Vol. Ill, No. 1

Published monthly by the Metropolitan Golf Course Superintendents Association

MGCSA News:
It's been a long time since we last published Tee to Green.
The highlights since then have been as follows: Our annual
meeting was held at Burning Tree Country Club in November.
Our host Bob Alonzi and his chairman had a new twist with a
bottle of wine for the oldest Supt. in attendance, Ray
Twombly, took honors. The Nominating Committee’s slate was
elected in one big swoop:
President—Harry Nichol
1st Vice President—Garry Crothers
2nd Vice President—Edward Horton
Secretary—Richard Allen
Treasurer—Robert Alonzi
Sergeant at Arms—Orlando Casterella
D irectors— Terry M ulligan, Alfred Caravella,
Robert DePenier.
Attendance was down at the annual meeting so next year we
plan to have the annual meeting as a Luncheon meeting. In
December we had our annual Christmas Party at Rockland
Country Club, with our host Ron Boydston. Woodie was the
Chairman. Attendance was down again but those who did go
had a great evening. It is hoped that we can get more
participation for the Christmas Party in 74.
The New Year passed without too much fan fare. The
Conference schedule soon started. A few of the area Supt.’s
attended the Annual Pesticide Conference in December
sponsored by the Extension Program in Hudson Valley—It is
possible that sometime in 1974 Supt.’s may have to take a
Examination in order to spray pesticides on their golf course.
A lot depends upon how long it takes the Federal Govt, to
set-up the standards. It may not happen until 1975. Rutgers
had an excellent Conference this year. Actually you could have
attended the whole weeks program as there were many
excellent topics discussed. Walter Androsko Co. Ext. Agent
was on the Program on Monday. Then it was on to Anaheim
Calif, for the International Turf Grass Conference. It certainly
was one of the best facilities we have ever had a conference
held at. All exhibitors were on one floor and all meeting rooms
were also in the same building. One could not help but notice
how the whole area was kept spic and span by the convention
staff. The elections were held on Wed. afternoon. Charles
Baskin from Conn., GCSAA is our new President. We are
looking for great progress under Charlie’s dynamic leadership.
Palmer Maples is the Vice President—New Board members

March, 1974

were Charles Tadge from Ohio, and Mel Lucas from Long
Island. It’s the first time in many elections that I think a man
did it all on his own merits not politics. Congratulations Mel.
Please keep us informed. Ted Woehrle was re-elected to the
board also.
The Keynote address on opening day “Every Man has his
Mount Everest” was a story with colored slides that I hope
someday you may have the opportunity of hearing. After seeing
the challenges these men went through it makes our jobs seem
very small with our summer stress periods. The many
wonderful attractions that Anaheim offers, Disneyland, Knox
Berry Farm, Japanese Village etc. made this a great convention
for the whole family to enjoy. Many also made the Las Vagas
stop, John Corsi is still thinking about the money he had and
then lost. Many also made the tour of golf courses in the L.A.
area. I visited one course that spent $30,000 just in tree
maintenance. Out budgets look small compared to the 12
month operations.
President Harry Nichol will be on the program at Cornell
University, Edward Horton will be on the program at
University of Mass.
Now that we have been all revived and stimulated we can
look forward to the 1974 turf season. It should bring some new
challenges with the energy crisis showing its face in our
operations for the first time.

Charles G. Baskin, elected President o f GCSAA, member o f CGCSA.

Editorial Staff
Garry Crothers
Ted Horton

Co-Editor
Co-Editor

through the legal channels of incorporation. A final decision
on this matter should be reached by June, 1974.
Other areas which should be touched upon by our
consultant are a proposed salary and benefit survey, general
assistance and recommendations to each committee and
executive board member, updating of membership lists and
roster preparation and distribution as well as any creative
assistance which will contribute to the general improvement of
the association.
Len will utilize the pages of TEE TO GREEN to keep us up
to date on the progress of the committees during the year.

