September 1984

Published monthly by the Metropolitan Golf Course Superintendents Association

Meeting Notice
Date:
Location:

October 18, 1984
Whippoorwill Club, Inc.
150 Whippoorwill Rd.
Armonk, NY 10504

12oadó to TVhippoozwiCê CCuê

Vol. XIV, No. 8

. .
Tm Mount kiteo

Host
Superintendent:
Gen. Manager:
Golf Professional:
Green Chairman:
President:
Telephone:
Golf:

Chuck Martineau, (914) 273-3755
Steve Fischl, (914) 273-3011
Harry Montevideo, (914) 273-3059
Mike Labriola
George H. Stewart
Chuck Martineau if weather is inclement
yes
Car: $20.00
Caddies: $12.00 per bag plus tip
Lunch:
12 noon
Social Hour:
6-7 p .m.
Dinner
7:00 p.m.
Lunch & Dinner: $35.00/ person
Directions: From New Jersey take 87 to 287 E. to 684 North.
From Conn, take 95 to 287 West to 684 North.
Take 684 North to exit 2 (Westchester Airport) at end of ramp
take a right. At traffic light turn left onto Route 120. Follow
Route 120 for about 2.5 miles. Route 120 will intersect with
Route 22. At first traffic light make a left in order to continue on
Route 120 for another 100 to 200 yards. Take first right onto
Whippoorwill Road for about 2.5 miles, the clubhouse will be
on your right.

Coming Events
October 18
Nov. 15
Nov. 7-9
Dec. 8
June 6,1985

Met GCS A meeting - Green Chairman/
Superintendent, Whippoorwill C.C.
Met GCS A Annual Meeting,
FairviewC.C.
NYS Turfgrass Association Conference
and Trade Show, Syracuse, NY
Christmas Party, Fairview C.C.
Met GCS A Invitational, Stanwich Club

Something To Think A bo ut. . .
The truth will ultimately prevail . . . when enough pains are
taken to bring it to light!

Notice
The Met GCS A Board of Directors is exploring interest in a
Corporate Membership in the White Plains Health & Racquet
Club. Listed below is information relative to fees, etc. We
would need 25 participants to qualify for the corporate rate.
Anyone interested please contact Chuck Martineau.
Corporate Membership Fees
Nautilus Fitness Membership
Full use of all club facilities, including Nautilus Fitness Cen­
ter. Racquetball and Aerobics available at additional charge.
Individual
$225
Husband & Wife
$425
*Each Child under 16
$50.00
Racquetball/Aerobics Membership
Full use of all club facilities, except the Nautilus Fitness Cen-

EDITORIAL STAFF
Pat Lucas, C o -E d ito r ..............................Office 203-359-0133
Home 203-637-3939
Ted Horton, C o -E d ito r...........................Office 914-967-6000
Home 914-937-3613
Dennis P. Petruzzelli, Staff Writer . . . Office 914-946-1074
Home 914-946-2552
Pat Vetere, Staff W r ite r ...........................Office 914-273-9300
914-234-6795
OFFICERS
President .................Charles Martineau, Whippoorwill Club
Office 914-273-3755; Home 914-273-9112
Vice-President . Peter Rappoccio, Silver Spring Country Club
Office 203-438-6720; Home 203-431-3990
Secretary............................ Scott Niven, The Stanwich Club
Office 203-869-1812; Home 203-629-2594
T re a su re r.................Robert Alonzi, Winged Foot Golf Club
Office 914-698-2827; Home 203-531-1930
Executive Director . . . . James McLoughlin, 914-769-5295

Innis Arden Meeting: (I. to r.) Peter Rappoccio, Program Chair­
man; Richard Weir, speaker from Nassau Cooperative Exten­
sion Service, Patrick Lucas, Host Superintendent.

