\/ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF EDUCATION WASHINGTON UNITED STATES SCHOOL GARDEN ARMY A MANUAL OF SCHOOL-SUPERVISED GARDENING FOR THE WES1ERN STATES By C. A. STEBBINS FOLLOW THE PIED PIPER Join the 'United States School Garden Army. • SCIENCE llBRAIl't ~13 - • sT ,u.S":' A MANUAL OF SCHOOL-SUPERVISED GARDENING FOR THE WESTERN STATES. CONTENTS. PART I.-GARDEN LESSONS. PART I.---GARDEN LESSONS-Ci1l.a~h. '-First Carrot.l. B~~tl. eowiug. Second BOwing, other hnlf ewe weeks later. Level or ridged WWl3,u.ccording to requirements. Thrni,n, Onwlt8. 30 loo~, ~,' Pota/ou or Iwut com.-Interpla.nt WiLh mdlahee, lettuce, epiuncb, carrots, beete, pumpkins, squash, etc" lIB _ one eeea fit, S Pota/ou or ww~ctrom. PO/1JJ.OU or IWf.lt corn. I Follow wllb lame.~00!1 or cern, aDd Interpllln~ with purllplt:in!, aquMh, leltuce, rn.illshllll, atG. Climatic and soil conditions ure so different in the Western States that it is impossible to give definite directions for plnnnng seeds. We suggest that you learn the date of latest avernge killing frost in the spring and Lila earliest in the fall, Hardy vegetables, such as cabbage, beets, onions, smooth peas, Irish potatoes, and radishes, ml1Y be planted with little risk some two weeks before the danger period of the average latest killing frost. Carrots, wrinkled pelts, spinach, sweet corn, and the like may be planted about the time that the la.test average killing frost may be expected, while the warm weather loving plants, beans, tomato plants, maize, pumpkins, squash, etc., may be planted from two weeks to a. month later. • 6 SOliOOL-5UPERVISED GARDENING FOR THE WESTERN STATES. TWO·SEASOK GAHDEN. -H -+. 3 5 ; 11 4 G 8 12 (Path or irrigating ditch.) 13 14 lJl ie 17 18 (Path or irrigating ditch.) 3 feet. PWil, February. Follow late bWIl.!', August. 3 feet. EoJ'ly Bront, April. Follow late BoonB, August. 3 feet. Early TomalO<)JJ. Start plants in boxes early. FQllow late Corn, August. S feet. Early Corn., April. FoUcw late T011UlWe8,August. St.n.rt pla.nte earlier for tra.nep1n.nting. 14 inches. Tronllplanted Lettuce/or winter tUC o.flAr Pumpki71.!. Transp/.anted Onions for winter 'USeafter Srpw.s'h. 1. Lettuce (February), follow radishes. 2. Second sowing two weeks later. 3. Radishes • (February), follow lettuce. 4, Second sowing two weeks later. 5. Spinach (February), follow turnips for greens. 6. Second sowing. 7. Turnips for greens (February), follow spinach. 8. Second sowing. 9. Onion seed for transplanting/ or sow sets. Follow lettuce for trans- planting (February). 10. Second sowing. II. Beets (February), follow carrots. 12. Second sowing. 13. Lettuce or spinach or radishes (February), onion seed for transplanting (August). 14. Kohl-rabi (February), follow turnips (August). 15. Turnips (Februnry), follow kohl-rabi (August). 16. Carrots (February), Collow beets (August). 17. Carrots (February), follow beets (August). ] S. Beets (February), follow carrots (August). With water Ior irrigation, the period between late July nnd early August is the second spring. Plant at this time as though it were February. Flood plats thoroughly, using a hose or trenches, before sowing seeds. Soil moisture to the depth of2 Ieet is the trick in fall gardening. Each small plat should be surrounded with a levee a few inches high in order that the gardens may be flooded. As soon as a plat is harvested, replant. Plant seeds in rows, as the soil should receive regular cultivation. In the full it is often a good plan to plant seeds on ridges, as the raised pInt is warmer and less liable to water-soak than the level one. This plan is for vulleya of California. Modify R5 necessary for your district. Learn frost dangers in your locality and plant accordingly. SCHOOL-SUPERYISED GARDENING FOR THE WESTERN STATES. 7 ANOTHER TWO-SEASON GARDEN PLAN. 3 feet. Rhubarb, Aaparagus.. IS inches. Lettuce, 2 eowings, 10 days apart, fallow Spinach, 2 BOwWga,10 da~'lI apa.rt~ follow with let- with spinach. tuce. 18 i nchee. C!Lrrota, follow' with beets. ta tncbee. Beets, follow wit.h ClllTots. 1,~ 00 18 inches. 'Turnips. follow with onions. -•i 18inchoo. Ouiona, follow with turuipa. ]8 mcbee. Kclil-rabi, follow with mdiah. I Rn.dish, follow with kohl-rabi. 2 loot. DWlU"l beans, consecutive sewings. .& • 4 foot. Cabbage. ~ .5 • 2 ioet . 5 feel" Poppers. 'Tomatcee. I Celery. Polo Beans. 3 leet.} Sweet com, carl)' and late varieties (I.WOroV<'1I), CQIlSeCUtivOeowings. 2 Ieet. Lesson 4.. THE SEED. The seed contains the plant which is to help in producing tho crop. Its pnrentege is vory important. No matter how well prepared the seed bed, poor seed results in failure oC the crop. Ideally, the gardener and the farmer should s'elect their own seed from. their own plants at harvest time. Such seed should be selected from parent plants nearest to type, vigorous/ bright, and otherwise showing superiority es they qrow in the .field. Selected seed stored carefully to prevent fermentation/ heating, freezing, and insect antecka, planted in a well prepared seed bed at the proper time, will come bruo to typo and produce abundantly. It is on record that careful seed selection from his own field by a high-school boy raised the yield of Milo "maize" from 1 ton to the acre to 5 in five years. Most seed companies are reliable. Yet there is a possibility that seeds have lost their vitality through age and handling. The grower can not take chances. He must aefegunr-d his crop. 'Therefore, after sifting the larger seeds through screens, he should test samples before planting. Possibly tho best method is the "rug doll" test. Sterilize a piece of muslin (8 by 16 • .inchea is 11 convenient size) and a fruit jar with hot water. Lay the cloth flut on a. clean table . Count out 50 or 100 seeds of the lot you wish to test. Roll them into the cloth until they are covered. Add another set from another lot and roll. Continue until ill samples of all tho 8 SCHOOL-SUPERVISED GARDENING ron THE WESTERN STATES. lots of seeds are inclosed. Fold the ends of tho Toll toward the center; place in the jar. Add a small amount of water to keep the mg moist. Perforate the top of the jar und screw it on. • Place in n warm pluco. Koep e.record of tbe date. In a Jew days unroll the doll carefully and examine the seeds. IC tho germination process is not far enough along, return it to the jar. Note carefully the germination power of the seeds Irom time to time. Good scads germinate equally, quickly, vigorously. Discard seeds which show signs of low vitality. It .is true that plump, bright, large seeds may be full of vitality, yet, without tbe test., there is a large possibility for crop failure. Seeds should be purchased carly Irom relleble seed houses, or, bettor, solocted at harvest time from the field. Lesson 5: GETTING SEEDS FOR THE GARDENS. Superintendents, garden supervisors, nnd teachers should errnngc for 800M at the earliest possible moment. ArrangemonLs should be made to insure their purchase sometime before tbo time needed. Some one person should be selected who will be responsible for th.is matter. It is extremely important to the SUCCeBS of the United States School Garden Army movement that good seeds be procured for the garden arroyo Tho supply is limited and failure to nct promptly may result in failure. There 'is no provision made for tbe furnishing of seeds through the Bureau of Education. In many cases, however, teachers can secure supplies of seeds for their pupils by writing to lJle Congressmen £rom their districts. Many teucbera have found that it is a good school exercise to have their pupils address such requests to tho Congressmen, and many Congrossmon have willingly furnished such seeds to the pupils. Senators and Representatives in Congress must have their requests for seeds ill by March 1. . • The principal supply of eeede, however, for your garden army this season must he the commercial seed houses, and early urraugemeuts should be made with thorn. AH there may be a shortage of seeds this year, care should be exercised in not ordering rnora than CM be economi- ca.I.ly used in effective food production. Lesson 6: THE SEED BED. A. plant needs air, moisture, food, light, warmth. Therefore, an ideal seed bed must be a. resorvoir for air, moisture, food, and warmth. It must be open to sunlight. Selection.-Select an open, Bunny, fertile spot. Avoid ground which has been seldom worked Or which you know to have been overgrown with Buell woods as. Bermuda Grass, Johnson Gress, or wild morning glory. It is nearly impossible for the average boyar girl or adult to compete with such pests. Preparation.-In many parts of the Western States the soil is so fertile that it is not necessary to add plant food. However, most vegetables are heavy feeders and delight in soil made rich with such foods as are found in meuure-cchicksn, hog, sheep, horse, cow, and com- mercial fertilizers. Manure should he worked into tho soil during the fall or early spring. Such treatment, followed by spring spading or plowing, puts tho soil in ideal shape. However, in tho spring spade tbe sail deeply if it is moist; rake thoroughly while tho soil is moist, for 'vegetable seeds are small and need a fine, open seed 'bed. If clods persist, rake them into a pile and bury thorn. Spading and raking open tho soil so as to insure plenty of air, food, moisture, and warmth. The seed bod should ho fino, yet firm, with n. dry mulch of soil on top, slightly raised in tho cooter, if level cultivation is practiced, and sloping gently to all sides. f: At this time, if ono intends to use the sunken garden (see lesson 2) or the ridged row plan, tho soil should be so prepared. SUE{OOL-SuPERVISED GARDENING l?OR THE WESTERN STATES. 