ek V®ck Opeii8iCpflflt^ 597 Millions For Aid naming Torches 3enalC BookToPut Votes Stopgap Funds it Annual March ► Dinner#, Banquet, Daiire, Regulations For France, Austria, Into Print i Feature TYwHtloiial Celebration f jiuitril Tuiun Jtilt Italy; China Added , oenier. pnaHllH af tha Interfraternily council, House Foreign Committee Advises After Other (irouf* |;.»t nifht tfcii kwiMrimr of "Cwek Week" with KSti.rn.il UiitHfftt l*r«dt from the Union building Final Ttmlt Too Hi* Revision, Seven Million Cut NtanH •hell. A core commitlee to tieifin WASHINGTON, lire. I l/Pi — A hill author-bring M07.- ep.m.le mdrtwtl the qpenliur of » weeh of .1,1,ration work oil H y,'Moral student 000,0110 ill emergency niil In France, Italy awl Austria wax fraternity - nomrlty are a»~~ a . huoflhodk hit> lioeti formed passed, Kl to #, by the Senate late today hut the lluuxtt For¬ i Week." «."• V WIUIA rlist ttntler the supervision of the eign Affair. committee voted .<*ni ufterwurd to hold the itiidrnt council. S.ni'iiiut down to IftOAiflMh- j) affair, will ctmlinilfi to- , Til.' Miijiusv tif the tiuiidtMWdk OflH mid add China' to tlM Successful is to tnovifte nil student* with XTO A lint of counlriex In ho I \ information on activities; retju- Supporters of Prexidsnt Vtioo*. inciudirtx Kocial, traffic Tail-cmlers Get nilht mixed In »rwt women'# ruler; traditions and a history or the colleite. Pick Of Classes Trumati's lull pros rum of hplplnp Western Europe thruiigh thp win* ■rr us one means of llphlinx Com¬ Miitiy camptis group* have munism apitearetl ecrluln lo prom jrdauim will 0 the houses. be held ta- Will Play Srroml tertaken to publish a handbook .( this sort. Lust year AWS at- In Winter Term for raising the Mouse fluure to thp u ! l5g7.OOg.OMI fur France, Italy . representatives front each Conerrf Tonight emptrd to put her material for o Rrxistratinn will utart with the md Austria ai-me. end sorority will be ikiifflbook, hut found the work too 'wronx" cnil uf th» alphabet jreat for the one orxunisetion. PuiddoU h Oroteful J—the Union Alter! Spuldio:. violinist known xxain this winter term. right for the to music loveis «l two continents, AWS recommended that the Immediately after he learned I St,ate,its with names from Zxy- presented the first half of hi. ttudent Council form a commit- ryski to Mnr will see their en- if thr Senate urtion, Mr. Truman two-night ctmtrtl last nieht if re to h.ud the publication and s,lIntent .rffi.wrs the llrst day. rleptioned Senators Vandenters 1 m tad Weak College auditorium. work throush all orxsnlutions in ,'riday, January 1. • Rexirtration iH-Mi hi and Barfcley (D-Kyl. "cnnxratulate nhem and lo | fraternity- men expect to Selections from Schubert, MSttins it published. s r.heduletl tlie some day for n n the week', artivitln hank them far the largo part rthm,. and Chausinn wore mix tintents from 7. thrnuxh Roc. Cffc-PsnHrl dance it hi ed with his own compositions in , Student C'ounrll approvwt the Saturday, January 1, thp Maq's hat they had in lirinaing about a Auditor.jm Friday evdnlnfl. ■ well-balanced handbook and appointed Helen will I -ml off at t urn. with their .his . result. Presidential Pram program ably teeralary Chuilrs ti. Roes re¬ Shafer« orcnestm will H.ue, Iamrton representative, to supported by pianist Anthony _ flu the lemi-lormal aflair. repr^m them on the unmmi ported. Waxy rhairmun of Gmk ibPal Bnllit nl Alidia tlem Kimiker. win twdoM Tonight, writ. II" tekHhold- KROSH <»EP8 WOT Ei Frosh Meet Other student* on the six- committee are Rose Nahru. re|>re- Tel (Jtrrks "The President." Itnss said, "was nia-h aratilted hy the si/e nf th* L Dona Tresis. of Phi scnting AWS. Art Craig, repre¬ majority." PanHellenic To Hold High School ra will tear "Sunata in G Ms- VMorana not receivinx «ub- s carrying lira feat- sentative from Men's Council, and ■tab Nonas Hoaa •iatance rhech. should f«pM retponribilitica* for ii^J^^liuarGJ^tego^^ Carolyn Karncy fn»m the Jour- Friday to the Veterans Ad- Membeis uf tte Htaise Fnreian na ism department. Affairs I'umantlee seal they hoped minlat ration agio* In Iwildlnit • In buns llieir lull lotore the Pre-Rushing Session Principals Minutely 500 tdudoMa arc .yallaMr la tee Mm Wrkat Jobs Open A-l south rxmpu*. from ■ a.m. .louse Wednesday or Thurtdgy i the intrude last a ta a vim It tbp frt'i PrrsKtential action by the en* of last for lb* day. bob's In K's will Mem. Bka-h: "Pew Rn Forme All frohmcn. trxnxfprl. xwf 'llmrr ek«* wontm to hb to Iron mil . iPbhner. .liyihlc f..r fornntl ruahlnr winter trrm will he thr iftMxU prlsbtp In collexe life. Ur. Paul! ^ Iwl (roup lo see the enroll. IS. Prepares Hat>atiera". Ravel; "Jaitiau* RhuntUi. Benjau l-timi.c i,f the Pun IK-ltenk- council tonight. Dreasel, head of niunsrlinx, an- Miticesl yesterday. their filme niimlier and tyi«e of wnrb item nffleeri will te those inrlud- 1 L'hlna. which wee passed over tliev are Inlerested in at the offier in the alphabetical s|ian from lempwarlly in the arlministration's "Sonatina. l-» Ch Paxam fhi' f|k.UI convwHt inn will I* "held in*\Jtr Union hxll. td nretok Atoll Straus* SH>;d«ttng. cicriilut" ini-S|M IdiriKi atld • WienerWlut" .|H„n |1( cpixin rl,|,,s nnd* Over 31X1 i>nmi|ial> anil coun- ot Hie enti.iselar lor wlois tinm Mime M Mkhlxxn ■'rh hi A. They will be taken gore dupsap shI |iropo«"l«. but rnem- if Monday, January 5. Hex'stra-! bers vnl-d rxHirr lis site t'hinx Spalding nude hi* Kcw York rtishiiiK |»rot't*rluP0. hixli si'lionla will Clint el s,' an the lid that day will run thronxh all sdfi.oga.gwi. r Atom Test debut in !«**. and ha* sinte *|»- The PuttlM council. ri»m- HEY. WAITER! esntpus tin nptai'litmeilts ttilh Next Concert rum Jr. hi Hud. 'Ihe stopgap aid measure is itL'dents I mm their systems. (hi tlie lost tlsy, anyone may | avowedly aimed al preventing the peered with all the u.a:oi »ym fNincil rif ivprr'McntutiveA of phony or.hcMra* m t?v I'R ant Europe ach sutonty on campus, delli.es Peart Crop A full |ii I relations has the 40 gems of •ffoit to be on time for their .ppointmenlx. The Russian maestro founded Preview Of New Play >ut.. Auditorium utanCUyWillResunie it ik essential that clash with Temple university. f the New York university sociology de- great mass of displaced persons is at least 'tMMpcnt. The author, Br. Henry Fair- initially taken care of, than will exist in Child, forsecs the necessity of closing Europe a powder keg with a perpetually lit ^America's t'oors to the peoples of less priv- fuse. - INFORMATION - tvi-xed gpartana manaiicr'K office, 8 p.m. Formal ihcUlnv. room I llumc Kci .iomlca, 7 p.m. ASMS mlMHIe (,'esaervatlen Cleb Field wi|>, Oltswii Mrccl power 310 Morrill hull, 7:30 p.m. plant, 7:80 p.m. bftMSnfi Xtn't Ce-ep Afitnrttsrsl Rstesitaa (tab III! Ilerkcy hall, i pm SI! Agriculturist hell. 8 pm. Vttt'A Mtarsattonal Erlaltam ('tab Thliil liner. Ilomc Economics: Martini: Mhcihital for this Vfrellni:, 815 'p.m.; Pictures, 8:45 Week is pnst|Kincil until winter pm. term. 381. CXIetIan Science Orsanlssltan I lot rU moetinji, 5 p.m., Orsuni- WHlflMK Services tunislit, 7:15, cltapt I i,f rnllon leiir,: 2, Union. People's church. Badta (mild Mortar Heard Special meetuix. rismi (no, rsonic Waves "The time hos come, the Walrus said, io Builsern mrrtmp. (.30 p.m. ume Fc Inuldihp. 