OFFICERS
President:
First Vice
President:
Second Vice
President:
Secretary:
Treasurer:
Sergeant at
Arms:

Harry H. Nichol, Elmwood C.C.
Office 914-592-6608, Home 914-268-9370
Garry N. Crothers, Apawamis Club
Office 914-967-2100, Home 914-234-3770
Edward C. Horton, Winged Foot Golf Club
Office 914-698-2827, Home 914-937-3613
Richard Allen, Sunningdale C.C.
Office 914-723-3200, Home 914-723-8097
Robert Alonzi, Burning Tree C.C.
Office 203-869-5779, Home 914-937-1527
Anthony Altamaro, Greenwich C.C.
Office 203-869-1000, Home 203-661-7019

N ot copyrighted. I f there is good here, we want to share it with
all chapters - unless author states otherwise.

Congratulations
Tony Savone—Quaker Ridge Old Oaks
Coming Events:
April 6-7
County Home Gardeners Clinic —
County Center — White Plains
April 18th
LIGCSA Harbor Hills Country Club
Port Jefferson, N. Y.
May 16th
LIGCSA — Sayville Country Club
MEMBERSHIP
Class A:
Louis Polidor
Heritage Hills Country Club
Somers, N.Y.
Membership Dues: All dues must be paid by April 4, 1974.
The By-laws state that all dues must be received 60 days from
billing.

MGCSA MANAGEMENT
In a recent statement, Len Agostino, our management
consultant, outlined his goals for the upcoming year. “The
most significant contribution I could make to the M.G.C.S.A.
would be to increase membership participation in all the
endeavors of the association. In line with this, I have asked
each committee chairman to complete a form listing his
planned accomplishment for the year as well as selecting
members who could possibly assist in the work of his
committee. We hope to be able to contact these selected
members shortly in an attempt to solicit their assistance.”
In the succeeding months, Len is planning on working
closely with President Harry Nichol in investigating the
possibility of insuring the limited liability of the association

USGA GREEN SECTION MEETING
The United States Golf Association held its annual meeting
on Golf Course Management at the Biltmore Hotel in New
York City.
Mr. Clifford Wagner, President of the Golf Course
Superintendents Association, was the first speaker. It’s his
opinion that present day superintendents are seeking a
broader spectrum of knowledge, communication and under­
standing from their members, employees and research
stations. He feels that more youths are entering the field with
good educational backgrounds and he feels this is an asset of
dignity credited to the associations.
The 70’s being the topic of discussion saw in 1972 the
introduction of a Certification. This test gives the superin­
tendent the opportunity to receive more recognition while at
the same time broadens his knowledge of turf management.
The test covers all aspects of the job dealing with topics such
as: GCSA its purpose and by-laws, the game of golf and its
rules, turf management, Pesticides, management of budgets
and records, management skill and recruiting personnel.
There are presently 157 certified members and still more in the
program.
The 70’s produced other acts or laws such as O.S.H.A., the
E.P.A., the present energy crisis, and a money crisis. All of
these we are aware of and I see no need to dwell on them.
Mr. Wagner hopes the future will be bright with more
seminars promised, a home study course is under considera­
tion, also a consultant is available for advice at the home office
of the G.C.S.A.
Dr. Duble representing the Texas A & M Turf Research
Department made his first visit to New York City. He has been
reevaluating the U.S.G.A. soil mixture for greens and has
found better results using more sand in the mixture. By adding
10% more sand with dimensions in the range of V* to Vi mm.
Dr. Duble found the filtration rate to be higher, the
compaction not as great, and a greater water and nutrient
holding capacity.
The greens at the Texas University were all rebuilt to these
specifications taking care to follow exactly the above
specifications. All mixing was done off the green site to ensure
a proper mix. Dr. Duble was pleased with the rapid initial
growth and has high hopes for the future.
The U.S.G.A. Panel discussed the year of 1973 and it was
encouraging to know our area was not the only one besieged by
Mother Nature. Mr. William Bengeyfield the Western Director
commented on the increased play in that area, compaction was