9 Lesson 7: TOOLS. • Efficient tools arc as useful to tho gardener as to tho carpenter or any other worker. Good tools take much of the drudgery out of gardening. Rakes.-Probabl.y the best rake is the now adjustable type, which DUly be widened or narrowed at will. However, 0. rake a. with a 12 to 16 tonged houd will do. Spades.-For you.ng children, the tool known as the "womnu's epedo" is the best. Adults should use IL Jull-slsed spading fork 01' the common type of spade. Hoes.-Buy substantial full-sized hoes for both children and adults. Wheel iools.-No garden larger than an arcn ]0 by 30 feot is efficiently equipped without wheel tools. A wheel tool Jucreeses one's efficiency many fold. Such n. tool appeals to children particularly. A wheel tool is inexpensive and bee adjustable attachments for plowing, weeding, and cultivating. For large gardens it wheel planter SO!VOS nn excellent purpose. itfiscenanecru.s lools.-TI10 Marker: Many gardeners use a homemade marker for laying out rows. This is made by inserting a handle in a cross bar 4 feet or so long, which has holes 0.1. regular intervals a few inches apart. Thus the gardener has a tool resembling a rake with tho teeth tho distance apart the plants are to stand, which he drags across his seed bed. TM straigldedge.-A a-inch board 16 feat long does very well as u straightedge. 'I'he point of a bee drawn along this edge insures a. straight seed trench as deep as one desires. Strings mnd stakes.---5ome gardeners prefer 1.0layoff the rows with strings attached t.o two stakes. The string is drawn tigbt and the ate.kee are pushed into the ground. Wit.h 8. 1100or rake the trench is opened. Trowelsl stakes, efc.-Trowels, stakes and material of a similar nu.ture should be assembled I for the garden season. The blower and spraYlJr.-For protection against fungi and insects Lliegardener should Iiave on hand a simple bellows fOI· dusting insect and fungous powders freely over plants. A suitable hand sprayer for a small garden may 1)0purchased for 50 cents or 51. Oare of the tools.-Children should be urged to cure for their tools. 'I'Iiey should bo repaired as necessary, kept clean, and in a convenient place. Nooa-c-advlse the boys and girls to buy man-steed substantial tools, Tools may be protected through tho winter by (lipping the metal parte 1U crude oil or covering them with grease. Rust may be removed by soaking the metal part.s in kerosene, Follow with brisk rubbing. 'fool blades may be scouted witll a. portion of brick. Les'on 8: USE OF TOOLS. Tho eflicient worker wastes few movemonts. Thero is a right way Lo use ga.rden tool::;. S'Pading.~Uso the trench method of spading, Dig a. row across oue end of the gardoo as deep as tho spade bJndo. T.hrow tho dirt (orwiLl·d, letl.\ring a treuch. Step back and spade fUlolher row throwing the dirt partly iuliO the trench. Continue spading ba.ck and fourth, keepillg [l. tl·e.nch opoo, This met.hod insures tho~ough spading of overy foot. The soil as it lies partly in the trellch and pl1.l"tly011 the looso surface way be easily fined by a stroke with the flat surl'ace of the spade bJade. Labor is sayed, (01' the dirt breaks away easily as tho spq.de is inselted. Tho soil is lifted but oncc. In t.ho method so COmmOlll namelYI t.o turn tho spadeful back in the place • from whence it CflIlle, not onJy are clods turned under and smull portions of the garden missed, but the soil is lifted n second time when the next row is spaded. Thus the labor is increased. ]600500~20--2 10 SCHOOL-$UPERVlSED QARDENlNG FOR THE WESTERN STATES. The spade should be driven straight into the soil 6.8 Car as it will go. If the soil is hard the spade may be started by tipping and pushing it in comer first. 1_ The spadeful of earth should be fined as fast as it is lifted. In a Jew minutes the clods may dry out and become a nuisance during the garden season. SubsoiZ·ing.-Whcn the soil permits, it is advisable to practice subsoiling. With a trench open (trench spading), push ill the spade blade. Twist and turn it. Continue working the soil in the .botsom of the trench until it is thoroughly stirred. .As each successive trench is opened, continue the process. Thus the soil will be stirred two spade lengths deep. .Air and moisture will circulate freely. Plants will develop a large root system and a good crop is insured with ordinary care. Raking.-Ra1.ing is a. simple process if the trench method of spading has been used a.nd the soil fined as each spadeful of dirt has been turned. Push and pull the rake until the garden is well fined aad ehaped. It ought to slope gently from the center to the edges. Children are inclined to pull the soil toward them, thus making tho garden low in the center. Hoeing.-Hoes and rakes should never be swung higher than the knees and hips. Chil- dren often swing them over the head. .Many tools are broken and serious accidents have resulted. OulttiflJating.-In cultivating with a h08, one must be careful not to disturb the plant roots. Cultivation close to the plant should be shallow. Weeding,-rrhe hoe is the best tool for removing' weeds. Cut them out as fost ns they appear. Lesson 9: IRISH POTATOES. Every home garden should heve its "spud' or potato patch. The potato is 8. basic food. It not only substitutes well for wheat foodstufI's but is found on every table in the lund. Besides, potatoes are easily grown by the amateur gardener. ful seed selection and attention to growing methods. when necessary bring remarkable ret-urns. However, no plant responds better to care- Reasonable cultivation and in-igaciou " T/.e seed bed.-The food pn'rt of the pot-ato plant develops beneath the soil; hence the soil must bo open, and of a sandy nature. The expanding potato fails to reach a marketable size if the soil stiffens or packs. The seed bed, for best results should be manured and plowed or spaded deeply in the fall. A second plowing or spading early in the ep ...iug, with thorough cultivation, prepares an ideal seed. bed. If full preparation hILSnot boon given, plow or spade under weeds and trash several weeks before planting, in order that the same may decay and that the soil may settle. Purchase of seed.-Ideally, the grower should select his seed from his own field from hills which show superiority both above and below the ground. So Iittle attention has been given to selection of seed that in some communities the average acre production hILS decreased rna- toriaUy. Buy selected seed early from a reliable seed house. It costs more, but it is money wcii invested. Poor seed premises a poor crop at tho outset, and such a promise is redeemed. Treatment of seed.-Potato diseases have developed very rapidly in the last few years, duo to continuous cropping ill the same soil and careless handling of seed. Such diseases may be largely prevented by dipping the seed in a. formalin solution to kill disease spores which cling to the seed. Potatoes propagate through the Ueyes. I' Such an eye will grow under proper conditions, but the young plant will seldom reach the surface unless prepared food is close at hand to sus- tain it; hence the principle underlying the sectioning of flo potato is to cut a section large enoueh to bold moisture and to sustain two eyes a considerable period of time. Two ounce sectio~lS to two eyes is the usual rule. Most growers cut potatoes iota one quarter sectlcns, depending on the size of the pete toes. SCHOOL-SUPERVISED GARDENING FOR TEFl WESTERN STATES. 11 Planting.--open u bole with a spade, drop in a section or two, depending on their size, cover nnd step on the hill. If potatoes are grown au a largo scale, furrows may be opened with 8. plow and the seed covered with the same implement. Plant seed, before it has dried out, about 4 inches deep, 12 to 14 inches apart in rows. The rows should be about 3 feet epurt. Rake or barrow the surface and scatter on top a thin layer of manure. This will tend to con- serve moisture and as the rains fall plant food will be delivered to the plants. Avoid direct contact. of mearure and potatoes. OullivaUon.-1t is safe to rake or to harrow lightly before and niter tho young plants are up oven after several leaves are formed. Later cultivation should be shallow since the develop- ing potato and the surface feeding roots are often destroyed by deep cultivation. The grower wonders at his small harvest ill this case. Where there is danger of sunburn, it is a. good plan to bank soil carefully ngninst the young plants. Cultivate often and carefuny. Irrigalion.-Where irrigation is practiced, we suggest running water regularly in trenches between the rows. Small amounts at frequent intervals of a week or two are bettor than larger amounts less often. Each irrigation should be followed by cultivation. Spl'aying.-Insects Icuud on the outside of pluuts may be divided into two classes-those with mouth parts built for sucking, und others with mouth parte constructed for biting. Insects of tbe flrsu class must be sprayed directly with a "contact" spray containing "Black Loaf 40," whale oil soap, or other material of a like nnture. The other class may be controlled largely through eeneible use of "stomnch " poisons such ns arsenate of lend, etc. If insects appear, examine the mouth parts and spray accordingly. Plant diseases, such as blight, may attack the potato p.18.11t.s.Spraying often, every two weeks or so with "Bordeaux Mixture" may make the crop safe. • NOTE.- Young potato plants may often be saved from frost by covering with dirt, fruit cartons, end the like. In treating seed to prevent potato scab, put the potatoes into a clean sack and soak {or two hours in a. solution containing formalin about one-half cup to seven gallons of water. Dry and plant. Lesson 10: USE OF FORMALIN AND BLUESTONE. Potatoes have been grown 80 long and with so little regard for fungous diseases, the output of :first class tubers is limited. Infected seed potatoes are common. The average gardener does not detect defective potatoes. Infected seed nob only reduces the crop but coutamiuates the Boil for a long time. It costs little to secure the crop against disease. Tluformalin trcatment.