The Performing Arts And Development Amandina Lihamba* This paper tries to link two dynamic processes which exhibit a dialectical relationship. Development means changes, a re-alignment of forces to improve man's lot and enable him to come to full realisation of himself. It aims at his total freedom through the exploitation of his powers and potential, a historical process which is economic, political and cultural. All man's activities are manifestations of growth or retardation within the process of development. The perfoming arts, dance, mu&ic and theatre, are cultural activities which contribute towards and at the same time manifest socio-economic development. These are social historical phenomena which embody man's expressive capacity at each moment of his development. An understanding of the proper role of the performing arts, therefore, calls for an analysis of these elements not only as political and ideological phenomena but as aesthetic processes as well. Much of the controversy surrounding the role of the performing arts in development stems from an analysis of the art forms which are pointing in two directions. First, there is the question of performances as art forms. Secondly, there exists a dialectical relationship between these art forms and other activities of society. Like the other arts, the performing arts have been established to manifest man's work, needs and aspirations. But this manifestation is both peculiar and general. The performing arts demand to exist by their own laws, but at the same time they are part oi the general activities of man. The aesthetics of the performing arts display this duality in both their function and their mode of existence. Under examination, the duality confirms the precarious balance between aesthetics and the sociology of the performing arts; between performances as entertainment and the existence of the use-value inherent in the art forms. As man develops or evolves, so do his ways of expressing his needs and aspirations. The cultural outlets become proper manifestations in form and content of the position of society at each stage of development. The art forms are social in both their foundation and effect in that they arise as a response to specific aesthetic and functional needs, while their goal is an impact on the society to which they owe their allegiance; this allegiance being both parochial and universal, specific in its conception but general in application and effect. This is because,, as Vasquez has succinctly put it: ... art is made by men who are historically conditioned, and that the universality that art achieves is not the abstract and timeless that idealist aestheticians speak of after creating an abyss between... art and society, but the human universality that is manifested in and- through the particular. • Senior Lecturer, Department of Art, Music and Theatre, University of Dar es Salaam. 30 This position follows the Marxian thesis that (I) the creators' 01 art are JIlen wboare Sre-capltahllt Afncan societies: unity. DUring the feast of Jok men and women and children from all parts of the. chiefdom gathered together, offered sacrifices to Jok and prayed that certam dangers that threatened the chiefdom as a whole should be av~rted. They fea~ted together, sharing the sacrificial beasts and beer and dancmg at the chiefs enclosure. With its rites, symbols and sacred places the chiefdom Jok and its annual feast united members of the chiefdom, hence its political significance.' In these societies, cultural content and institutions acquire an unusual importance because they not only carry the knowledge of the means of production but attest further to man's creative being and powers. The argument that African traditinnal l?erfo.~m3Jlcesare communal, participatory ano have a use-value cannot be isolated from an analysis of other pre-capitalist performances outside the continent. These are not peculiar traits in a peculiar situation. The reference point for cultural form and content is the organization of society around the mode of production. These performances are communal because the society is communal, organized around manual labour which requires working in groups. Collectivity.becomes Ii force in both art and society because man's activities at this stage are dePendent on containing the all- absorbing pre-occupation with survival. "Relationships of man to nature were simple, naked and direct." 8 Work is the responsibility of all and art, being creative work, is produced and consumed communally. All participate. The simple division of labour makes it difficult to separate mental and material product. Likewise, there is practically no separation between producers and consumers of culture as happened with the crystallization of classes. "Only as society developed did mental production become severed from material production in the separation of material producera from thinkers and artists."9 The communal and participatory nature of theatre per.(Or11Ulnceshas been retained in African societies because some of the structures which are responsible for their maintenance and trans~ission still exist. These have and will change as societies develop and change. In countries like Tanzania, some traditional formations, have been used as a base for the structure of a new society, with repercussions in both political and social structu~es. When the argument is put forward that traditional forms of African theatre performances have a use-value element, most advocates refer to pedagogical outlets. 