Inter-Association Matches Team
The Met GCSA 6-Man Team for the Inter-Association
Matches is the six low gross scorers from the 1984 Met GCSA
Championship play at Innis Arden. The Inter-Association
Match will take place at Wilmington CC on Tuesday, October
23rd and we wish our team success.
Chuck Fatum/Wee B u m .................................... 148
Scott Niven/Stanwich .......................................166
Jim Fulwider/Century .......................................167
John Carlone/Stanwich.......................................169
Larry Pakkala/Woodway.................................... 170
Les Kennedy/Oak Lane .................................... 172
First
Alternate:
Tony Savone/Quaker R id g e .............................. 173
Second Alternate:
Paul Caswell/Greenwich.................................... 177

Reprint permission is hereby authorized providing credit is
given to Tee to Green . . . unless author states otherwise.
Publication deadline for Tee to Green is 21 days before the
regular meeting.
ter. Racquetball and Aerobics available at additional charge.
Individual
$125
Husband & Wife
$275
*Each Child under 16
$50.00
*Must be accompanied by parent at all times.
Court Time Rates
Prime .................................... $12.00 per hour
Non Prime ............................ $ 10.00 per hour
A limited amount of permanent court time is available.
Racquet Rental - $2
Guest Fee - $5

H I = *-* *

Milorganite ... America’s Foremost Naturally Organic Fertilizer

Che w ay
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Symposium of Interest
The Wisconsin Golf Turf Symposium will be held October 24
and 25, 1984 at the Pfister Hotel, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
This year’s theme is “Directions in Golf Course Manage­
ment.” Subject matter will include R & D information on pes­
ticides, soils and popular constraints, trends in golf course de­
sign and new challenges to superintendents.
For further information contact Bob Welch, Milwaukee Met­
ropolitan Sewerage District, 735 North Water Street, Mil­
waukee, Wisconsin 53202. (414) 225-2222.

No matter how hard scien­
tists have tried, they have
failed to match synthetic
nitrogen to release with
natural growth patterns.
F e rtilize
N a tu re ’s W ay
with
M ilo rg a n ite
M e tro M ilo rg a n ite

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Hawthorne, NY 10532

2

Class B
Low Gross:
Low Net:
Class C
Low Net:
Class B/C (w/o
Low Net:

John Carlone/Stanwich.........................
Dennis Petruzzelli/Brae B u m ...............

169
161

Dan Cancelleri/Canform Supply . . . . 150
hdcps.)
Bill Barrett/Magovem
..................... 145

One Day Event at Innis Arden Golf Club
Thursday, September 27th
NOTE: 65 players competed in this tournament.
Net Better Ball of Two format.
Low Net Team:
Pat Lucas/Innis Arden
Gerry Porricelli/Guest................................................. 61
2nd Net Team:
Tim O’Neill/Darien
Les Kennedy/Oak L a n e ................................................. 62
3rd Net Team
Paul Caswell/Greenwich
Chuck Fatum/Wee Bum ...............................................63
4th Net Team
Bill Gaydosh/Edgewood
Bill B ro w n /G u e st..........................................................64
5th Net Team
Dan Cancelleri/Canform Supply
Tony Savone/Quaker Ridge ......................................... 65
6th Net Team
Larry Pakkala/Woodway
Paul Veshi/Siwanoy....................................................... 65

Innis Arden Meeting: (I. to r.) Golf Chairman Larry Pakkala with
the 1984 Met GCSA Champion Chuck Fatum, Superintendent
of the W ee Burn Country Club.