---Qbtnin from a druggist a ball-pint of formalin (40 per cent solu- tion). Add this to 50 gallons of water end stir thoroughly. Put us much as needed into a barrel or tub and soak tho potatoes whole for two hours. After this treatment dry the pctetoee, section and plant them as desired. The formalin does uot deteriorate rapidly and may be used to treat many different lots of potatoes. The amount of solution ma.y be reduced proportionately if 50 gallons are not needed. Wheat and corn are often treated in a somewhat similar way to destroy fungi. Such seed is spread usually on canvas and sprinkled freely ..... ith the solution. The seed is stirred thoroughly during the process until every seed is moistened. After tho seed is dry it is ready to plant. NOTE.-Do not grow' potatoes in soil which is known to be contaminated. Such soil • must be used {or other purposes for several years. Bluestone may be used if formalin is scarce. 12 SOHOOL-SuPF.BVTSED GARDENING FOR THE \'{ESTERN STATES. L""Dn II .. PUMPKINS. VUrUth£8.-Themost common variety planted to furnish muteriul Ior pies is the Connocticut Field. The II Mammoth King," or the common "field,' suite the purpose for stock feed. However, delicious pies may be made from "stock" pumpkins. • Wants peculiar to the pumpkin.-The pumpkin delights in warm weather. 11; is a rich feeder. It has an extensive root system which demands a loose, sandy loam. Preparation of freed bed.-IdenllYl fill plowing or epndiug and Jeruliaation with manure should be the practice. 'The ground should be plowed and spaded again cady in the spring. This thorough stirring insures plenty of moisture and extensive area for the far-reaching roots. Many growers unfortunately do not 08.1'0 to give the seed bed so much attention. A grower has little control over climatic couditioue, but he can be master of his seed bed and seed. The grower should make safe his pumpkin crop with an ideal seed bed. Mtel' the spring plowing or spading, he should barrow or rake the soil often to kill the young weeds as fast as they form and to conserve tho moisture. This treatment should con- tinue until the weeds have been destroyed and the bed is mellow and moist IL few inches below the surface. PZanting.-Pumpkill seed should never be planted until tho ground is warm and the danger, of frosts is over. Nothing is gained by early planting, fend much is lost. When ready to plant, scrape away tho dry mulch with 0. bee and stir the moist soil a few inches deep. Insert 3 to 6 seeds an inch or so deep in tbe moist earth and pack the soil lightly with tho blade of the hoe. This causes the soil moisture to rise. COV.TINGFOR THE WESTERN STATES. after tho condition of the soil will allow it. Better still} scatter pulverized manure-c-street sweepings or such us may be found in n corral-around the plants and sprinkle. The wnter will CaITy the "food elements in the IDI111Ul"C to the plants and little cultivation will be necessary. Follow this suggestion in irrigating other plants with the sprinkling system, or if a fall garden , is started. Rarvesting.--select the best ears from tho plants in the field thot nrc most productive and the nearest to type. Hang the ears in a dry place for the following season's seed. If successive plantings am made, the garden ought to furnish sweet corn for the table over an extended period. NOTE.-Do not plant so much corn or any other garden stuff that there will be a waste. IU60me parts of the Western States sweet corn mllY be planted in July for a second crop. Lesson 14: THINNING. Garden seeds are so small that there is a tendency to sow more than is needed. Boys and girls IUe inclined to reason that if a seed produces a plant, why not sow many seeds and obtain maar plants. Invariably if weather conditions are favorable, if the seeds are good, and they were planted the right depth, thinnlug is necessary. Reasons for thinning.-Plunts of the nature of beets and turnips ...rill twine about each other unless carefully thinned. Plants too thick in a row euffer from lack of food and. water. Many die, others run to spindling tops. Root vegetables can not develop beaeuth tho surface of the soil. Crowded plants harbor insect pests. They hide between the plants and ere hard to find • or to reach with a spray . One vegetable fully developed is worth a half dozen 'inferior specimens. In the process of thinning, the wenk and undesirable plants may be eliminated. lV7lento thin.-It is advisable to go over the rOWB as soon as the plants have set their true leaves-c-nbcut an inch in height. 'I'hiu the plnnte to half the distance they are to stand a~ maturity. By thinning early the plnnts nrc not set back by lack of food and moist-ure. The removal of a tiny plant does not disturb the adjoining one. As soon as the plants are well established, 2 or 3 inches high, proceed as before, thinning the plants us they are to stend ab me.turiby. How to thin.---8ta.nd astride the row' and pull the plants carefully, leaving one to a place. In removing cue be careful not to disturb the other. In so fur as possible, remove weak defec- tive plants. In a large garden a. hoe mny he used to thin beets, turnips, otc., into bunches which may be tlI.il11.1edlater by hnud . .t1 rule f()')' thinnillg.-GeueruJly speaking, plants should stand as far apart as the diameter of the root-s-roof crops; nnd the dlnmetcr of the head-lettuce, cabbage. NOTE.-The plants that are discarded in thinning may be used to replant missing places or ser-ved au tho table us greens. Lesson /5: RADISH-LETTUCE-SPINACH. (Quick growiug-Hardy vegetablea.} These vegetables are easily grown. Through successive sewings and Iuterplantdng they • may he raised to serve the table continuously during the season. They are admirable foods, because they furnish the bulk and valuable mineral elements. lm-ly should be found on one's table very often. Lettuce and spinach pertdcu- 16 SCHOOL-$UP.I?RVlSED GARDENING FOR THE WESTERN Sl'ATES. ~A0l5H. Var-iet'i.tJs.-Wc advise Jar early spring and summer the Scarlet Turnip White Tipped, the Long Scarlet, and t.be Icicle. For fall and winter sowing use Chinese White Winter and Long Black Spanish. The firat ..-numed varieties grow rapidly; the second grO\Y mom slowly, and are, therefore, mere suitable lor lace planting. Spaial needs of the ra,d"ish.-Rndishes need a warm, rich, sandy loam and moisture close to the surface in order that they may develop quickly. Pithy, strong radishes are due to slow growth and age. The seed bed.-8ee Lesson 5. There is this one caution, however, and it. holds in planting small seeds of this type. Tho seed bed must be firm. Many gardens fail to produce, because seed arc planted in. 10050 Boil immediately after spading. The soil dries out rapidly, and but few plants are harvested. Firm the soil by rolling, if seeds are to be planted directly idter spading, or press down the soil nJter sowing. PlaJnting.-Mnko n rat.her wide, shallow trench not more than an inch deep. Scatter seeds about an inch apart sidewise and lengthwise of the trench. Cover and press down the soil by walking on a beard covering the row or by using tho bead of a boe or rake. Rake loose soil over the packed areas. One-halt ounce of seed will sow a 50~ioot row. Later care of pZam.ts_-Thin them early to 1 or 2 inches apart, -Oultivate often and irrigate in trenches if necessary. LETTUOE. Varieties.-There are two general types-c-uochesding and heading. The first type is well reprcsbentec!lbhYBdl~ck-styeoo. SimWpsood ~nd TIthePrizJo H~ad. Th I) Ransdon and Los .Angeles repre- • sent est t 10 ee mg pe. e a viae anson or rne aann eur t gar euer. Special'Meds oflettuce.-To do its best, lettuce must have n rich, moist, firm seed bed. It delights in cool weather ". Seldom cnn one grow lettuce successfully during the hot summer. . The cultural methods as followed by the average gardener arc very similar to those sug- gested for radish. It is sell-evident that the heading type must be thinned early to n distance equal to the diameter of the mature bead, from 6 to 8 inches. Special cu"Uural1nei.'hails.-To grow large heads with crisp, tender leaves, special care must be given. Trn:nsplanting seems to improve certain vegetables, such as lettuce, cabbage, and onions. Sow lettuce seed in a. hotbed or cold frame for early plants. Seed may be broedcested in the open for a later crop. As soon as the young plants are 2 inches or so high, transplant them to their permanent 1'11.00. Cultivate often lind force their growth with water and fertilizer. A spoonful of nitrate of soda worked into the soil carefully around oecb plnnt insures superior lettuce. Some growers shade lettuce in frn.mcs covered with cheesecloth. Such Ii frame serves a double purpose, (1) insures tender lccves and (2) protects from the cold. One-fourth ounce of seed will SQW u 50-foot row. BPlNAOEI. Va,rietties.-Tbe bost varieties a,re tbe Prickly Winter, Bloomsdale, nnel Savoy. The first variety islJest adapted to full and winter sowing. SpccialneeiJ.s of spinac71.-It is a surface-growing plant, a. rich feeder, and does best iu cool weather; hence the seed should be planted shollow (depending, of cOUl'Se,on th() moisture con· tents of the soil) in a firm, moist, mellow seed bed, clm-ing spring find 11111. Spinach needs much moisture. There is little do.nger of keeping the soil too moist. • SOHOOL-SUPERVlSED GARDENING FOR THE! WESTEnN STaTES. 17 Plan-ting.