes are usually planted in ridges 3 to 5 feet apart to improve the drainage con- dition. These ridges may be made, in case of a large garden, by throwing two plow furrows together; in a small garden by use of the spade, shovel, or hand hoe. A good application of fertilizer should be mixed with the soil of which the ridges are composed. Plants should be started in a hotbed for their early development. This will insure a longer season for the crops' growth. Plants are placed 12 to 14 inches apart in the row. Cultivate frequently and thus keep the soil free from weeds and a surface mulch. After the vines cover the ground there is no further need of cultivation. VARIETIES. Improved Jersey and the Triumph are the leading varieties. Lesson 4: TOMATOES. SOIL AND CLIMATE. Tomatoes are grown in nearly all gardens. Some gardeners have the best success with this crop when grown in a fertile sandy loam, with a well-drained clay as a subsoil. PLANTING AND CULTIVATION. Plants for home use may be procured by planting seeds in an indoor seed box eight weeks before time for setting in the garden. The plants when 2 inches high should be transplanted to another box, hotbed, or cold frame and placed 2 or 3 inches apart in this location. When the plants begin to crowd under these conditions, transplant each plant to a separate container. Use flowerpots or old strawberry boxes for this purpose. When all danger of frost is over, remove from pots, being careful to keep all dirt upon the roots. If berry boxes are used, cut LESSONS IN GARDENING FOR CENTRAL STATES REGION. 5 tho bottom out of the box and place boxes in the row. The best method of setting, if the • plants are to be pruned to oue or two stems and staked up, is to place plants 18 inches apart in rows 3 feet apart. If plants are 110t to be pruned, place 3 feet apart in rows 4 feet apart. The udvanteges resulting from staking up find pruning are: (1) Fruit ripens earlier; (2) fungous diseases are diminished: (3) spraying, cultivation, end harvesting are-more easily accomplished. VARrETIES. Early crops: Earliana. Medium and late crops: Red Rock, Globe, and Stano. The Stone variety is used for canning. Lesson 5: BEANS. Beans Me divided into two general groups-the field type eud the garden type. We Will consider only the garden type in this leaflet. The two divisions of the garden type are bush and pole beans. BOLL AND OLIMATE. Beane arc grown in all types of soil and in gardens in most parts of the world. They should not be planted ou a rich muck soil, as they will go to vine; that is, marry and large vines will be produced but few beans will grow. No type of been can stand IL heavy frost, hence it should not be planted until all danger of frost is over. 1>l:.AN'l'ING AND OULTIVATION. The bush varieties are mere hardy than the pole and therefore can be planted earlier. The lima bean requires a. long season for maturity. The dwarf varieties of the string type • mature quickly, and hence are some of the first to be found 00 the market. WIwn planting the bush beans place in rows ]8 inches nparb, one-ball to ] inch deep in the soil, using 1 pint to ]00 feet of row space, with plants 6 inches apart. For pole beans plant in hills 4- by '1 feet apart and four beans in a hill, using one-half pint to 100 feet of row space. Cover beans 1 inch with fino soil. Drive an 8-foot pole 10 inches into the soil in each hill. Slant two poles in two contiguous hills und adjoining rows in such a way that they may be tied at the top in Indian wigwam fashion. The beans will climb and cling to the poles. Polo beans may he planted with sweet com and the vines permitted to climb the cornstalks. They are occasionally merely planted in rows and the vines permitted to run all wire netting placed for this purpose. Beans should not be cultivated 'when the dew is on the leaves or when the vines are wet with rain. Frequent shallow culuverion is necessary. YARIETIES. Green (pole), Kentucky Wonder; green (bush), Green Pod, Red Vnlentlue: limo. (bush) Landreth, Burpee's Bush; lima (pole), Seibert, Ideal. Lesson 6: SWEET CORN. sou. AND OLIMATE. Sweet corn is grown over n large area and under many dilfereut soil and climatic conditions. Generally speaking, those conditione that favor field corn produce a satisfactory result with sweet corn, PLANTrNO "u,'D OUL'lTVA'l'IOX. • The seed should be planted as early as the ground can be worked and the soil is warm. Use one-fourth of It pint of seed to 100 feet of row space, making hills 3 feet aparb, planting Cour grains in a hill nndcovering seed Ii inches deep. If corn is planted in rows the plants 6 LESSONS IN GARDENING