Met GCSA 1984 Championship
Opening Round:Bedford Golf & Tennis Club - July 26th
Second Round: Innis Arden Golf Course - September 27th
Met GCSA Champion
Chuck Fatum/Wee Bum ................... 148
Championship Flight
Low Net:
Scott Niven/Stanwich............................. 146
Class A(Hdcps. 11-18)
Low Gross: Peter Rappoccio/Silver Spring ................201
Low Net:
Bob Tosh/Rockrimmon.......................... 146
2nd Net:
Terry Mulligan/Rolling H i l l s ....................150
Class A (Hdcps. 19-over)
Low Gross: Larry Pakkala/Wood w a y ...........................170
Low Net:
Tim O ’Neill/Darien ................................. 142
2nd Net:
Paul Casw ell/G reenw ich...........................151

Contests Sponsored by
Alpine Tree Care Co. & Turf Products Corp.
Nearest the Pin
Dan Madar/Piping Rock ....................................... 6' 9”
Longest Drive
Tony Grasso/Willow Ridge ......................... 299 yards

Land Reclamation Inc.
Lake Restorations
“Working Toward Aesthetics”
Engineering Consultation Provided Upon Request

Richard Borrelli, President
203 -655-4222

145 Old Kings Highway South
Darien, Connecticut

3

Reasons Why It Won’t Work
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

Poa Annua (Annual Bluegrass)
LIFE CYCLE —

We tried that before.
Our system is different.
It costs too much.
That’s beyond our responsibility.
That’s not my job.
We’re all too busy to do that.
It’s too radical a change.
There’s not enough help.
We’ve never done it before.
We don’t have the authority.
There’s not enough time.
Let ’s get back to reality.
That’s not our problem.
Why change it? It’s still working O.K.
I don’t like that idea.
You’re right, but.
You’re two years ahead of your time.
It isn’t in the budget.
We’re not ready for that.
Sounds O.K. but impractical.
Let’s give it more thought.

Facts & Frustrations in Management/Control Programs

j

AUTUMN

|

WINTER

I

SPRING

|

SUMMER

|

GERMINATION
GROWTH
SEEDHEAD PRODUCTION
DEATH
SEED *

TIME TO STRAIGHTEN
OUT THE BENTGRASS l

1 rs

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Plots were monitored for turfgrass quality, thatch buildup and
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For better performance under stress
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4

Poa Supina-Prostrate Perennial Poa Infirma-Upright Annual
Hybridized naturally to give us Poa Annua (winter annual,
biennial or perennial) depending upon climate zone.
Facts:
Low Phosphorus & high Sulphur - give low level of Poa
High Phorphorus and high Potash encourages Poa
ph 5.5 - 6.5 ideal for Poa (pH 6.5 optimum)
Shade (dull cloudy days) ideal for Poa
Cold water irrigation
Germination:
Temperature regime 80°F day, 68°F night
Significant germination 60°F - 90°F range.
Light enhances germination (fall renovation, aerification).
Poa does not germinate in soil below pH 4.5
Light-air-moisture required for seed germination
Heaviest seed germination occurs in late summer to early fall.
Growth:
Long, bright days ideal plus temperature regime 75°F day,
60°F night
Responds to organic nitrogen (.5 # -.7 5 # N per month except
during heat stress periods in summer).
Responds to and survives with moisture (several syringes a
day)
Susceptible to about 20 turf diseases*
Poa will tolerate close mowing (will produce seedheads at a
lA inch cut)
Soil Water:
Poa likes cool water (50°F - 55°F well water)
Maximum growth when soil shows 50-60% water holding ca­
pacity
30% poor growth and 70-80% fair to poor growth
Seedhead Production:
Seadhead production heaviest in late spring to early summer.
Nitrogen increases vegetative growth but reduces seedhead
production. *
Phosphorus and potash added to nitrogen increase seedhead
formation.*
Summary: Management vs. Control
By very candid admission, few can successfully manage Poa
Annua over a period of years. With all the facts available, when
Poa populates fine turf available, when Poa populates fine turf
beyond 65%, one has a choice to try to culture it as turf or elimi­
nate this culprit by renovation.