7:15 p.m. Organtrnliou ruum 2, Union. PI Mn FpsUaa NSW in PmamMi Waving speak of many things —The time has also Spartan dosed Initiation of .new members. 105 MS come when I must regretfully decline further Demonstration hall, 7:30 p.m. liorkey Unit. 7:is pm. J onto (lab business until after Christmas. 118 Itcrkry hull. 7 p.m. (Wllrera Clnb 7 nemouKlitilinn hall, 7:30 p.n 404 Hume Kcannmirs, 7:30 p.m III} (litis hall, II ism. BEAUTY SALON I am sorry that no rrwc of you will be privi¬ bC AETOO.M ovn CAMPUS S-M Marine ( erpo ('tab OPEN EVENINGS axis leged to give — ^•uns at 7:30. roan III, Brr- (IMMID ADS e Pregrama - Favors "PORTRAITS THAT SPEAK" DR. i. L Ikr IM CkrUlmm flip oTssr-srJsr* !L. 0. BalltirCo. Ill* 8. University CHIROPODIST FOOT SPECIALIST Appointment (Calendar ANN ARBOR. MICHIGAN WITH M HCENEH OP THE CAMPUS AND PIIONB 8UI Sec and AND COLLEGE ACTIVITIES Compare lalora You luy Tem A Meredith Buckling m lARir ST. PHONE •.III! Ed. I •h se us b ahmi EAST IANEINO. M3CM. #1.00 Union Desk W APPOINTMENT ONLY Call JLnpili SLuUet Skeleton! frum Stork TTw Imllerim, length -ivmluretl in pImht rrtfc — (he off ((boulder neckline wughi . December S. IK7 TUB MtcriOAKSTAT* WEWg •' 'Jtv kz*-'?* ite's Cagers fVat To See 'Mural Card Eight h fenriveTrouble* Gym Squad Has Plenty GetRing SgH I On Shooting Perform Of Variety em Hibl apgrton Anal battled their round of In i Fail TW CeaMI Effoshrlv SfMTlM • Try it law JFadnaaday night ebampiom in their tet- TKO vletary a _ Glee Set sua h VrndhR, pKtiVC the tra-peund crown. ] tmik honors m the I Of Srwwi Run I'foti ... ft** ago coach. Ben T*«iglrt Si Hi division with ■ I ~ L Abtvne. *» •* «wr the inability of Climaxing B three-day tournsy. "Man I Pukvcrt. to hit *• M* BMmUUrOj. Tonight, State's newly or¬ tntreaiural athMts at Michigan ' •»<•'"> HathethiU scored a mild up- *« over Ray Mariueci to gain the ™, fen in lor a buy time this . 81 Me nighUrf m*mm practice the EgRrtaa cat- ganised varsity gymnastic week. ace C.dirge ceospebtwn is . ""-Pound title. It was the squad, working under Coach scheduled in wrestling, fontbell.! ' cknest conteet. George Siypula, wilt give a place kicking, and sn muning. In one of the outstanding bouts i I »irht l fiiv- 50r» HononMSC r«w»« demonstration at the I.M.A. audi¬ torium in Plint. It will be itM between halves t the Daw Cham- leal and Chshaygan basketball The intramural wrestling tour-! ncy will get underway this after- ttntj at «:!S and continue through j Thursday. of the tourney, up and coming freshman lighter Hank Amos de- cishmed Jisn Ruder to an 130-pound championship. pionshlp. Jo Hancock took the 1 jfgnjruving tlw i , -wne. This demonstration is the sec AT partwipanta must weigh in outstanding frosh.: Another outstanding title with a deciaion over,I frosh.: Blarney and the juda |i Srf " his C8§*f®f uijI Van AWyne la ~w a with the aim mtioiaa R Tennis Star id one of the season and wiU feature tumbling. today. Coach Colluu m. Entries. - . _ .Z>I i£"n ZTsfsyr ... ... Marv Richardson, made short I Braden the nod over tcurk of Don Munyon, winning by!for the 140-peund cr As pert of Ihe recent porpoise _ . lily uf hia squad «• Oar but the ent ant must have had show. -Pools A' Splashiny two , bafkctball. 