greater, many clubs are not taking advantage of the labor
saving devices and equipment. Mr. F. Lee Record from the
Mid-Continent pointed out that play in that area began too
early, the Bentgrass was not responding due to excess of water
and little sunlight. Some superintendents aerified their turf in
the spring and by summer they had oversucculent grasses
besieged with all types of disease. Mr. James Mancrief the
Southern Representative found it to be a poor year. Snow was
seen in some areas, also excess rain, insects were plentiful — 3
species of mites were found where previously only one existed.
The systemics are being used all over the country but
caution was stressed and rates not to exceed 6 oz./lOOO were
advised. Also the idea of using the contact in a combination
program with the systemic was advised. Silver Crabgrass was
the most dreaded weed, also Elephant Grass was found to be a
problem.
The U.S.G.A. can be proud of its fine staff, they are true
professionals. However, they cannot do it alone, best results
are found when all work together. Remember they are there to
be consulted and they often at times know exactly what are the
problems and are able to be of assistance.
RUTGERS TURFGRASS CONFERENCE
The Rutgers Turfgrass Proceedings held this past January
was a fine example of a turf conference. Rutgers has an
excellent research d ep artm en t and they have worked
continuously with Preemergence Crabgrass Control.
Their best results have occurred when the most efficient
herbicide was choosen and the best application techniques
were followed. Good consistent results are what is demanded
of the herbicide. Unfortunately, this takes time and much
patience on everyones part.
Of the herbicides tested, Benefin, DCPA, and Siduron
showed fair to good control for the test period. However, the
test period existed from 1967 through 1973 and these were not
good years. It is important to remember that not only does the
tim e of ap p lication affect the results but also the
environmental characteristics of this same application time
period.
Dr. Engel arrived at the following conclusions:
1) More consistent performance is needed from the
herbicides that are tested.
2) Experimental anilines (A-820 & CG-10832) show good
potential for crabgrass control.
3) Check application times. Performance can vary with 2
or 3 intermittence between applications.
4) Check performance of chemicals when applied as a
spray versus dry. Some chemicals lose efficiency in
water and thus will not produce to their potential.
Dr. Reed Funk discussed the “Performance of Kentucky
Bluegrass” at Rutgers and has found the following results.
Common Bluegrass has a rapid vertical growth but is
susceptible to leaf spot. Merion, Vantage and Orion are
resistant to Stripe Smut. For resistance to Dollar Spot, it is
suggested to mix grass types, due to the various types of Dollar
Spot. Vantage has promising resistance to Fusarium Blight,
while Newport and Nugget are resistant to Powdery Mildew.
Mr. Charles Wilson who is Head Agronomist for the
Sewerage Commission, Milwaukee Wisconsin hosted an

excellent “Thatch Symposium.” Dr. James Beard says,
“thatch is a tightly intermingled layer of dead and living stems
and roots that develops between the zone of gran vegetation
and the soil surface.” Dr. Dubel from Texas A & M says
“thatch is anything between the soil surface and where you can
cut the grass.” Mr. Wilson says there is not good definition.
Thatch control is possible with earth worms which aerify
and change the microclimate adjusting the air intake and
water percolation. Proper nitrogen also is important but
emphasis is stressed on not using too much Clippings, once
thought to contribute to thatch, and now thought to provide
more bacteria to aid in further breakdown of organic matter.
Thatch is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin
which is the hardest to break down. Most of the new strains are
full of lignin especially Nugget bluegrass.
Despite the disadvantage of thatch most people agree that
there will always be some present and it does have its merits. A
minimal layer of thatch will aid the golfer in stopping the ball,
it will keep weed counts down, it cushions the crown area of the
plant thus reducing compaction.
This phenomena called thatch can make or break a good
golf course so be sure to treat it lightly with nitrogen and
heavily with care.
Mr. Wilson was the speaker of the afternoon when he
introduced his topic “Full Cycle with Sand.” The Scots were
the masters of golf years ago and it would seem fitting to adopt
some of their techniques. Sand is one of these and St. Andrews
greens are the best examples. Mr. Roy Lund, a soil physicist
from California, persisted in the use of sand for topdressing
with good results. Topdressing with sand, provided you use the
specified size range, will give your greens the truest line
possible. This sand will provide for increased drainage,
something we all need more of. Thirdly, the compaction will be
cut down, sand is much more porous than soil and water and
nutrients are more readily available.
Realizing that what he is selling is against doctrine, Mr.
Wilson has also provided the other side of the coin. Sand is
very droughty, however, a solution is found by placing a false
water table below the sand. It is also infertile and when a
mistake is made it will be drastic. Fertilization will have to be
managed even more closely than at present. Lastly, it is
difficult to grow grass on sand, another remedy is the
automatic irrigation system but not everyone has one.
I am sure everyone is not convinced about topdressing with
sand but we should not exclude the possibility that it may
work. We should try it, say on a practice green or a reserve
putting area, and watch it and keep records on it. Possibly it
could work, and a truer green would mean a happier
membership.
A GOLF COURSE FAIRY TALE
Once upon a time there was a superintendent who had the
perfect golf course. His course was so perfect that all the grass
was watered fence to fence and every blade of grass was well
fertilized and cut to just the right height. There were no
clumps of tall grass or other unkept places where a golfer could
lose a ball. Even the edges of the traps were sharp and clean.
All the members of the club were very happy because they
could play sloppy golf and still score well because the rough