If all the armyworms or cotton bollworms were killed then the
insect predators which feed on them would be left with nothing
to eat.
Isao Kubo said he became interested in using citrus limonoids
to control insects after he had studied limonoids from the neem
tree, which is a member of the mahogany family from India.
This limonoid is called azadirachtin, and Kubo said it’s one
of the most powerful insect control agents to be derived from
botanical sources. But azadirachtin isn’t very common and is
currently too difficult to synthesize.
On the other hand, citrus limonoids are plentiful and are al­
ready extracted from citrus products to make them palatable.
Even seeds used in livestock feed must have the limonoids re­
moved, or the animals won’t eat them. Currently, after
limonoids are extracted, they are disposed as waste products.
Since limonoids are already extracted from citrus, Kubo
points out there will be no additional expense involved in sup­
plying this natural insecticide.
And there is plenty of interest in Kubo’s work. “I get a lot of
phone calls from all over the world. And some chemical com­
panies have expressed interest in this,” Kubo said.
If Kubo and his associates are successful in their upcoming
field tests, citrus limonoids may provide farm suppliers with a
product which keeps their customers and environmentalists
happy.
Going after weeds
Since 1977 JLB International Chemicals in Vero Beach,
Florida has been marketing Cide-Kick, a herbicide using a
d’limonene, a product of the citrus industry.
At that time Cide-Kick was known as SA-77. According to
Steve Brewer, JLB vice president for marketing, the first tests
were conducted in 1976 in LaBelle, FI.
“We were looking for a penetrating product that would break
down the waxy cuticle of the weed and allow more herbicide to
be absorbed by the plant,” Brewer says.
“D’limonene was chosen for several reasons: it seemed to
have the ability to aid herbicide absorption; had great potential
as a masking agent due to its orange blossom odor; and we could
assume access to a plentiful supply.”

Finally, Poa will generally invade turf areas when the perma­
nent grasses are under climatic stresses or severe compaction.
* Life cycle chart of Poa Annua originated by Dr. V.A.
Gibeault, University of California at Davis.

Give the Bug or Weed a Lemon
Our thanks to John Wistrand o f Metro
forwarding this to us.
In the not-too-distant future, farm suppliers may be able to
serve cotton growers with a product which controls insect pests
without damaging the environment. This will be good news for
cotton growers and farm suppliers alike — this pesticide is un­
likely to be banned since it’s harmless to humans and animals.
This new form of chemical control of insect pests uses citrus
limonoids, a plentiful by-product from citrus processing plants.
Researchers at the University of California at Berkeley, James
A. Klock and Isao Kubo, tested three types of citrus limonoids
on cotton plants recently.
In tests in both the laboratory and in greenhouses, citrus
limonoids repelled the larvae of fall army worms and cotton
boll worms. Limonoids are the culprits behind the bitter taste in
parts of grapefruit and lemons.
During the experiments, the scientists applied limonoids to
the leaves of cotton plants. The limonoids gave the cotton leaves
such a bad taste, that the insects chose to eat something else if
they had the choice.
But when the larvae were put in lab dishes with nothing to eat
except cotton leaves treated with limonoids they did eat some.
White citrus limonoids didn’t kill the insects, they did slow their
growth by more than 50 percent.
As it turned out this works to the farmer’s advantage. The
smaller insects are less able to fend for themselves and are more
vulnerable to their natural enemies.
And those who do survive can’t eat as much as larger insects,
so they do less damage to crops. Actually, the scientists point
out that in a natural pest control program, it is better to reduce
the insects’ growth, rather than to kill them outright.