1ve or more prod ice workouts in members of the team, Pat Carna¬ a the raaulla at aerim- Bub Malaga, varsity net- the wrestling room. tion and Jack Parker, humorous¬ in the laat two aracha, nationwide pla.-e kicking man on tha MSC tannin taam ly assisted by Ray Williams of Elbtyix i"und tb*1 """r «• p the swimming team, ■ performed contest sponsored by Varsity , had forgotten tba art for the past two years, was — magazine will be held on many the trampoline. a their man. Tim arata col'rge campuses this week. Cm the red in tha aaarina appointed ern Junior DavU to the 1P47 West- * Because the trampoline is the Michigan State's contest is* to ■a, altowme 'bair aooaoaat Cup Team to, t>c hcid today and tomorrow his latest piece of apparatus added I paints tlian they naiad play laat summer to gymnastic competition, many from 4 00 p.n. to S4Q p.m on the Players from fifty-two geo¬ Women's athletic field ..i fr«.nt of sports enthusiast* are unacquaint Demnnstratioii hall. All students * graphical districts in the United *likTte ace a wMa are organised Into groups ad with it. The "tramp", as it is more com¬ CHAMP RETURNS except football lettermm are eli¬ a where defense is fdr- d Junior Davis Cup teams gible and a prize will be given to a store pushing tha monly called, is ta rectangulnr Ihe winner. a t mark is reached, a gives lip more points -scares is definitely not canvas fastened to a metal frame IjyAilsprings. stunts are done by bouncing Davey Enters Third Year Actkm .»» the all-trash swim¬ ming mrit. open to all freshmen WithSparianFight Team _ on the canvas to accomplish and trausfer students •who have _il to his team, twists, turns, and flips. In com not carne*i a >wimm«ng letter.- pother iports the problem petition coordination and form ■j easily solved, gets underway Wednesday and are the main points on which Bf RgLL MAHJE Will continue through Thursday ijsotlwll coach gets around per¬ a' by' using two elev- formers are judged. ll* punt revonir arc any indiintiun. SJiartan boxing fans if this week. Event winners will I serf tlx r. l.'s e defensive team when tha will hi- provided with colorful anil exciting l'Vi |mtiml I units rceive goid mtdab, whil* run- the hall, and During the war the tram|Hiline ler-up and third p'aee contestants . this senron. The MSC ring iMpiad |msscsscs one of the out- will tie awardni silver ami bron/c gamed popularity while in use by r squad when his ti staiiilin:; collegiate I.'l5 pound Imxtrs, Chuck Have,v. a taekiaa of the boll. the armed forces as part of their phyMcnt training program. Ihivey enters his third** - awards. Fifty-yard freest*le. backstroke, '•)f ill C.imalum and Barker. the two Vvar as iiif MSC leather i«>uiid slot, aiul was undefeated in and breast stroke mnts arc to lie 0 solution IS not possible in ll Wednesday c\eni»ig at teem candidates working on this run i all. The game is much too thinwer with a |>ast of ilanzl- '""h piece of equipment, received . mo. The lIM-yard freestyle. 200- d the hull changes hands a sudden substi- their, early training while in the ,",f collegiate und service Al 1|)t> NCAA |llri yard fr«wstyle. "5-yai.l medley, performance* iwbind him. ,rr ,ie ind diving contests will be iield M of players. wil||te,^away with an arm- Regular collegiate competition >«m A« rmAiwaw ful «»f traphic*. He copitcd the .he foliowmg night at the same R today. Coach Van Alstync is rtnt the problem of how to in gymnastics will begin in Jan¬ . 