-It may be planted broadcast or in rows. Most growers prefer the latter method, • as the plants are more easily cultivated. Sow the seeds about 1 inch apnrb and thin the plunte later to 4 inches or so. One ounce of seed will sow a row 100 feet in length. Later care ofplants.-Irrigate and cultivate often. Lesson /6: TRANSPLANTING. The most successful grower is familiar with the habits of plants. This information he uses ns he works with them, und they respond to his will. .Among ot.ber things the grower hns learned that through trensplnntiug he (1) can move plants from n crowded area. to ODe with fl. poor "stand, " (2) can have an early' garden by moving plants from flats, hotbeds, and ccld Irames that were etcrted early in the eeaeou, (3) can make weak plants sturdy, (4) can retard plant growth. Preparation for transpZanting.-The day belore transplanting it is advisable to moisten the soil in which the plants are growing and where they are to be moved, unless rains have uccom- pliehed tho latter purpose. Thus they become filled with water and ure bettor able to withstand the short period of drought before adjustment to the new conditions takes place. Tl·ansplanfill.g.-Mnke n hole large enough to receive the root system of the plant to be moved, without crowding. Willi a trowel or elmrp piece of shingle remove the plaut carefully, so as Dot to disturb tho soil which clings to the roots. With one hand hold the plant in place; with the other pack the soil lightly IlI"OunJ the roots. Before the 11010is filled, pour in u Iiberal amount or water. As this soaks away fill the hole with dirt. Small plants may he II pinched" in with the thumb and index finger of each lmnd. Some- ,. times deep trenches are made and filled with water. trenches. The trench is then closed. Soon after, plants nrc laid in place in the To transplant from pots, place the hand over tbe top of the pot. Allow the plant to extend between the fingers. Invert the pot and strike it sbarply on the top or !L post or the heel. Plant nod soil will drop into the hand. The whole mass may be put into tbe halo prepared for it. Add water. Protectionfi'l)m 8iLn.-8hade the plants with JL shingle or cheesecloth frame. During the period of reedjustmont the plant needs eeeistance. NO'l'E.--80mo growers prune buck tho tops nnd roots before replanting. The best time to transplant, is on cloudy days or late in the afternoon. Lesson /7: CARROTS-BEETS-TURNIPS . . (Ilerdy, root-typo vegotll.bles.) 'rho cultural methods for these popular vegetables arc very eimiler. Varieties: Oarrota: Use Danver'e Half Long, Long Orange, Oxheart. Beets: Grow Crosby's Egyptino Improved Blood Turnip. l 'Iumipe: Select Early WLite Flnt Dutch, Purple Top, White Globe. Special neecls.--Cnrrots, beets, turnips ure rich feeders and store their food elements in their root system; hence the seed bed should be well fertilized (some timo before plll.Dting) Ilnd the soil should be sandy in nature in order that tho roots may e..~and (lasily as they grow. Planting.---Sow ill rows 12 to 14 inches apart. Space tho sceel in tho rows about 30 to II foot. Plant tho sncel from one-half to Olle inch deep, depending on the soil conditions. Later care njplallofs.-Cultivalo oHon and irrigate o.s neccssllty, using tho trench metho(l. • Thin out the phUlt.s CIlrly lind cUl·ofully. If thinning isnlt pra.cticoo the rools will wind about each other. ]69050-20--3 j 18 SQnDOL-SUPERVISED aAllDENING FOR THE Wl-:STEltN STATES. Insect pes/s.---eo.rro1,.s and beets are seldom hurt by insecta. However, soil which has been cropped continuously with the root-type vegetables may become. infested with animals which rtJ e.ttack the roots. Plant lice are a severe pest en turnips. Tops of turnips may wilt in n day, although tho soil is moist. On examination the leaves may be found covered with insects on the under aide. Prevention is the only cure. Exnmine the young tau-nip plants curly and destroy all the plant lice. Of these threevegeeebles, turnips love cool weather best: hence the full-sown crop gives surest returns. Seeil.s.-For a 50-toot row, sow one-half ounce of carrot aeed, 1 ounce of beet seed, and 01)0- Four-th ounce of turnip seed. Lesson /8: TOMATOES. Varieties.-ChuJkla Early Jewell, Stone, and 'I'ropby are the best. Special needs of (he tom.ato.-This "plant does best in a rather deep sandy loam. It is an average feeder and does well with a limited amount of water. Given Warm weather this plant is not so pertdcular as to Boil conditions as others. The seed bed.-Prcpare ne suggested for other garden plants. Be sure that, the seed bed is mellow nod firm. Plam.ting.-Move the young plants when they are 5 or 6 inches high :from the "Jlnt," or bed in which they were started to the garden soon after danger Irom frost is passed. Plant them about 3 or 4 feet n.part in rows. Allow about the same distance between rows. If the plants are to be supported or pruned to one or more lenders, they may be grown more closely together. It is not advisable to plant eeed directly ill the garden. Oultivation.-Cultivnto more and irrigate less is a rule worth applying in the culture of tomatoes. frrigatiQn.-ll irrigation is necessary, mnke trenches around ench plant far enough away to avoid root injury. Fill the trenches with water and cover as the water soaks away. Be cautious in irrigating, as tomatoes are mora eeeily hurt by too much water than by too little; particu- larly is this true at blossoming time. Heavy irrigation at this period may cause the blossoms to drop. Pru.ning.-Mn.ny growers prune their tomato plants, allowing but one or two leaders to develop. These a-re trained to strings, sticks, 01' some ether support. With adequate irriga- tion nud fertilization, immense tomatoes arc produced. Fenuization .......... SOils naturally rich) or made so with nitrogen, often cause tomatoes to run to vines. Therefore one must use manures with cnrc. Protectionfr07nfrost.-Iu order to have early tomatoes, many growers set out their plants before the danger from late frost is over. The plants may be protected with, newspapers, sacks, and cheesecloth on f:rosty nights. Presenaiion: of tomatot8.-Besides canning as a means of preserving tcuintoea, they may be hnd fresh for into the winter. Before the first killing Ji'ost in tbe fall pick ull Ihe green toma- toes. Wrap each in paper. Place them in n dry cool place. Two or three days before the fruit is to be served, expose a few specimens to the light. They will ripen and serve all the purposes of fresh tomatoes. Lesson /9: SUPPORTING PLANTS. Farmers and gnrdcnera are learning to increase the depth of their gardens. They are plowing and spading more deeply. By supporting plants tho height. oC t.he gnrdel1 may bo raised find the surface increased. No longer is the garden production limited to surface urea. The gn..rden .lDil.ybe enlarged both downwMd Ilnd upward. • SCHOOL-SUPERVISED GARDENING FOR THE WESTER,N STATES. 19 Hoop 8'Upport.-Tomatoes, whether pruned or not! should be supported. This trent- ment not only keeps the fruit clean, but it conserves space, for tho plants may be set. more closely together. Nuil three stakes to hoops. Slip the hoops over the vines before they begin to epreud. Tree rJua:rds.-Wire tree guards answer tho sumo purpose. Theeo may be purohesed or made fit home. Cut four stakes 4 feet long. To these tack chicken 'wire, enough to inclose a tomato plant. Before the vines begin to spread! place the supports over the plants. For cucumbers the support may be made like e, tent, closed at. the top. Use oj 8take.s.-Tomato plants pruned to one stern may be supported by fI. strong stake. If two or three stems are left, a ladder-like support may be made and the stems utteched like a fun to the cross bars. Pole beans may be trained on four stakes placed in ns m!Lny hills .in opposite rows and tied together at the top like a "tepee." Some growers stretch a strong wire between two poles 6 feet long placed at the opposite ends of a row. Strong cords are dropped from the wire uud fastened to stakes driven next to the plants. The stems of the plants are tied loosely to the cords with raffia or string. If this plan is used, considerable ground space may be saved. Tomatoes, peas, and pole beans do very well when supported in this way. Usc of wire.-:M:a.ny running plants may be trained to wire trellises, such as grapes, our- rants, and other small fruits, cucumbers, and some squashes. We have seen pumpkin vines attached to fences with the fruit suspended. If space is limited, this plan is worth trying. It seems 0. grent waste of lund to let viuee cover tho largest portion of the ground. If possible, the gardener should utilize the space aOl)Ve the garden. • 801,1 &Upport.---COTn, tomatoes, potatoes, and other plants may be supported with soil . Plaut in trenches and later draw the soil high against tho sterns. NOTE.-SUppOl'ts should be substnntially placed to withstand the wind. Lesson 20: BEANS. Beane are a Iundamenfal basic food. 'I'hoy are grown easily by the amateur gardener: hence every garden should produce enough beans to serve the homo table. Best varieti~: Dwarf or Bush Green Podded. Oenedicn Wonder. Refugee. Black Valentine. Dwarf or Bush Wn.."'{ Podded. Prolific Black Wax. Pole or Running Green and Wa..""'{ Podded. Golden Wax. Kentuck-y Wonder. Kentucky Wonder Wax. Lima Beans- Bush-cBurpee'e Bush. Henderson's Bush. Pole-King of the Garden. Early Leviathan. Unless the growing sensou is long and tho climatic conditions are cool nod somewhat meier, lima beans should be used green-shelled. 8pecwl needs oj bea.ns.-Bellus require much moisture. They ure warm-weather loving plants and are quite sensitive to Ircst. They have un extenai ....e root system nnd need plenty • of room for root growth . The 8e~dbed.