FOR CENTRAL STATES REGION. should be thinned to 15 inches apart in the row. Sweet corn should be planted every three weeks until late summer. By this plan the family will have a continuous supply of the proper age for the table. Some gardeners accomplish the same result by planting early, medium, and late varieties. Sweet corn should be used as soon as possible after the ears are removed from the stalks. This gives it a better flavor. Keep soil loose and free from weeds by frequent cultivation. After the last cultivation the soil can be pulled up around the stalks to give them greater support. VARIETIES. Early, Golden Bantam; medium and late, Country Gentlemen. Lesson 7: CUCUMBERS. SOIL AXD CLIMATE. The cucumber requires a rich, mellow soil and a warm climate for its best development. Stable or commercial fertilizers should be put in the cucumber hills or rows. PLANTING AND CULTIVATION. Cucumbers are easily injured by the cold; for this reason do not plant until all danger of frost is over. To secure an early crop, plant seed in plant bands, strawberry boxes, or inverted sods, and place these containers in an indoor box or hotbed. Transplant plants, leaving them in the containers, directly to the garden. When planted in the open in rows, use one-half ounce of seed to 100 feet of row space. Plant seed 1 inch deep and make rows 5 or 6 feet apart. Thin plants to stand 18 inches apart when planted in rows. When planted in hills use 10 or 12 seeds to the hill and thin to three strong plants per hill. Young cucumber plants are frequently destroyed in great numbers by the cucumber beetle, and hence it is important to have surplus plants in hills or rows. Cucumbers should be given frequent cultivation while the vines are yet small. After the vines cover most of the row space the weeds that remain should be pulled by hand. During the early season the fruit should be removed from the vines before it is allowed to ripen. This stimulates the vines to greater productiveness. VARIETIES. Emerald, White Spine. Lesson 8: MELONS. SOIL AND CLIMATE. The soil and climatic conditions, as well as the requirements for cultivation, insect and disease protection are about the same for melons as for cucumbers. MUSKMELONS. PLANTING. Muskmelon hills should be placed 6 feet apart each way. Plant 10 to 12 seeds in each hill. Thin to four of the best plants in each hill. When planting in rows place same 6 to 8 feet apart. Thin plants to 20 inches apart. VARIETIES. Rockyford, Emerald Gem. LESSONS IN GARDENING FOR CENTRAL STATES REGiON. 7 WATER]IELONS . • PLANTING. Watm:me1on hills should be 8 to 10 feet apart each wily. Plaut 10 to 12 seeds in each hill. Thin to three good plants in each hill. When planting in rows place same 8 feet apart. Thin plants to 30 inches apart in n row. VA1UETIES. Tom Watson, Florida Favorite. Lesson 9: PEPPERS. SOIL 4,ND Cr.rMATE. Peppers gl'o'\v well over a large part of the country. I The plants ure tender. therefore they should not be planted until after- all danger of frost is pest, PLANTrNG AN'll CULTIVATION. Pepper plants con be raised in nn indoor seed box or in a hotbed. When this plan is taken to secure plants the seeds Sb01Jldbe planted about eight weeks before the time for transplentiug to the garden. Plants should be set 12 to 18 inches apart in rows. The distnnoa between rows should be 2t to 3 feot. Where seeds are sown in the open ground, use one-eighth of un ounce to 100 feet of row epnce,' planting one-half inch deep. Peppers, under favorable COIl- dieions, mature in from 100 to 140 days. VARIETIES . • Sweet peppers, Red Cluster. Sweet Spanish und Boll or Bull Nose; Hot Types, Long Red Cayenne. Lesson 10: WHEN TO GATHER YOUR VEGETABLES. If yon take good care of your garden all through tho season, following the directions given in this manual, you may expect to gather a, good crop. This table tells you when to gather several kinds of vegetables that yon will grow. Crop. Beets . 'Then ·youog .. Beet greene, when tender, male lL delicious dish. BrUllllel8 sproutB •..•... Alter froat . Cold improves this vegetable. Cabbage (eo.rly) . Whell three-fourths headed .•......... May be left until frost. Carrots _.. Whon young. _. . .. Should always be gathered young when ueed for souP'!. Chard ..............•• When outside leaves nee about 1 foot Cut lightly a.t firat. Midribs of leaves can be used high. like. oaparagus. Kohl rabi.. . Before skin hardens . The bulb would be about two·thirds as llU'gOlIS IL bneeball. Lettuce . While leaves nre tender . Small, young lettuce leaves make bCllt 8ll.1ads. Lima beans . While still green ....................