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Since that time the SA-77 formulation has been tested by sev­
eral universities, private custom applicators and some agencies
like the South Florida Water Management District, which used
it in combination with other herbicides to control hydrilla in
canals and rivers.
Nearly all of the studies concluded that the limonoid sub­
stances did enhance the penetration of companion herbicides.
Virginia tested it with paraquat on crabgrass in rye. Texas
used it with Tordon on mesquite. Florida used it with Banvel on
holly. It was also used with Round-up on torpedo grass on golf
courses, with Malathion Ethion and Zineb to control city mold
on citrus, and with Aatrex 4L on com in Indiana to control Fox­
tail.
Brewer says that JLB buys its d’limonene from frozen juice
concentrate plants who can extract it from the peels. Alone it is
insoluble so JLB adds an emulsifier. The company has the exc­
lusive patent rights to d’limonene with herbicides and is curently doing research on its uses with insecticides and fun­
gicides.
The product is primarily being used now in aquatics, turf and
sod farms, citrus, vegetable and right-of-way weed controls.
Credit: Farm Supplier

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Port Chester, N Y. 10573

(914 ) 937-5479
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The Breaking Point!
Like a Bird it flew,
Way yonder in the blue,
Went a wild-pitched ball,
And with it, the Classic in the Fall;

The Scoreboard-Keeper posted zeros until the ninth,
When, with two-out, Willie Stone pitched tight,
And though brilliant, lost control of his curve,
Allowing the home-team player to score from third;

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Devastated! Willie stood head-bowed in a daze,
Replaying in his mind, the errant pitch in a haze,
For having thrown the ball to the back-stop screen;
The distressing heave spoiled a childhood dream;
From her Box, Willie’s Girl shouted; - “Not to despair;”
Tearfully insisted; - Second place is OK to bare;”
But “Whirlwind” Willie Stone wanted this one bad;
You see, this 1-0 game meant the PENNANT! It’s sad;
A wary Willie Stone now stepping down off the mound,
Suddenly, (in a changed gait), waving his cap around,
Responding to the fans (surprising) standing ovation;
Surely, softens the blow during the Winter duration;

Golf Course Architect
New development, remodeling, renovation, and contour mowing.

Willie, entranced by the rising tide of applause,
Forgetting for the moment, the agony of his loss;
Will it carry-over (this moment) ’til the Spring,
When the cry of “play-ball” assumes a lively ring?

Main P.O. Box 81
Purchase. New York 10577
914-946-0575

Brood not, Willie Stone. Go get ’em in ’85. ATONE!
— Frank Paladino
6

After Market Parts a Threat? To Whom?

iaitTurajc- ]

Golf Course Superintendents, as a whole, are definitely get­
ting better educated, more sophisticated, and frequently, well
traveled. Being responsible for the expenditure of their employ­
ers’ funds, most golf course and grounds superintendents have
learned that judicious expenditure is quite important to stay
within one’s budget. It has been suggested that “will fit like
original” parts and accessories are a threat to the “superinten­
dents continued progress” . It has been suggested by Mr. J.
Wayne Goodwin, Vice President of Lawn & Turf, that “will fit
suppliers did not share in product development costs” and that
“superintendents have a responsibility to act wisely in carefully
selecting companies that will help rather than hinder progress”,
that the “purchase of parts and supplies from the local stocking
distributor of the original manufacturer will ensure you of con­
tinued products, and with parts supply as required to do your
job” .
NOW — let’s look at the facts and face a little reality. The
“after market” parts business has been around in the automative
and agricultural equipment business for years, but only recently
have a few suppliers in the turfgrass industry taken the time and
invested the money to develop a significant line of replacement
parts. It is quite interesting that the “after market” parts business
is readily accepted in the automotive industry, with the
giants — GM (Ac-Delco), Ford (Motorcraft) and Chrysler
(Mopar), as well as such well known chains as NAPA, aggres­
sively encouraging this concept. Apparently it has not retarded
progress at these levels — why then would it in the turf indus­
try? NO MAJOR MANUFACTURER ASSESSES PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT COSTS TO THE REPLACEMENT PARTS.
You pay for product development costs when you buy the origi­
nal piece of equipment — and you pay well. Sometime ask
your original equipment supplier to see a manufacturer’s recom­
mended price list on the equipment and see how much more you
are actually paying. Better yet, ask for a copy of the original
manufacturer’s parts price list. You may be surprised compared
to what you’re paying.
Let’s talk a little more about product development costs. Who
developed the engines, bearings, seals, air filters, hydraulic fil­
ters, hydraulic lines, tires, wheels, gear boxes, hydraulic
motors, hydraulic cylinders, batteries, mufflers, tail pipes,
nuts, bolts, belts, control cables, etc.? Certainly not the man­
ufacturers of the vast majority of the turf equipment on the mar­
ket today. Who paid for the development of the basic bedknife?
Obviously someone back at the turn of the century, since they
have not changed significantly since then. Many machines
(gang mowers, greens mowers, triplexes) have not materially
changed in design in 50 years. Are we to be led to believe that
you are still paying product development costs when you buy
parts?
Let’s be realistic! Timken, Torrington, BSA, etc., make
bearings, and a #36842 Timken bearing is the same whether
you buy it from an “after market” supplier, a bearings dis­
tributor or a Toro or Jake dealer. In fact, many original equip­
ment dealers buy bearings, seals, etc., from the true “original”
manufacturers (Timken, etc.) and resell them at the prices
suggested by the equipment manufacturers, often at 300%
markup. Let’s take a hydraulic motor for the reel of a riding
greens mower. If the model stamped on the manufacturer’s
motor housing is the same, why should you pay $175.00 for a