-The seed bed should be a. light open soil, well worked, fum, and well surr- plied with moisture. 20 SOHOOL-SUP"ERV1Slm OARDENrNO YOR TIlE 'WESTERN STA'l'ES. PZanting.-Ta.ke some risk with late frosts in planting pole beans. Plant tested seeds in four a-inch hills, 21' to 3 fcot apart, about, OlIO inch deep depending on moisture conditions. ,Ij, Place poles in each of four hills in opposite rows end tie them at the top, making an "Indian Tepee." Mter chinning to two plants ill a hill, bruin them about the poles. Plant dwarf beans 4 to 6 inches apart, 1 to 2 inches deep, in rows 14 to 18 inches apart, IIiter danger of frost is over. . One-half pound of dwarf varieties will plant n, 50-foot row. The SIl.DJ.O amount of pole varieties will plant 25 hills. Meke several successive plantings, pnrcicularly of the dwarf vnrictace, in order to have a continuous supply for the table. Later care of the pla.nts.-lrrigntc nnd culbivute often. Keep the pods picked if the beaus are used green. Examine the pluuta early and regularly for plant lice. Destroy by pinching or spray with Black Len! 40 if they have become too numerous. Lesson 2/, CUCUMBERS. Varieties.-Arlington White Spine,Long Green, Klondyke. Needs of cucumbers.-A rich, moist, fiue seed bed. For 'best results, heavy fertilization aud considernble irrigarion nre necessary. Hot, dry weather is offensive; therefore, in loculit.ies with hob Bummer days, it is advisable to force cucumbers ill the spring and replant for fall harvest. Plaming.-Plant in the open niter all danger of Irost is over in hills 4 to 6 feet upurt, 6 to ]0 seeds in a hill. Specs the seeds well in the lulls end 1)0 sure they are planted deep enough to rench moist soil. For forcing, plant seeds in fruit boxes in a. protected place, several weeks before the danger of frost is over. Prepare the seed bods outside by placing l\ shovelful of manure a Ioot 0" so • beneath the surface soil where the plants are 1.0 be placed. Later pluce the pleats, boxes and ull, in the soil thus prepared. OuUure.-Cucumbers demand moisture: therefore, irrigate if necessary and cultivate often. Do not allow the soil to bake. Watch the young plants carefully. for evidence of insect pests, Do not let them get aterted. Thin the plnute to two or throe to a hill. Keep tbe soil stirred close around the stems. Harve8ting.-Pick the cucumbers when they are about three-quar-ters size. Do uot, let them go to seed. Pick the fruit and irrigate to keep the vines ]))'oducing. NO'T1':.-For pic.kling stock, ill warm vlLUeyland stlll't soeds in t.be midsummer. Thus tnG fruit comes on during the cool autumn dllyS. Cucumbers may bo grown ill odd places wherever space admits. Tho Vil1CS ma)~ bo tra.ined au supports. If ground ap:lCCis limited, make use o( the apo.ce n.bovv the ground. wson 22c MELONS. Do not depend on the:farme.rs to grow your melons. They am casily grown hy the lIillll.tcur gardener. Varieties. Muskmelon: Acme, Rocky Ford, FordhoQk, Cnssnbas Or Wiater MuskmBlons, Golden Beauty, Winter Pineapple. Watermelon: Kleekley Sweet, Goorgill. Rattlesnake, Iflol'idu. Favorit.e. SpacW,l netds.-MeJoos need t~rich, moist, sandy loam. They wi.1l not do well Oil hellvy soil. '1'0 dovelop rapidly, hont is necessary. Plwnting.-'ll·cat as for cucumbers CXC6})t the hills should bo twico as tar apart. Pulverized •• ma.nure worked into the areas to be plnnt.cd wiLlgive excellent. returns. SCHOOL-SUPERVISED GARDENWO ron THE WESTEnN STaTES. 21 Aftercq:re.--.About the Sl1JJlC care should be given melons as for cucumbers. Watch far plant lice. We have mown growers who stirred the soil with their fingers about the plants to get superior melons. The surface roots BIe seldom disturbed when this is. done carefully. Many gardens fail to produce eat.isfnctorily because important feeding roota nrc destroyed in cultivation of the plants. NOTE.-Plant it few seeds in IL tub. Give intensive culture. You will be surprised at tho results. Cessubas picked green may be stated in a cool house or in a cellar. They will ripen for use from time to time until fBI into the winter. Lesson zs, KOHL-RAB!. Kohl-rabi is Do cross between a turnip and a cabbage. It is not sa well 'known, yet it is a. superior food und far more easily grown. Try it. Varidies.-Enrly White vienna, Early Purple Vienna, Plamting.~Plant seeds two or three to an inch, one-half inch deep iJ1 rows. Space the rows about 18 inches apar-t. Tho seed bed should be firm nnd mellow. Kohl-rabi is hardy end will stand rather heavy fL'Ost;therefore it may 1)0planted ns v.cgeta- tion begins to show activity in the spring or in July for fall gardens. Later C. Th.is stirring may be done with a small stick or the fingers. • Harvesting.-Pick the peppGl'S before they bocomo woody. Dry, use greeo) or can, as desired. A pepper should not be a.llowed to remain on the stemmore ~an two weeks. They are best if picked just as they beg1o. to tw·u red. The more peppers plcked, the more blossoms will fonn. 24 SCHOOL-SUPERVISED GARDENING Eon THE WESTERN STATES. Lesson 30: PARSLE Y. Parsley is the favorite garnish for American foods. It is also used for flavoring soups nud stews and to a less extent in salads. Such curled varieties as Moss-curled or Dwarf Perfection are most desirable. The fern- leaved sorts Me also attractive. Fifteen feet of row will furnish plenty of leaves for family use. GTowing.--Soak the eeed overnight in warm water. Sow the seeds in a drill in rich soil, 10 to the inch. Sow radish seeds also, 1 to the inch. Cover hu.lf au inch deep. Th.in the young plants to 3 inches apart. Lesson 3/: STRAWBERRIES . .Although strawberries are not generally considered t~garden vegetable, being termed a. truie, nevertheless they are very common in ma.ny home gerdene eud you should have several straw- berry plants in your own garden plat. Strawberries ere planted in beds, and :it will be neces- sary for you to set aside fl. part of your garden for their cultivation, as they form a permanent crop. Varieties.- Early: Excelsior, St. Louis, Premier. Medium: Barrymore, Marshall, New York. Late: Willia.m Belt, Gandy. Fall-bearing: Progressive, Superb. Pla,nting.---Strawberries do well in any good garden soil that is lei-tile end light, Plants are generally set out in the late summer or fall. If good, hardy plants are treueplnnted to thegurden in August, a crop of berries will be ready the next year. Spade up tile selected strawberry bed • carefully end smooth off the surface with flo rake. Set the plants abouu a foot apart in rows 3 feet apart. Spread the roots of tho plants out curelully and firm the soil about them. The bed should be well watered before the plants arc set. After the plants are in and the soil baa been firmed, scatter a layer of fine soil about each plant. This acts as 0. mulch and prevents moisture evaporation. Growing.-Keep a mulch on the bed during the growing season. The bed should be watered every evening unti) tho plants are well started. Pinch off the runners as rllSt as they get long so that your plants may become hardy, Do not lot tho bed II mat up" too much. When rull comes cover tho plants with fl. mulch of old manure nud fallen leaves. Renew yow' beds every two years La keep a fresh growth. Mildew nnd rust sometimes attack your plunta. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture win eradicate these. Lesson 32: SWEET PEAS. Varieties.-Wc recommend separate varieties of Spencer sweet peas to tbose who desire extra fine flowers. Buy the best seeds of tho best varieties. The sweet-pee mixtures arc not. so satisfactory. Needs a/sweet pea.s.-No plant responds bettor to tare in feeding, watering, cultivutiug than the sweet pea. It delights in cool spring weather. Planting.---Sweet peas Me hnrdy. In the valleys of Oelltornla they are planted from Sep- tember to February. Pluuted early they set H. strong root system find later devote ull their energies tOWI),1' Another method in comruou practice is to make the pile on the surface. Layer after layer of garden soil, manure, woods, straw, and leaves are added t.o the beep until it is several feet high. This is moistened and turned as needed. Va'zu.eof compost pile.-Fer.roeutation will take place, the mass will decay slowly. Weed seeds, insects, and their oggs will be destroyed. The mess will furnish the gardener with warm, rich soil for pots, Oltt..~, and tho garden, Humus, the most valuable of plant foods, will be oousorved. Compost started in the fall will be ready in the spring. Lesson 43.. THE COLD FRAME. A gardener, to work most efficiently must have his equipment-wheel and hand tools, cold frame and hot bod, ''Vbero ilia climate is mild the coldfmmo may take tho place of the hotbed in propagating • many plnuta which nrc to be tmneplauted. However, tho cold frame is used much for hnrden- tug off plaute which ere forced in a hotbed 01' greenhouse. frame and t.hon to the open. Such plants IlIO moved to the cold- 11l.stalkttion.-'1'he frame for n hotbed as suggested ill Lesson 44 will do for a cold frame. Hea.vy muslin or burlap will take the place of the sash in mild climates. Tack tho muslin to It pole. Place it on tho frame. Hell and unroll the protective covering as weather conditions demand. The size of the frame may vary with tho needs of the gardener. Use of the coUlframe.-Flowor and vegetable seeds may be sown much sooner in cold Irnmos than outside. 'Thus tomatoes, cabbages, cauliflower, onions, etc., may bo given an early etnrt, Loaf vegote.blce such as lctauco arc improved if matured in a cold frame. They may bo protected from frost., from too much huat, and [Tom birds. . H handles n.re attached to f.hc fl'nille, it may be moved rOReilly a.nd placed over tender plants II il'ost threat.ens or birds are destructive. L"son 44.. A HOTBED. For nul..x:i.mumgrowth tho average pllJJl.t needs Iood, air, \Vannth, light, 11I1d moisture in abundance. However, tompera-Lure is tho limiting factor \'ery largo,ly in fL ~lnut's dovelopment. :e,mpcrat.UI'o may be controlled in botbeds !tnd greenhouses vo.r~ salisfactoril,Y. '!'bo /;l'oo.nhouso 18 lmprncticn.blo for tho nvemgo llOma, while u hotbed may be mstalled at littl(l o:..