was short and the greens were lush and very soft. But there was
an uneasiness in the land and many of the golfers became
bored.
One dark day a strange phenomenon came over the land.
Energy had to be conserved. Fertilizer was high in cost and
very hard to get. What was the superintendent to do? Despite
all his valiant efforts to keep up the course in the usual way it
became evident that some of the grooming would have to
suffer.
In time things were so bad that the superintendent had to
mow less, fertilize less, and pump less water for irrigation. As a
result the roughs were kept at a higher cut. The greens were
pale from lack of the high nitrogen program and firm from the
lack of overwatering. The sand trap edges were hand cycled in
the old fashion way to save on gasoline. The golfers soon found
they were playing a different type of golf course. *They had to
hit their drives straighter because poor shots were penalized by
landing in long rough or were lost. They could no longer putt
out of the traps. Much to their surprise, however, the greens
putted better than ever. There was no puffiness from over
fertilizing and the blades of grass were finer and stiffer.
Holding a shot on the green was harder to do, so many golfers
had to use more finesse around the greens.
Much to the surprise of the superintendent all that talk
about trying to make the course longer stopped. The golfers
came to find out that a course does not have to be long to be
good. Some of the well traveled golfers commented the course
resembled some of the fine features they had seen in Scottish
golf courses.
Even after the energy crisis passed the golfers decided their
course was better than before and lived to play it happily ever
after.
(Rocky Mtn. Report)
Stan Metsker
TURF MANAGEMENT
Winter Golf in Maryland
The annual onslaught of winter golfers is taking its toll upon
Maryland golf courses. Those superintendents fortunate
enough to have alternate greens or very sandy greens are
avoiding some of the damage. The majority of courses,
however, continue to allow a minority of the membership tp
tram ple the greens during the critical spring period.
Compaction damage brought about by winter golfers from
early March to late April is more serious than compaction
damage in November through February. The higher water
content of soil in the spring and the decreasing likelihood of
freeze-thaw heaving usually make spring compaction more
deadly than late fall or early winter compaction.
We all enjoy playing golf whenever the weather breaks and
time permits, but I think we might benefit from a
consideration of the effects of the compaction we are creating.
If nothing else, we can perhaps come to a better appreciation
of the profound effect a few rounds of winter golf might have
upon the ability of the superintendent to produce good greens
during the following summer.
Compaction of any turfgrass soil leads to increases in bulk
density, heat conductivity, m echanical im pedance and