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LOOK WHO’S INTO
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YORK

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motor that went from the hydraulic motor manufacturer to the
equipment manufacturer to the dealer, when you can buy it from
an “after market” supplier for $125.00?
The most surprising element in this whole scheme is that if
the equipment dealer was really an enterprising businessman,
long ago he would have been buying 50% of the wearing parts
from the “real” original manufacturer, adding a reasonable
mark up, and would have been saving the superintendents con­
siderable money that could have been spent on additional labor
saving equipment.
The allegation that after market parts are “slightly lower” is
simply not realistic. Is 30-60% lower cost a slight reduction?
These savings are standard, not exceptions. Are these type of
savings worthwile when a typical 18 hole golf course may
budget $3-5,000 per year for parts? You be the judge. Now,
let’s consider the statement about “reputable manufacturers” .
What does it take to be reputable? I must assume it means a good
reliable reputation in the business. Are Timken, Torrington,
Champion, Motorcraft, Goodyear, etc., reputable— These are
some of the many names that appear on “after market” turfgrass
equipment parts. Possibly more importantly note that the two
major “after market” turf part suppliers are buying American
Steel and manufacturing in the U.S. not having bedknives and
some bearings made in Japan. Who’s local? Who is looking for
the turf managers welfare? Who’s reputable? You be the judge.
What “threat” does your buying “after market ” parts really
create? Possibly the threat to the equipment manufacturer that
his parts supply chain needs overhauling. Possibly a threat that
the local distributor had best reasses his buying habits and his
pricing habits.
Last, but not least, is the term “local” inventory and delivery.
How often have you ordered a basic part, only to find that the
order has to called into the factory. Too often? Delivery? Did
you know that often UPS delivers a package from 1500 miles
away as rapidly as it delivers one 50 miles away? And how
about the “after market” manufacturer who brings most of the
parts to your door on his truck — how’s that for being local
with good delivery?

SUPPLIES

FERTILIZER

BOB LIPPMAN

WESTCHESTER TURF SUPPLY. INC.
HOME (914) 248-5790

BUSINESS (914) 277-3755

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Soil Amendments

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STEPHEN M. KOTOWICZ
30 NASHVILLE ROAD
BETHEL, CT 06801
203A792-3032

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Westchester Turf Supply
York Chemical C o., Inc.
for making this issue of Tee to Green possible

Sterilized Top D ressing

301-335-3700

EGYPT FARMS EXCLUSIVE! a h top
dressing ingredients are thoroughly mixed and
sterilized by indirect heat in our special pro*cess. The sand particles are actually coated
with a mixture of top soil and peat humus
for a completely homogenous mixture that
will not separate during handling and spreading.