--pense by tho amateur. Installation.-Ll some convenient, wnll-draiuod place clig a pit 2 feet deep nnu a lit.tle less than 6 feet square. FilllJll~ pit with manure, prepared lIS follows:. First, mako a pile of rr~h ho:nse manure. Ba Sill'O the pile is moist. Second, after fermont.lltlOrl has bcgtm, turn the pila. Third, keep t1.trning tho rnOJlUTeuntil tho ferme~UtLiou Pl'o~ ~ uniform. Pack tho rnanmo ill tho pit thoroughly. Cover with 4 to 6 mches of ferWo soil. 32 SOHOOL-SlJPeRVlSIDJ GARDENJNG FOR THE WESTERN STATES. Place over the pit. a frame made to take nicely two sash 3 l)y 6 Ieet, Construct tho frame ..a.. 16 inches high nt one end and 12 inches at the other 1 so that the slope will face the sou th. Swing .. the sash on hinges, so that they mu,y be raised or lowered at will. With stakes driven in -thc ground, fix the imIDO in place. Bank it thoroughly with dirt or manure. Care of the ll.otbed.-Raisc tho top several inches. .After a few days excessive fermentation will stop, uniform heat will be given off, end the hotbed will be ready for use. 'TIle temperature should be about 85'" Fehreuheight. It is very essential to ventilate hotbeds carefully and to keep tho tcmporncure uniform. Plants am affected very considerably by euvironruental changes. Fresh air must be admitted each day. Be careful not to chill the plants. When it is needed, water the plants carefully in the mcming. Keep t.be plants on tho "dry side," as excessive moisture end warmth favor fungous diseuses. now to ess flu. hotbed.-Hotbeds have two general uses: (l) To propagate plants which are to be transplanted Iaucr: (2) to mature pleats, such as Jettuce out of season. 'rho hotbed should be built in the fall, so thnt it will ho ready 'for uso to force plants in time for seusoual transplanting. Onions, tomatoes, cabbage, cauliflower, eggplant, lettuce, etc., should be sown in fleta, pots, or directly in tho soil in time to ranch tho open at the proper period. This is governed by temperuture largely and is a matter of local information. If perchance tho seed is sown too early, the young plnnte may be kept sturdy by shiltiug from one flat to another, by transplanting within the hotbed. NOT£.-'l'he size of the hotbed may vary with the else of tho garden and the desire of tho gardener. The bed may be built to use window Iremoe of couvcuient size, which may be of no other usc to the home. Lesson 45: FROST PROTECTION. • With some thought and care the garden may he kept producing aHe.r the first light frosts of tho Jell. It follows that the same attention will save plants from the late spring frosts. Protective devices will materially lengthen the garden season. During the period of danger, weather forecasts should be followed closely and frost wnmings noted. Usually the observant garde.uerloarns to interpret signs of coming frost. For instnnco, in the Sacramento Villey, Calif., frost is usually preceded hy (J,ra..iu und a bard north wind, which isiolloweel by a calm. The gardener should f(J,milinrize himself with local signs of fl.p. proaching frost. There are reliable instrwnent.s which forocust frosts. The IIFrost nJarro." is a mawanicuI device costing about $25. A thormometer is so OJ'ranged that it rings a bell when the tempera- ture drops to a certain point. Th.is point. vnries w'i't.h the wishes oI the pmchll.S61'. A. hygrometer may bo purclmsed 01' homemade. Take two tl10l'ffiOmeters. Ovor tho cud of one place a short round wick. Placo the end of the wick ill wllter. Suspend both thermometers closo together, one dry, one wet. By notu:lg l'ond.ings ench evening and consullulg a tablo prepared for such a pur.pose, and which IUay be obt.a.ined easily from weather bureaus, and some books on agri- culture, frost may bo forecast. Use of s-mall fi1·CS.-Thousfi.nds of dollars have beeu saved by growers throuah tho use of I'smudge" pol.s. .A gardener C!Uleasily protect; his crop hom ligllt trosLs if he desh-cs. Scatter large sized crisco cans or othor COliS Lhat will hoht a gallon or more about t.ho garden. Inclose the gnrden with cnns plnced about 6 faet apurt.. Put 11 can noar oneh tOlll1l.to pln:nt or others of lilm nature, if they nro 4 foot llpil.l't.. Fill the Ciln~ with a light crude oil, which will cost about .5 cents a gallon. Keep tho cans covered. When the thennomC!ter reaches the danger point, SCHOOL-SUPlmVI$ED GARDl,NING FOR THE WESTERN STATES. 33 throw n tablespoonful of gasoline on tho oil in e can. and light immediately with a torch. Pro- ceed ns needed to keep tho temperature from dropping. Place the thermometer in the coldest place in the garden. The oil will burn from 3 to 5 hours. U8B of protectiw covering.----CheeseclolihJ muslin, sacking, end newspapers thrown over the plants, such ns tomatoes, strawberries, and the like, will prevent frost damage. For small plants, muslin is often stretched over light frames, which urn used one to a plant. Larger frames may be need to cover severn} plants nt a time. Small potato plants may be protected by covering them with dirt. They should be uu- covered within three or four days, or earlier, if weather couditioua permit. Coldfrasnee and hotbed8.-The nut-in purposo of cold frames and hotbeds is to grow plants out of season. It follows t.hat such garden uids protect plants from frost. Pin cans,jruit CQ,I·tons,Qmd the Nke.-'l'in cans and fruit cartons inverted over small plants at night will eefeguerd them from frost. USBof 'wawr.-The gardener ofton rises in the morning to find that Jack Frost has boon at work. Experience seems to teach that if the frosted plants arc sprinkled freely before the sun rises they may be saved from absolute loss. It is claimed that if the garden is irrigated while the temperature is at the danger point the plants will not freeze. Lesson 46: JUDGING THE HOME GARDENS. The fairest way to judge a garden is to visit it while it is in operation. The judges can then see the conditions involved in making it successful, and CBJl estimate pretty fairly tbe • various points to be considered. Such an estimate is difficult at best, and the following score card is offered simply as n suggestive guide, which nuy sot of judges may modify to suit them- selves. .Any such modifications s.hould, of course, be agreed upon in advance. SOORE OARD FOR JUDGING noms GARDENS. A. General appearance ..•........................ 20 D. Evldences ct.. .......................••........ J5 AnangcmcntofroWll ..••.•.. -.- 5 O;:mtinUOUllcullJvlltion.......... ..... .... I} Freedom from weeds .••........•...• _.... 5 Companion cropping.. ........••....... S Oultivaticn and csee •.•.••...... _....... . I; succeeetce cropping.. .....••• I) Proper thinning. ..•.............. I) E. CnrooftoolB _ . 10 B. Choice of vegetables . 1& F. Valuoofproduce._ _...••............ J5 For home use _ _.......... I) Used at home... . 5 Formmketiog........................... 5 Sold in the mnrket, ..•..•.• _•. : •••.•. ,.... I) ForCII.nning............................ 5 Used for canning ...... _.. .... ..• 5 C. Freedom from pests _ _ ....•••...... 15 G. Accuracy of gnrden recorda..••.•..••..•....... 10 Sprnying for .inseets _.. . . 5, Bpraying for dleeaae ••......... _ _ I} TotaL •........................•...•...... ]00 Other remedial ruenaurea.., ••........ ..•. I) 34 SCHOOL-SUPERVISED GARDENING FOR THE WESTERN STATES. Lesson 47, GARDEN RECORDS. Every gardener should keep all exact record of his expenditures and receipts. The fcl- lowing samples of accounts may be used by the teacher for this purpose. Smull blank hooks may be obtained and the children directed how to rule them off into the various ecccunte needed. PLAN'l'WO AN""]) HARVESTINQ. NlOInCJ OrvegllbblllSJ aawOl'll, nod frull./l. nnte oll1llrvwtlng• .... _ ...............................................................•...... , _. _ _ . . .._ _ - .•................. _ _ _ . .......... .. . . . . . WORK DONE. Nlllllllrn' of KlDd olw<:£k. IllRI<:;. oen. ._-- . .•......•• - .•..•..••..•.•..............••••..........••......••.....•••••••••..•..•. • OOST OF OARDEN. For r'lI'lllllt<:r.llCedJI, tooL!. ute. Oa.t . ........ - ..................•....... - ••••..........•••......•••.......••..•••.............•••.•...........•.. ......•.... ..... ..........••..... •.......• . . •.....•••..................•..........••.. ....•.......•..•- ...•••.....•••...••......•••...• Lesson 4& VEGETABLES USED AT HOME AND SOLD. This record should be kept to conform to the standard measures of yow' local market. The teacher should get 10cI.lI market quotations every few days eud help the children enter true value on this form. Children should be taught to rend mu.rket reports nud keep themselves informed as to values. f SCHOOL-SUPERVISED GA.ROE:NlNGFQ"R THE WESTEnN STATF.S. 35 OROI'S PRODUCED. VUluo • ... ...•........... .-~- _. CA~_"EI) PRODUCTS USED AT nos». Number. Y:lluu. Quarts. 1"Iul.s• ..... .-- - •••.............. ...•.................................................................•...................................... . ........,......- CROPS SOLD. Do". Q.LlllIHI~l" NIlDll\!l 01 '~Ulbll!!l, Oow=, nml fruIta. ........................................................................................................... .... ."" _ - - -".... . . ............. - ...............•.......••••....•...••....•••.....•••.•.....••••••••.•••••..•••........... TOTAl- RF.OORD FOR (JAnDEl>i YE,UI. (:O~T or rsom;u;:nos. 1l0l/IIT \'AM:T:E or fllOllliC'l'll. 1. Your own work •..