•. Pcdaahculd be 6J)Ollgyat the tip'. Melons _•.. When they crack around the stern ..••. Let your melons ripen on stem if possible. Pctatoea . Wll{)lI vines are dry . Barveet a few at a time except aL cud of season. Rarl'iahea _.. Whenyoung. ._ . Rudiahea get tough aud spongy with ege. String beans . When they snap readily . Tips should be 80ft and eaaily bent or twisted. Shell beans ••..•..... Wheu ~s nrc well ti1led.. . .. Do not Il!t them dry on vines. swcee corn .....•...... When It haB fust come to milk with Should be used all 800n 118picked. blackened Bilks. S LESSONS IN GARDENING FOR CENTRAL STATES REGION. Lesson 11: SELLING YOUR VEGETABLES. After your own home table has been supplied with all the vegetables that it needs you should sell your extra products as fast as they are ready for the market. Your home needs should be supplied first before you attempt to sell to your neighbors. If you raise enough vegetables to supply the needs of your own family you are doing a patriotic duty. You should not only supply your family needs and pay for the cost of your garden, but you should make a neat profit on the vegetables you raise. Don't you think it would also be a fine idea to invest your vegetable profits in war savings stamps ? Most selling from our village or city gardens is done by peddling among our neighbors. This encourages thrift and business system on your part. It is a training that you boys and girls ought not to neglect. To sell your vegetables readily there are a few rules that should be followed. 1. Gather all vegetables when they are ripe and ready for the market. Do not pick half- ripe fruits; choose only those that are ready for a quick sale. 2. Grade your vegetables according to size and quality. Do not have a mixture of large «nd small sizes and good and poor vegetables. 3. Make your display of fruit attractive. Customers will buy more quickly and pay more if the goods offered for sale look neat and clean. 4. Do not put the best vegetables on top while poorer ones are hidden beneath. It would be better to separate the kinds and sell them separately. 5. Be honest. Do not claim for your goods what they will not show. Try to keep your customers by honest dealing. 6. Whatever boxes or baskets are used for selling or displaying your vegetables, make them attractive. ' Build up a reputation for yourself for honesty and fair dealing. Lesson 12: STORING YOUR VEGETABLES. The storing of vegetables that are not used as soon as gathered is very important, as it is a fine way to lay up food for future use. Potatoes, carrots, onions, beets, turnips, and many other of your garden products may be kept for winter use by storing. You will get the best results from storage if care is taken regarding the proper temperature and ventilation needed, the amount of moisture necessary, and the quality of the vegatables when first put in storage. Some vegetables may be stored on your mother's pantry shelves, while others should be put in the cellar, and still others kept in outdoor pits. Sometimes several neighbors join together and build a pit or storage cellar for their vegetables. This is known as community storage. When several gardeners do this the cost to each is small and the vegetables can be handled more easily. If you store your vegetables in the cellar, you must take care to see that there is enough -ventilation and that the proper temperature may be easily kept. The cellar should have a good dirt floor, or, if it has a concrete floor, the floor should be covered with 3 inches of sand. This floor should be kept moist. Beets, celery, cabbage, parsnips, turnips, and potatoes may be stored in the cellar. The best way to store vegetables outdoors is to use a pit. To build this, dig a hole in the ground 6 inches deep and as wide and long as necessary to hold the vegetables to be stored LESSONS IN GARDENING FOR CENTnAL STATES REGION. 9 • when piled up. Before putting the vegetables in the pit it should be lined with hay or straw. Cover the piled vegetables with several inches of hay or straw, nnd then cover the mound with 4 or 5 inches of soil. As cold weather comes on, add 10 or 12 inches of soil to the covering of the pit. GROUP Il.