Egypt Farms top dressing is formulated especially for the transition
zone to specifications recommended by the United States Golf Associ­
ation, Texas A&M , Penn State, North Carolina, and the University of
Maryland.
Many years of research and testing by these leading universities have
produced a soil mixture for superior growth; to maintain the best bal­
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the retention of usable water and nutrients in the growing medium.*
*Green and tee construction materials and mixes conforming to
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8

n

Turfgrass Industry Conference

CENTER IN ON TURF
in Syracuse, New York

The New York State Turfgrass Conference, being held from
November 7-9, 1984 in Syracuse, New York, will center on the
concerns of the entire turfgrass industry, new trends, new ideas
and new techniques, as well as offering pesticide certification
credits.
New this year is a special training session in turfgrass man­
agement which will be of special interest to those desiring a re­
fresher course or for those with new employees who need this
training. Subjects covered include soils, turfgrass types and var­
ieties, establishment, mowing, irrigation, fertilizers and calib­
ration of spreaders and sprayers. This training session will be
held all day Wednesday, November 7th. For those not inter­
ested in the training sessions, Wednesday’s program also offers
sessions covering management, fusarium blight, the future of
turfgrass breeding and managing, motivating, evaluating and
supervising personnel.
Thursday, November 8th, is devoted to sessions geared to the
lawn and landscape, golf, and athletic field areas of the indus­
try. Topics include tank mixing, nutrition, grub control, equip­
ment, drainage, soil testing, construction, thatch, aerification,
customer relations and controlling Poa Annua. There will, in
addition, be a special session on tree maintenance and care.
On Friday, November 9th, there will be an all-day pest and
pesticide workshop offering the certification exam and recer­
tification credits.
The Trade Show is open on November 7th and 8th and is the
largest of its kind in New York State, expanded for the fourth

NY State Turfgrass Association
• EDUCATIONAL CONFERENCE
• EXPANDED TRADE SHOW
• TURFGRASS TRAINING
SESSION
For further information please contact

NY State Turfgrass Association
210 Cartwright Boulevard
Massapequa Park, New York 11762
(516) 541-6902

Keep
this card
handy.
It could
save you
tim e
and
money.

t;Ve
v*°r
A C,iyiS°SonS
° M'

9

.0 ^ 0 6 4 3 0

year in a row. Free refreshments are served, and all attendees
are invited to a gala farewell cocktail party.
For more information on the Conference, trade show and reg­
istration, contact NYSTA Executive Director Ann Reilly, 210
Cartwright Blvd., Massapequa Park NY 11762.

Ripple Effect
You’ve probably noticed that you “just aren’t yourself’ with­
out a good night’s sleep. That’s not simply because you’ve
missed out on much-needed rest but because you also may have
missed essential hormone secretions, nerve repair and brain ac­
tivity that take place during your normal sleeping hours. Ex­
perimenters at sleep research centers around the country
theorize that even slight disruptions in circadian cycles can have
a ripple effect for a day or two, upsetting all your mental and
physical rhythms.
Under normal circumstances the body responds to a number
of internal and external cues to keep everything in balance.
Among these are: sunlight, food, drugs, body temperature and
the activity of other people. Given the proper cues in the right
sequence, circadian rhythms follow a fairly predictable pattern.
For instance, the physiological processes that aid mental activ­
ity and skills are at their peak in early afternoon. Memory is
sharpest in the morning, while pain can best be tolerated after 6
p.m. Taste and smell are most sensitive around dinner time
when the body processes governing them are active. Steroid
hormones, necessary for metabolism, surge just before waking,
in preparation for the day.