135-pnund ccllvgiatc cmwn and uary and wll include meets with added the l«a Rowe Memorial | State': cagers defensively Michgan. Illinois. Wisconsin. Iowa, i the I and still preserve thc.r rtly a fresh t St; n offense. and several eastern schools. p al'gi s'Vlh birth" fighter. State Gridden ucv liavcy had what be considers 'Mural Teams lay. Davev woi I His ,nl his. ™'l"r k.1- must memorable <«■.! Ihn .am, J.nmiy MuratH fight. He Tour Hawaii ight of that to quality for Meet To Plait Vke NCAA t. lrnl„ Vh..n. I,c won the 117- !»43 Mt.higaii Stair's RrsMru will aid goodbye to Ihe land of leis, f YORK. tie.-. I 1*1 — three week." 'T't^Th" "f" first time that Mir- _y Lujsck. lield-gawral at teOsnu • ,.11-ronqueilng foot- Playoff Dates he dffei of Virg ia to :u"«Hlo melt, the names may be played he close of the sea* The sq> i.al is Mlirdided to ar¬ >avey coached and boxed on the t*m lie ponded nut that even d rive at Kellogg Field. Ilattte nip i i, turn the fields were c!Tared, manually Click at 11 !MI cm Wednesday. nd c both coasts, and ',r then iMoukl still be ice under¬ Davis C'u neath, making the playing sur- the ith Air fore*.? known pi tiue very s'ip|iriy and dangtous I! ami rami He finished the war as a ti If the gkmea cannot be played ford. Michigan ami t»i this wnter they wiU be arkcdulcd lator in the kUt Air force von the Air Medal ond two b present Wertcn Jul. tor the fiekthnuae m March when fiom Cinctunuti Dunn the basketball Hour is iwnaved. 1 Duvcy returned to MSC last COLLEGE BIKE SHOP i by Jul v lit: I fall to lay rUm to tlie 13U-pound Duk Canto W iUian Ta Ray GI ARAXTEKU KET.UR WOK i berth on the Spartan ring squad. Noitli 1'andin.i and Hrtarnir* Hall Hark >» u:*d in the 145- Ian I. tennis t'ou. t ST LOUIS. Dec. I 1*1 An- lege. riorKiu. cient S|M>rtsman's Raik. which Won Dsnkli Crown would tie a major stumbling blc k VH1ZZEK MOTOR AGENCY IhohO. ih.l.„S..UUit tAMER The Spartan netm Harstow of Smith c «>i Northeuatem (ih^bM ni void kny transfer of the St. laniis ; to Another c ity, eoui i lie the Caidinals "at the right title and *erc runi.ei one of the new Cardinal ipmsm mixed doubles ««f t'l Malaga uun the said today. Ohio Sui^lo tit I? a> AiToswnvr i tor t chammwc). Mil.i.1 | MACHINE 8BOT the Ctvat Lakis DICE DAVIS Sav*: »Hh Saul U Taaaivo >• Uniirr.ii> ul South' Hums the fil-irt.n urm I'M* ta to l-Muiag aM OMR •NNMD CMvmtumt llciqht. lu. Item chamou'u mow baja ia nrwr+K alteav oat IHMgllte Iter al ragsam. pfcusai. Rfagka ami HaHrisal HggSaaii . MUNO NEW MUUglli SIRS JAMI rvu . HUaMV '&M r COWrSOY Tl'NIM THE MICNtfl, IN STAT* NRVS A Mr Trtl* Cngrean Fnrrslrts Will HaM eh Attempts Fail Price I'rccnc IVimUmk WASIflNfTTON, IK*. I oil _ January 'Hlliwllfi' . Break Red Strike Pn sidrnt Truman's chief lieu, tenant im the rranomk finnt told (W onlay thai a general uai event rurestem nrnnaig. , In charge nf deronrtinns'mr the will In- Charles Damn, IMP n troll, senior; tutl.li.ily wtll he Disorder Reigns I reive of |e iie» alal w.igro may headed by Julius. Martinek, Clave- Iter no ie neremniy unless the ad- land senior. minbdratinir* program lor ritrti- Tin- .Inner will he held la the iWtlS. ' I <11-. I 4/1't — A .tcsxinn of Ihf Krvm-h National ,nr. Inlhiliun i« adopted. Women:!' January U. you*, gym tai ,• lirolii- IIP ill .li-onlar l.nighl liofore thr tlvpulira I (imit ii iMWriful xtrikx omtpJ Mil tfc> yuvrrnment lir.'