•••. houea, n.t8 eecte •.. l. value 01 produeta used at homo .••... ... 2. Iloraa labor, .• _... houra.o.t15cenm •.......• 2. value of products !10M ..•.•...••••.•...•..•.. 3. eOfrt, of eeeda and plants ••..... _....•.••.. 3. Value of canned products for home use (look up market price) .........•••..... 4. Cost oi manure and fertilizer •.•.•. _ 4. Value oi canned goods sold ..•..••.••....•.... 6. Co~t of cane, [urs, and Iubels wed in - CIlJlniog••.•.•........•...••....•...•...... 'fotnL G.OtherexpoosaB •.•..••.....••.......... Expeoli\llS deducted ...•..... 1--+-+--1 Total .•••..•.......•...... ······· •.....•.•... Net income . • PART II. SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. THE LARGE SCOPE OF THE SCHOOL-SUPERVISED GARDEN. The garden is n miniature world. In the garden practically all of nature's forces are at work. Here the children may obtain Jundamental background experiences with plants and animals, which axperiencee are necessary to afford u foun dation upon which to build the super- structure of literature, art, biology. Children must needs get this background, for life is a continual reaction with nature and her forces and the interpretation of the same. The school must not concern itself alone with tools find agencies for interpretation, arithmetic, geography, history, end the like, but must build carefully the background of experiences. The definite tyPical, clear-cut experiences obtained ill the gardens offer exercise to the agencies, arithmetic, drawing, painting, and oral nnd written speech. The garden should become n unifying center for the study of plants and animals. In the prepnrntion of the seed bed, earthworms are encountered. Study them. AJJ the plants mature, insect pests are mot. Study them. Now is the ideal time. The children have a vital interest in the cabbage butterfly, since it is e question of its destruction or the loss of their cabbages. Every garden hour brings a surprise. IL is a short step 11'000 the garden pest to t,be problem of the community, of the State, in controlling insect pests. scnooi, GARDENS. The school garden has a value in the school system peculiar to itself. Present conditions, however, do not admit of its general introduction. Many school gardens are started only to be abandoned during vncntiou time. As yet no adequate form of organization has bean made, generally speaking, to take CIU'O of school gardens throughout the yonr. It is bad educational policy for the school to nbnndon nny project which it attempt-so A school garden takes far more school attention tha-n home gardens and does not give so great educational and economicretums. A well-orga.n.ized school garden program blends nicely with home gardens. It stimulates and strengthens the home garden. There 11]:0 three types of school gardens: (1) The garden which is used primarily for demonstration purposes. In it the teacher may demonstrate how to prepare a.seed bed; how to plant seeds, etc. Such a pInt gives the child II. type of home garden to follow, (or when finished it should be n demonstration of what a typical horne gnrden ought to be. Every school tJInt uudertekea home gardena should have such a plat. (2) The community gnrden in which the children work regularly during school hours. The community garden may include the whole school yard, its beuutificuticn, us well as a definite section set aside (or growing vegetables end flowers. (3) The garden in which each child bas a. plat. Tills type of garden often develops to serve boys end girls who have no garden space n.t home. The term If school gnrden'l is usually applied to types (2) and (3) or a combination of the two. The following are some of the ndvnn Lnges ot' the school garden when properly conducted: (1) The children aTl3 given class instruction. Thoy lofl..l'Ilhow Logrow plallW successfully UJldol' ilia guidance of tho teacher. Interest foUow~ success. 1'h6Y loart1 at school what n suc- cessful garden ought to va. 'rhis class iustrne-Lion, which is educatiollal economYI is impossible in home gil,rdells. t (2) Tho boys and gil'ls enjoy the companionship of each other. Interest I1l1d euthusillSm " 1\1'6 catching. 36 SQHOOL-SUPERVISED GARDENING FOR THE WESTERN STATES. 37 (3) Social values ere secured. The cooperative use of tools, land, water, seeds, teaches children to recognize the rights of others. It emphasizes the fact that the world does not begin Mel end with them. (4) School cluys !l're often monotonous days. Outdoor work in tho school garden relieves the monotony and prevents school fatigue. (5) The growing child needs exercise, outside air, and play. These are obtained in the garden. Gardening is a form of play with nodefinite economic and educa tionn l trend. (6) The school garden is a miniature world. All of naturals forces are at work. Insects, birds, earthworms, moles, gophers ure busy working out their life histroy. Heat, light, and other forces are taking expression. Tho school gardeu ia continually offering experiences to vitalize the other subject. s in the curriculum. .Arithmetic, geography, arts, sciences, and the like max be given, new direction. It may become n unifying center for the science work. (7) An interest in plants and animals developed or fostered fit school is invariably cnn-iad into the homes. Experience wit,h school gardens shows thu,t from 65 to 75 per cent of the chil- dren who have gardens at school have eucceesful gardens at home. Not only are the children interested, they Jearn at school how to grtlw plants successfully nt home. This is a strong argument for the properly conducted school garden. Thus the school garden may become a laboratory, It demonstration place for the home garden. a-ms aona GARDEN. Tho homo garden is a family nflnir. It is one part of homo making. The average boy or girl feels thil.t he or she is to assume home responsibilities only after roaching manhood and womanhood. Children should be taught us early ns three years at lcust to become a real part oC the home by assuming little home duties. Food product-ion mny be made 1\ part of the child's responsibility to the home. The home s"ho'uldbe sclf-sustaininrl largel!/.-The home so situated that jt can grow a large part of its foodstuffs is fortunate. A plat 10 by 30 feet intensively cropped will go fur to serve I.L family of four, and can be worked by a boy or girl of grammar-school egs. The garden'u;ill develop a child's intm'est in. his nmne.-Tbe child, urged on by the teacher and the parent, will become iutcreeted in his garden Iargolj- because it is his. It follows that a per- manent borne interest will develop. Recreation will bu found at home. Spare time will be Spent at home in the gnrdeu rather in town on the streets. Ohild Qa1'Cleni1l,{j-makee for the adult's recreation.-Nothing is so pitiful us the adult who can not entertain himself. Mn.ny adults who find satisfaction and pleasure in gardening may thuulc some one who interested them in gardening when thoy were children. TII6 hO'IM gardener is thrQWTton- his own TC8ources.-Paren t.s nnd teachers are prolle to llSsist childl'OU too much. In the garden t.be child is thrown all his own resources very largely. B:is success depends materiall.y all his own efforts. He earns what he receives. This is not always true ill the school gn.rdeo. Many ehildroul'otw-u to their school gardens in t.he ftill to rOHp the harvest of vegetables which the jn.llitor 01' soma othw: adult has cllred for during the vacation time. The horne 'Unit becom.e8 'WJre complete thrQUgh t7l,echild's ~ garden.-l"here are three types of the child's home ga.rden: (1) The one ruled over by the child; (2) (l, pint which is a part of the family garden and cultivated by the child; (3) the pn.l'tucrship garden whero l~n members of the family work together. Any type insures close complUl.ionship of parents llnd children. Instroction.-The. teacher sboulel visit the hOUle garden regulady for the purpose of giving • instruction. She must develop the 'U.Jill nod help the child find the wary. The teacher should study plant growth Md have her own garden, if abo is to become a- home garden visitor. Every block conto.ins resident possibilities for garden information. 38 SCHOOL-SUPERVlSlm GARDENING FOR THE WESTERN' STATBS. '1'ea~her8beoomefamiliar with liome Iife of c7i.ildren.-A teacher is fully efficient only as she understands the home life of her boys end girls. Home and school should have a duel relation. , Through tho home visit to the garden, home and school come into eympntlietic relationship. (/hildnT/; taught service-patriotism.-Dming the war the President celled to the children to grow food. They responded millions strong. As never before the boys and girls realised theu thny wore serving their country. Thus through home gardens 0. large unproductive urea is made productive by the labor of boys and girls who heretofore could not be classified as pro- ducers. In the process of reclamation, lend, boys, and girls arc benefited. SUSTAI.NING INTEREST. To sustain interest is as important ItS to stimulate it, find more difficult. To enthuse the child to begin a garden, then allow him to neglect it, is bad educationally and dangerous in the building of citizenship. DtlRl!'\G 'rHE YACATIO:' nONTIHI. 1. Grant oQ1"ll,'m:i8sio1lS.-Set aside a special day on which the juvenile gardeners are given their commissions ns officers. Make this It big factor by having printed commissions presented nt ll. public gathering by an officer of tho Regular .Army. Give fun officers responsibility under guidance. 2. Varolian meetings.-Cull the boys and girls nnd teachers together who arc activo during the summer ut the schoolhouse or at It moving picture theater. Prepare fin attractive program consisting of four-minute talks, lantern slides, moving pictures, find refreshments when possible. 