Circadian Rhythm . . .
The Clock that Makes You Tick
If you know someone who seems to “march to the sound of a
different drummer,” maybe it’s because he really does. For sci­
entists are just beginning to uncover the secrets of circadian
rhythms - body cycles that regulate everything from hormone
production to heartbeats.
“Circadian” comes from the Latin “circa” (about) and “dies”
(a day), because the rhythms correspond roughly to a 24-hour
day. They should not be confused with “biorhythms,” which
claim to predict physical and emotional highs and lows from a
person’s birth date. Circadian rhythms are well-documented
physiological cycles common to animals and plants as well as
humans.
Researchers hope that by learning to monitor and adjust
human rhythms, we will someday be able to reduce accidents,
increase productivity, even abolish the Monday morning blues.
They already know that when the rhythms are properly syn­
chronized you feel good and can work well. But when the cycles
are disrupted, look out.

Jet Lag Woes
Nature’s plan is an effective one and, as long as you follow
her rules, you can stay happily in harmony with your circadian
swings. But woe to the world traveler who arrives in Paris in
time for a French breakfast but whose body is protesting that it’s
still 4 a.m. back home. Jet lag is no laughing matter. It’s a clas­
sic example of rhythms “out of synch.”

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10

cent article. “Shift workers often attempt to compromise be­
tween conflicting demands by sleeping at multiple or varying
times during the day and reverting to the day-wake, night-sleep
pattern on weekends and days off.”
The doctors report that the resulting dischronia causes shift
workers to suffer “gastrointestinal disturbances that include a
dramatically increased rate of peptic ulcers,” along with other
physical and emotional problems.
Shift workers may also be less productive than day workers
and even take “microsleeps” while at machine controls without
realizing it. Situations like that can be dangerous for everyone.
For those of us who don’t work shifts or travel overseas, un­
derstanding circadian rhythms can still be beneficial. You might
be careful to respect your rhythms, going to bed about the same
time every night all week and waking up in time for work in the
morning. But Mondays just seem to get you down. Take stock.
Do you usually stay up late on the weekends, sleeping in on
Saturday and Sunday to compensate? Or do cat naps tide you
over during the weekend to prepare you for a Saturday night
party?
Research is continuing to determine just what it is that makes
our biological clocks tick. Understanding our circadian rhythms
brings us one step closer to understanding ourselves.
Credit: National Sectretary

Jet lag results from a confusion of signals to the brain that
trigger a number of circadian responses. Unfortunately the re­
sponses are out of sequence and leave you feeling out of sorts
and even clumsy. Researchers refer to this state as “dischronia.”
Scientists haven’t absolutely identified just which part of the
brain “short-circuits” temporarily during dischronia, but they
have some theories. Dr. Martin Moore-Ede, assistant professor
of physiology at Harvard Medical School, has found a structure
in the brain that might be the circadian synchronizer. This tiny
bundle of nerves receives visual input directly from the eyes. It
is, says Dr. Moore-Ede, the pacemaker that sends signals to
other parts of the brain, which in turn move the body to sleep,
wake, eat, secrete hormones and carry out hundreds of other
functions.
When the eyes perceive sunlight the message travels to this
nerve center, and it signals the body that it is time to get up. But
if body temperature and hormones are still geared for sleep, ev­
erything gets thrown off temporarily.
Unfortunate Shift Workers
On vacation you may be able to take a few days to adjust and
“sleep o ff’ the effects of dischronia. Shift workers aren’t so for­
tunate. Dr. Elliot Weitzman and Dr. Charles P. Poliak are sleep
researchers who head the Sleep-Wake Disorder Center at Montefiore Hospital in New York City. Their findings from experi­
ments with shift workers underline some of the difficulties those
people face trying to adjust to unusual schedules.
The work schedule may require the shift worker to be alert all
night, but the wife, husband or children also expect some par­
ticipation in their daytime activities,” the doctors wrote in a re­

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Pat Lucas, Editor
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Old Greenwich, CT 06870
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MR M ELVIN B LUCAS JR,CGCS
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Since 1919

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COLLECTION

37