-PREVENTING AND CONTROLLING INSECTS AND PUNT DISEASES. Lesson 13, HOW TO KILL THE INSECTS. Insects tha.t feed on plaute get their food in two ways. Some bite out pieces of the leal', stem, or fruit; these are culled biting insects. Others stick It pointed beck ill to the plant end . suck up the enp: these are called sucking insects. Biting insects IDay be killed by putting arsenate of lead or other poison on the plant, Sucking insects are not hurt in this way, but must be killed by some poison which gets directly all their bodies, Cabbage worms, Ilea beetles, potato beetles, celery caterpillars, and tomato worms are good examples of i~sects t.hat bite plants. Aphids or plant lice, leal hoppers, squash bugs, scale insects, and various plant bug'S are good examples of insects that suck up tbe sap. As a rule, the biting insects nre easier to kill than the sucking insects, because it. is only necessary to dust 01' spray the plant at almost any time before the insects attack it. In the case of tbe sucking insects it is necessary to put the poison on the plants at the time when the insects ure present and to repeat it until all are killed. The best way to kill biting insecta is to use arsenate of lead. This may be purchased from all seedsmen nnd florists, (IS well as at most hardware and paint stores, in either of two forms-c. a paste which is especially intended for spraying, or n dry powder which may be used either • for spraying or dusting. The way to use arsenate of lead is told in the next lesson. One great advantage of arsenate of lend is that either (\.8 a liquid spru.y or a dry powder it may be put 011 the plants in almost nny strength without danger of hurting them. Lesson 14, HOW TO USE ARSENATE OF LEAD. As you have learned in the last lesson, arsenate of lend is the best poison to kill insects that bite plants. It may be put on the plants .in these wnya: • 1. Put the dry powder on the Ieavee and stems with n powder bellows, powder gun, Or duster. The best rune to do tills is early in the morning before tho dew has evnpore.ted. Put tho powder on thick enough to show a white coating on the plant. 'I'his is the easiest and simplest wily to kill most insects t.hat bite plants. . 2. Spray the plants with lead arsenate powder in water by means or u eraall pump or hand sprayer. Lead arsenate is preferred to Paris green by most. gardeners. 'V'hcn this is used in powder form 10 teaspoonfuls (two-thirds of an ounce) to a gallon of wnter Is recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture when only a smell garden is to be treated. Repent the epplicc- tion of the above material every two or three weeks if the worms and beetles continue upon the cabbage or other garden crops, Tbe adhesiveness of arsenate of lead is enhanced by the addition of a IIsticker" of about the same amount by weight of resin, fish oil, or .other soft OL· dissolved soap as of the arsenical used. Tbe "sticker," according to Farmers' Bulletin No. 856, will prevent the foliage of cab- • bage and similar smooth-leaved crops from repelling tbo liquid. Without the "aticker" 'the poison may gather in drops and not be equally distributed over the foliage. A successfully treated foliage shows 11 thin white coating of the poison for some time. IlB862°-19-----2 10 LESSONS IN GAItOBNl1W FOR CENTRAL STATf',." REGION. Lesson IS.. THE APHIDS OR PLANT LICE TIle aphids or pleat lice IHe probably the most generally troublesome gnrden insects. • They attack nearly all crops and often cause the withering or death of the plants. These aphids are sucking insects. Each bas a sharp beak that it sticks into the leal, stem, or fruit. Then it sucks out the sap. Although these pests are small, they increase in number very rapidly. Each gives birth to many young oucs uud these young aphids grow up in (I. 'Week; so one aphid upon a plant may soon cause it to he covered with the little green, brown, 01' bleck flies. The large number of sucking beaks soon kills tbe len! 01' plant. Flowers as well as vegetables are COOlnl01l1y attacked by these little creatures. A Plack kind is often found in large numbers on nasturtiums. A brown kind attacks chrysanthemums. Several sorts of green aphids may be found 'on other flowers. Because these pests get their food by sucking the sap instead of biting out pieces of $0 len! they CM not he killed by putting poisons like uraeuate of lend or Paris green on the SUITilCe of the pleat. When y01.1spray or dust such arsenical poisons On potato leaves the bits of poison are eaten by the potato beetles and the beetles die: but the aphids 01' (Illy athol' sucking insects simply push their beaks between, the bits of poison to reach the sap within the leaf, nnd are not hurt by such poisons. A. good thing to use to kill aphids is the nicotine poison in tobacco. In using nicotine washes or sprays against these little pests }'OU muat not be content with spraying but once. You ebould eproy your plants t\VO at' three times, because if only n few aphids are left they will soon multiply into a great number. You should use a. sprayer that makes a fine mist which "\\'rn reach 1111parts of the plants that II.Te'being flttacked. In the case of vine crops, like melons and cucumbers, you ebould also spray the under surfaces of all leaves. Kerosene emulsion described in the next lesson is also recommended for destroying sucking insects. Lesson 16.. HOW TO USE KEROSENE WASH OR EMULSION. Kerosene, like other oils, kills any insects that it touches. The ~il goes through tho breath- ing tubes to 1111porte of the body, causing death. But kerosene alone also kills the green parts of leltves und sterns, so it can not be used alone on crops that are being attacked by insects. 