3. Horne visitation.-AlTauge to hlLVQthe homo gardens visited regularly throughout the senson. 4. Ex7libiLs a:n.d fai1's.-As the different crops mature, exhibit snma.In some prominent • pluco-challs of schoolhouses, Iocal, county, or State lairs. 5. Oa1o(Jcn.markete for s·u,rpZu8.-&e general 100£1(11. on this topic. 6. OrlYU,p 'ltisit8.~Gardon directors should arrange to take groups of children Jrom garden to garden. 7. Tlu: garden l'uncheon..-When garden products A.1·O in abundance call tho children 1.0- getber at garden luncheons. The children should prepare the foodstuffs, menu cards, invitn- tiona, decorations, etc. Work should be dono on menu cards, invitations, and the like before the schools close, in connection with the nrt department, etc. .. S. Usc of local 'MW8pa,peTs.-Ask editors of local newspapers 1.0 sot aside apace for pictures and articles written by the boys nnd girls. Appoint school editors. 9. Excursicll,$ and pumic8.-P1I1n gurden cxcu.rsions, picnics; mol,o il. fl. pj'ivilego to be a. IDcmbcl' of tho school gn.rdcn nrmy. 10. Insignia ..-Uso the insignia of the U. S. S. G. Army. Bo sure overy child who receives insignia is mn.k.ing a gl1rdon. U . ..Affilialio1J,.~A..ffilil1tewit.h Staw or Fodoral organizations. WilEN llCHOOl. IS IN llESSIO:.. 1. ]i'vur..minute talk8.-Arrnngo for four-minute Lalks to be givan lJr delegations of childl'OU in clitrerent rooms of the schools. 2. Prize banners.-Uso of attractivo bannors to rotuto in tho dillm'ent rooms of tho school according to t.he numbor of gardens lind tho conditions of the same in each room. 3. 100 per cent banner.-Prepl\..l'o attractive 100 per (;(lnt banners for rooms Rnd schools on listing 0. full numder of homo gardens. This is Il.ll excellent project for domestic art girls. • 4. School garden pa.per.-Arrllnge to have a. school garde.n paper, to contain pictures of boys o.nd girls at work in thch gardens, und articles written hy them. SCHOOL-SUPERVISED GARDENING· FO,R THE WESTERN STATES. 39 .. 5. P08ters.-In tho nrt department, pr(llHl.roattractive posters illustrating the garden movement . 6. Corre7.atio-n.-Corrclate other school work with gardening. Arithmetic, fiJ't, composi- tion, science, etc., may be given new directions end vitalized through the school and home gardens. Experiences arising from such work mRy be runde a background upon which other school work may be built. nOME GA-nnEN CATEClIlnnL 1. What i'l the aim of the bome yalYlen movement? First, it is a movement to increase the food supply by utilizing the spare time of boys and girls as home makers to grow food stuffs at home. Second, since production is e, fundamental principle in education, large educational vuluee-cmental, moral, and physical-will be absorbed in tho process. 2. HO'Wart, t1~t,products to be used,'! First and foremost to make the homes partially self- sustaining, to grow enough food at 11Omoto serve the table with a large portion of its vegetables. 3. lVhat shan be done with Ute su,rpz.us'l Can and dry what the home will use. Sell the surplus to neighbors or at the grocery stores. 4. lVlLat is the Uni,ted States school "garden army 'I It is an organization of boys and girls who ere utilizing their SPIU'O time in the production of food under the direction of tho schools. 5. lVllat are the b01JS' and gi·rlr/ agricultural clubs? They are clubs organized by the agri- cultural departments of the several State universities. 6. Al'e the United States School Ga,rden A.rmy amd the aglicultu.raJ dubs CO'Tll.petingorgani- zations'! No/ the United States School Garden Army limits its activities to villages, towns/ and cities. The egriouluural clubs are formed among boys and girls in tho country. 7. Is the United Statf'.$ School Garde'1/.Army a 'movement W grow food at school 0/' at homet At • home. At first gluuce themovemoot SCBlllS wrongly named. Strictly speaking this is a 5OOooJ- directed home garden movement. The school garden is encouraged 8S a place where home processes muy be demonstrated with greatest educational economy. 8. lVho,t is to be done to carry garde1l8 t7wo-ug70to harvest lime? There are many ways to sustain the interest; pageants, prizes/ 100 per cent blLIln81'Sfor schoolrooms, schools, and com- munities/ luncheons, meetings, school markets, horne vu.'itaJwn. • 9. lVhat ie the mosi i-mport(vfl.t way to susUl,in interest? Home visitation. Every child's garden should be visited at leesu once 1\ month, t!speciaUy duri-ng1Jacation time. 10. What is the test qf a sclwo"t-direeted home garden :!ye~ Dotn_rytbatp.rdon tWlmet.l\lll ~bllU1dbe ~I\"e, I.e., ua ahlld advances In the gn.det hnbOUld mae!.ne'" pb....." • el plun\ culture. Howl!vllr,'1.11expert Kamenar I. nut the""d of uu,!IclIto:>J-dirooted liard",,: lherclore rt>dli!lu~In ev,,"y gr(l.lJe!rom tho l\roil 1,0 lho lasl may be grown lU long WI tbey sen'e some delln.ito lind dBllired PUl'{>I.JSa, The home gnrdl)l1llr grows 1\. lew stundllrd PlllDtlI :roo. olter 1011•• 'LIkewi.!OthelannCl' may gro,,"com year afLer}'ea.r_ No "deadly monoloJ1y 'DllIY be 1000red10 lOIIllB$ a dl:l!l!redllllrf>OO& Thegard811 projeotl directed by tJ'e:sahoolls not ~u_roJly GlUTledout unl~ it leads t1ul ahUdren 11> attempt Dew prQ]IlCU"" tbel. own lssat.lsncd. lnUlative. 42 SCHOOL~SUPERVISED GARDEN!NG FOR THE WESTERN STATES. Oft01JP 3---oItA(I£8 7,8. Intanaive rather than extensive. Emphasize economic phase 01 pla.nt and animal life, Sel1tllth Grade. Devoto a large part of the time to the study of plo.nt improvement, budding, grarting, nrtificial • Encourage home exper imcotation. pollination, selection, etc . Organize a weather bureau-see typical lessen ou same 'Plaut diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, and insects. in part 2. Experiment in gardens at school or at home with new plants which 911cm adapted 10 the commurrity-c-eice, cotton, etc. Grow economic plants, such l.I.8 sugar beets, hemp, flex, ate. HSI'Vt'llt BIlJIiC. Campara school and buaineaa methods. Eighth Grade. Care1ul observation of plnnte 8l! affected by the weather. Experimental plate at school and at.home. AN OU'l'LrNB IN Dr~TA1L J<'OH CARDEN STlJI)Y. GROUP l---GRADES 1,2,3. Flln and Winter TermB or Fir8t and Sr.o:md Quartera. TT1T J'Ilc.r •• Home gardening. Encourage largo plats, experimental Elementary science WI centered on the weather bureau, work; quality, not entirely quantity. Continue work started in the full term. ClJl.OUP lo-----.(lRADEA 1,2,3. V.lCATION 1'1lo1C on I"OUlI.TR QUAItTBll. It is inadvisnble to ntt.elUpt an ambirioua ~tming program-during vscetton time with tho. little people of grades l, 2, B. However, the pnronta ahculd be urged to encourage tbeir chiklren to carry their gardene through to production. GBAD&8 ~,6,6,1,B. • Outdoor PhlWC. Conuuuauon homo gardena. Garden vieitaticn by (1) teachers, (2) parents, (3) other Interested adults, (4) om- cera elected by the children, (5) committee'! of children 11U109r Ph"u . Rcgtlll.f tneetiogB lit school called by the teacher or garden Iaepectaea, at which meetings (1) reports may be given, (2) pictures shown, (3) exhibits made, (4) garden appointed by the teacher. luncll(\CI1lSheld, etc. OUTLOl'"E STUDY OF VEGETADLES. a. Identification. Different varieties. j. Moisture: (1) C..apillary water, (ll) how conservoo, (b) b, UBe9. iIB function; (2) gravitational water, (a) how con- c. Needs: (1) Air; (2) food; (3) moisture; (4) light; (5) served; (b) ita function; (3) irrigation, (a.) eprink- warmth. ling, (b) flooding, (0) trenching; (4) relation to d. Cultivation: (1) Plowln,g,llplldillg; (2) harrowing, disk- humus, day,lime, etc. ing; (3) wooding; (1) how performed, (a) tractor, g. Light: (1) Open areas; (2) direction of planted rows; (b) horse, (c) head. (8) crowding; (4) thinu.ing. c. Food: (I) I~erti.lization; (2) physical eud chemical h. Warmth: (I) Relation of humus, clay, sand, lime, eul- condition of BOil; (8) cover crops, inoculntion; tivetion, irrigation, etc.; (2) time to plant certAin (') "'to"'" of ''''P'', "",,", GU/milmdhod of l~ing.-Step L Teach principle under discUlll!iOD by experi.wentation. Sl.cp 2. :Make application to the child's plant project. Step 3. Show how the fanner lllIlkCII.application. Ernphaaize "doing." Experiment and demolllltrate. A void ffier6 telling. It if! astoniehing, the amouut of one's second-hand information_ How do you know tbat hOUlleilice breed in llUl1lure, that "" ..igglW'8" turu into adult mosquitoes, thatseed8 need aidor genn.i.nutiou? Few JUlve had finlt-hand expenencC6 and inforrne.tion. Many havo been told. Give 00)'$ and girlll first-baud information. Give them ll. fund of originAl experience. This fund of real Cltpcr1enCe giVIlll.them power to • intorpret nlld to moot Dew llituatioUll • 46 SCHOOL-SUPERVISED GARDENING FOR THE WESTERN STATES. ORGANIZATION PLAN FOR SMALL ClTIES AND TOWNS. ill each school wbo Ie paid an extra salary for work during • I TCllchCf-dirCCOOr Garden Supervisor or Supervising Teacher out-of-echocl hours and in vacation. (fuJI time). Gardening program. Instruction end eupervielon by regular teachers. TYJ>lOAL GARDEN ORGANIZATIONS. A FLA::-I ron r.A1l.C;F;n CI'l'I&S. Garden Director (full time). . A!!BiBtant Supervisor I- . One teacher pnid for home gnrden euperviaiou Ior each Teachers with gardening pro- gmmmed for three peelcda a ~ee k f 0 one- half h our (full lime). 100pupils 01garden l\ge. R:;~~r teachers required to A.!I!li.atantgupnrvlaor give garden instruction. ABsiat.:l.ll.tSupervisor. Directors, supervisors, nud garden teachers should be employed by the year in order: that continuation work may he carried on during the vacation time. Certainly the school should attempt no project which it docs not complete. o • " • • ..