.ik the Cnmmiini'l hoM on Ihn nation'* ■ In iito l« r tnovemont. CAMPUS CLEANERS Ciimmiiniat-diimiiialnl 4J7 E. GRAND RIVER Home Ec Club 1 of the Cieneral Con- of Uhor (CCT) mpting I" fere* cabinet Open* Serie* Iin Teaching SjmcM 4 H«mr Dry CbmUng Servkm PRESS-WHIIXoYOU-WAITsSERVICE QhfiiAmaA / REGULAR S RAY SERVICE hinting llame F.vmmirx majors inter, i ested in teorhmx \nrateaial home r to prevent a final vote.' economics are invited to attend creeping Industrial tbe first at a serin of meetint We initiation iniralysis— In. offered by toe vnratianal group 0 by u wave nf strikes which of the Heme Hi m amirs Hub. The 1 hit J.ilOa.dMI or more ii idL-gripprd the na- meeting will be Into at 7:14, in Save at men 203 llomr Fxonomirs build- tabfi}! in;.. Harriet Van F-ppt. arting'puli- Jkn.it: halleil the Pails sub- Inily chanan. said last night. i and ii edited other public . The nmBlh. will feature lesnse MHiaa. Theaters and ne W.S Jir.au. Paw Paw senior, and algmd. (larbaee went unrulhetnt Mirille Hatfield. Remus a Mgl the street. ot Paris wild now doing their .-Indent teachir.r, K (Mar—! ml. Mh nf Ijumlaf iRr.Bmlta srmpt lor the third day lierause Inlormatuai aiesit the Vara- at * walkout at municipal em. te.nal Horns- fx chili may la* nil- STtlfHO COUCHES RED SPRINGS ' t:nne*t from anv of the officers, 49.50 MP 11.50 Jacobson's Aphrodhia Nff CasWai Oaa j she added. — is on a holiday 4haUfu.uU of angry rill/ens in, These are laoitrnc Janu s, IffnernriiHc MATTRESS lit. Chrome footing ready to mate dreams by Fabetge . ". . Ike the'capital, groping their way on t'|a*ro.i senior, president; Donna BREAKFAST SETS fuat in severe weather, reached] Paikrr. Slurgu junior, vne pceai- 24.50 mot! feminine come true with gift-wise and dgfMned homes and ate cold sup- > dent: and Mi-t Van run is. Decatur 49.50 ^ fragrance la flatlet fail because of a lack nf gas. , junior, acting publicity chairman. Phone 2-3062 value-priced merchandise to please aftei five favhiont The Assembly session railed ] The club's faculty advisors are Communist deputies refusal Mrs. Merle Ii. flyers, education Opea evcaiafk UN Tea ■ the mOst discriminating feminine taste sachet . . . 2X0 perfume . . . 3X0 to 15.00 eiltog the army to revolt." cologne ... 2X0 to 4.00 RvwytMw tur CAHTAL HUt SaVKt ensemble of pmfyma -nd cologne ... 3.00 l ahp Women BRILLIANT AND CLEAR DOUBLE SIZE PRINTS softly tailored 14 BIB SMC M MR MM white Mouse in fine broadcloth r witj. m a puumrm to nave rotr 3.95 short sleeve shirtwaist blouse with Peter Pan collar . . . stitch-perfect f Better lirtMtming workmanship on exquisitely cut • Beiil of Hair Styling broadloth - classic in t»cnd, always fashionable you'll choose Beautiful Hair . . . '• several for Christmas giving at this attractive price mrs Kturr itt Ike Mod o* Teem AWsAI m mac. atm. 1- -M -■ UE-T__J wj auM^^m wvMNMni Nmm&iAiuv shoes 112't N. WanMmrlan isssEew* Jacobsou'a Coke Hour - Imwtac - UPSTAIRS — Every TMeoday...3 to S p. n cokes are on the house • In Our SportBweur Dept. m afee Heit'o tbe sweattr for her ... a * long sleeved'bdfcy cardigan to anhancc bar Rawest blouse or to wear tftoLuoooLoAL - ■. * eoio— oao sJutm *"wwf^'*vWvv*y a a a %WWO Rto U'NIUr mioc. pink, chcfw blue •v. KmrnVUVy fe ' , 4M fMNfefettfer tifea '■"* : " 1 l •' " ■ 1W hnvjnftiihb « "«•" And the wise \M.1 - ■ ;; mPr «• •• pMp^. cuk v • ■ I tfMU. Kdctefm looks, foe curf*. t a mNaf w. til — UNBnr Birii IT'"- ■■