'When kerosene and hot soapsuds ere mixed together, they make a wash or what is called an emulsion which you can put. on the green surface of plants without hurting them. This mix- ture is still strong enough to kill the insects. To make a. supply of kerosene emulsion you will need a pai)" a amall apruy pump, and a. place to hent water. The emulslon ia easily made by following these directions: Heo.t one-half gnllcn of water to boiling. Slice hal! a bar of soap into pieces and stir it in the water until dissolved. Take it from the fire and pour this hot soapsuds into a pail into which you huve put n gallon of kerosene. Then pump the mix.ture back and forth into the pail until the kerosene is thoroughly mixed with the soapsuds, forming 0Jl emulsion. When the ernu lsinu is mede, it can at once be dilu ted with water, mixing easily while still warm. One part of the emulsion should be mixed with 10 parts of wat-er. When the e~u1sion cools, it 'becomes 11.. jellylike mass, like soft soap. TIUs will keep for months if stored ill a. cool place. ~:ne, of It !Ilay b? 1.1sed.at any time, diluting 'with 10 parts of water to 1 part of emuleiou. If It 1S ~t mixed WIth l\ little hot water it dilutes more easily. A small amount of k'3l'Osene emul.smn may ?O llla~c by dissolving 1 cubic inch of soap in half s. pint of hot watar and then shnkmg hilrcl With a pmt of kerosene until thoroughly mixed. This is then to be diluted with 10 parts of wat-er. . • LESSONS IN GARDEN ING FOl~ (lE)l'TRAL STA.TES REGION. 11 • Lesson 17: PLANT DISEASES INJURIOUS TO GARDEN CROPS. Bean.-Beull anthracnose is a. fungous disease which attacks the stem, leaves, pods, and seeds of the beau plant. The disease may be detected by the spots or cankers that have pink centers surrounded by a darker reddish border. This disease may 10 prevented by selecting healthy seed and by rotation of garden crops. Bean blight produces irregular, diseased areas, which, according to Farmers' Bulletin No. 856, at first have a water-soaked appearance, but later dry out and become brown and brittle. When bean seed is affected with blight, it shows I yellow, diseased blotches and sometimes becomes entirely yellow and shriveled up. The same method of control as was suggested under anthracnose is recommended for bean blight. Downy mildew sometimes attach Lima beans. Applications of' Bcrdenux mixture at f 10-day intervals are recommended for the prevention of mildew. Cabbage.--elubl'oot is the most coruruon disease of the cabbuge tlUcl turnip. The remedy is rotation of gar-den crops and nu application of lime to the soil. Black leg, yellows, black rot, and soft rot of the cabbage may be prevented by using clean seed, n. disense-f ree soil, prac- ticing crop rotation, and by destroying all old stalks in the [all of the year. Onion.-Onion emu t end downy mildew are serious diseases of the onion. Sruu t attacks the entire plant end prevents its proper growth. This disease may be prevented by treating the seed with formalin solution at the rate of 1 ounce of formalin to 1 gallon of water. Soak seed 20 minutes in this solution. The mildew may be prevented by spraying with Bordeaux mixture. Irish 1)otato.-For beth early and late blight, spray with Bordeaux mixture, using a small hand sprayer where only It small garden is being cultivated. To prevent early blight, spray • first, when plants are 3 or 4 inches high; follow with two or three other sprayings about two weeks n.p·tl.Tt. If late blight is observed I itmo.ybe necessary to spray four 01' five times with Bordeaux mixture. These applications, as in the CIlSC of early blight, should be two or three weeks upnrt, • TOl1wto.-The tomato is subject to injury from several ]lln.nt diseases, most of which may be prevented by regular applications of Bordeaux mixture. This mixture should be applied to plants shortly after they come up in the seed box end every two weeks thereafter until the crop is harvested. Turnip ant.l rutaooga·.----