moisture retention. At the same time decreases in aeration
porosity, infiltration, percolation and oxygen diffusion further
complex the problem.
Bulk density is the mass of soil per unit of soil volume,
including solids and the pore space. It is expressed in grams
per cubic centimeter (g/cc) and ranges from around 0.8 on well
aggregated soils to above 2.1 on highly compacted soils. Bulk
density values greater than 1.5 are generally indicative of soils
compacted to the point where turfgrass root growth is seriously
impaired. If increases in bulk density occur during periods
when roots are actively elongating the damage leads to poor
developement of root systems essential for summer survival.
Increases in the heat conductivity of soils brought about by
compaction leads to greater soil temperature extremes. The
soil particles are packed closer together and the soil becomes a
better conductor of heat. This means higher soil temperatures
will be reached in the summer and lower soil temperatures in
the winter. This means less rooting of the bentgrasses and
bluegrasses at the higher temperatures. The increase in low
temperatures, if severe enough, could result in slower root
extension in the spring, lower root membrane permeability due
to increased protoplasmic viscostiy and reduced rates of water
movement to roots because of increased water viscosity.
Mechanical impedance or resistance to root or rhizome
growth brought about by compaction is most severe on drier
soils. The damage brought about by increases in mechanical
impedance of soils is likely to be more severe on the clay and
silt soils than on sandy soils because of the greater soil strength
of heavier soils. This results in shorter root and rhizome
systems.
Compacted soils, once wetted are difficult to dry because of
their increased moisture retention and poor percolation
tendencies. They have more small pores and can contain more
water per unit volume of soil. Most of this water, however, is
retained with greater force by the soil particle and is
increasingly unavailable to the plant.
As compaction increases the total pore space in the soil
decreases both in number and size of the pores. Small pores
are usually filled with water and retain this water with greater
force than larger pores. Increased compaction increases the
ratio of small to large pores and, therefore, on a volume basis
water begins to replace air in the soil profile. This leads to low
oxygen availability to roots. The roots need this oxygen to
maintain their normal metabolic functions and to actively take
up nutrients from the soil solution. Pathogenic fungus
organisms such as Pythium thrive in high soil temperatures in
the presence of a lack of oxygen. The probability of summer
disease problems has been increased.
Compaction is primarily a surface phenomenon that occurs
in the top 2 or 3 inches of the soil. Infiltration, the passage of
water through the soil surface, is, therefore, severely decreased
by compaction. In the presence of poor surface drainage this
generally leads to pooling of water in low areas on the greens
and either suffocation to the turf or increased hydration of
crown tissue leading to winter injury. Decreased infiltration
rates that persist into summer make it extremely difficult to
get water to the rootfeeding zone during times of drought
stress.
Percolation is the movement of water through the soil

profile. Water movement through the soil decreased as a result
of the decreased infiltration rate and the decrease in pore size.
As pore size and number decrease the resistance to water flow
increases. It becomes difficult if not impossible to get nutrients
to the roots. The efficiency of fertilization is reduced
considerably with more and more of the applied nutrients
never penetrating the soil surface.
The decreases pore space brought on by compaction lowers
the oxygen diffusion rate in the soil. Oxygen that was diffusing
to the root through relatively large aeration pores before
compaction must now diffuse in water at a rate 10,000 times
slower. Weeds that can persist in low oxygen diffusion rates
such as goosegrass now gain the competitive edge over
Kentucky bluegrass.
The negative effects mentioned are simply the physical
effects of compaction. All of these forces cause massive
metabolic, morphologic, anatomic and ecologic effects on the
turfgrass ecosystem being managed. Many of the turfgrass
problems we see unfold on greens in June, July and August can
be traced back to winter injury resulting from compaction
created by golfers playing on greens that have not been
designed for winter play. The 70-90% sand greens meeting the
United States Golf Association (U.S.G.A.) specifications can
withstand the compaction of winter play but unfortunately few
golf greens in Maryland meet U.S.G.A. specifications. Winter
golfers should be made aware of the consequences of playing
golf all winter on poorly constructed greens. There are three
alternatives to these consequences: 1) play winter golf on
alternate greens 2) build U.S.G.A. greens or 3) play your
winter golf in Florida.
, _ „
_
John R. Hall, Turf Specialist
References
1) Beard, J.B., 1973, Turfgrass Science and Culture, pp. 658.
2) Waddington, D.V.* and J.H. Baker. 1965, Agron J. 57:253258.
3) Waddington, D.V., 1969, Turfgrass Science, pp. 80-129.

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Clifton, New Jersey 07011
Please co n ta ct me fo r a fre e p ro d u ct de m o n stratio n of
18-4-10 and fo r in fo rm a tio n on A g rico 's o th e r
course-care products.
Nam e
_G olf C ourse _

T itle _
S tre e t o r P. O. B ox _
Phone N u m b e r___
C ity ______________

_State _

Offer g o o d o n ly in A g ric o trade areas.

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