10 The traditional forms have always been at the disposal of society to use them for instruction. The practic~l and utilitar~an. nature of rituals, dances, songs, theatre and the like have been clearly Illustrated against the backdrop of man's struBBle for survival. Performances such as story-telling, ritual, dance, drama and recitatil>'ns were used as institutions for the reproduction and transmission of social values from one generation to another. These were used, as Dobrowolski notes, to fulfil two needs of human existence: (a) th~t of regulating and ord~~ng' of human relationshjps founded on net of estabbshed values, skills and capacities ... b) t~at of the Improvement ofhilman exiStence by the securing of greatl'r mastery over the natural environment, by extending the knowiedge of surrounding ~ reality, by obtaining a greater security against hostile forces ... ll This argument exposes the ideological nature of the performing arts. But this exposition of . 32 the use-value of art is limited and narrow because how does it come about that certain forms of the performing arts have lingered while the ideologies that gave rise to them have died? The answer to this can be sought from both man and the art form itself. There is an agreement that the perfoming arts, all art for that matter, have a function and fulfil a need in man. "Labour is thus not only the creation of useful objects that satisfy specific human needs, but also the art of objectifying or moulding human goals, ideas, or feelings." 12 Vasquez goes on to say that these products of labour express essential human powers and affirm man's self externally. There is an acceptance of the spirtuality of man whose needs art fulfils. Art becomes not only ideological but transcends ideology. Man has a need to express himself and through art he achieves this. This is clearly illustrated when looking at the early performances of man. Even though man translated his perception of the universe and ohenomma into a utilitarian vehicle to support life's struggle, his imagination soared to endow such vehicles a separate reality. The movement f,rom ritual to art and the performing arts is a manifestation of these activities refusing to be tieo down t'O onlv a materi- al use-value. Man's need to express and objectify himself through performa'nces'creates a duality of the use-value of the work of art: From the truly aesthetic point of view the work of art does noi depend for its life on either the ideology that inspires it or its function of reflecting reality. It exists by itself with its own reality into which that which it expresses of reflects is integrated, A work of art is primarily a human creation, and it exists through the creative Dower it incarnates. 13 This separate reality of existence of the work of art does not mean that art has itself as an end, that art is for art's sake. There is no sqch thing because the goaI of art is man; a manifestation of his creative powers. This is ~o yrecisely oecause it is a superior form of creation, an exceptional testimony to creative existence.. Humani- ty is present in every work of an,"" This is true especially ill the performing arts where man is the constant reference point. The object of creation in this case is the performance which, unlike other objects of art, lives only during its prescntation. As a separate entity, the work of art has a reality of its own and thus lives and can be judged according to its own laws. This is what Trotsky meant when he said that a work of art should be judged by its own law which is the law of art.15 But what is this law of art? Vasquez notes: "The artist creates objects in accordance with the laws of beauty, transforming matter into a form which reveals his human essence in a concrete- sensuous object. "16 What is missing in the diSCUSSIOnof African pre-capitalist theatre performances is a proper fpcus of the presence of this aesthetic sensibility - the humanisation of the senses and their objects. This is the basic element which underlies the autonomy of art. To a certain, extent a useful object in the utilitarian sense can exist without demanding that it fulfil the demands of the sensuous. That art works within the parameters of the human senses elevates art to a higher form of creation. The sensuous nature of art is made clear in the va~ous activities found in the performmg arts vI pre-capitalist societies. The interdisciplinary nature and interdependence 01 perfor- mance elements can be seen in ritual, drama, ceremonials, theatre and dance. T~e Impact that these performances aim at is aural, vtsu'al and spatial-through the physical to the mental. Harap has pointed this out ,very clearly: _ The maierial~ of ~hich- each art is made have a logic and law of their own. One set of laws applies to spatial relations in the sraphic arts, another to colou~ combinations, another to the relations of tunes in music, another to poetIC imagery. The formal organization of such sensuous c:lements as pItches, colours,. lines, spaces, rhythms anc;!of id.ea,sand feelings as well follow patterns dIctated by the nature of these materials. the relations of notes in the scale, of colours m the 33 pnsm, of tempos and rh~thms, of the spaces in design: though s~:ningIY infinite are fixed by nature and ulhized by man for his artistic purpose. In the performing arts the appeal to the srnses is made through the use of the body and voice: the relationship of the body to space and objects, one part of the body to the other par- ts. movement and its duration in space and within the body. rhythm in voice and body. feeli- ngs in relation to movement and ideas. and these in turn in relation to one performer aJl~ another. Included are all the elements mentioned by Finnegan which are "expressiveness 01 tone, gesture, facial expression, dramatic use of pause and rhythm, the interplay of passion, dignity, humour, receptivity to the reactions of the audience, etc."" It includes language in verbal and non-verbal enactment. Man's need to express himself is very clear in the performing arts because he is not only the subject and object but also the tool of expression. Therefore, there can be no discussion about content without form. Like content, form is a social product determined by forces within and outside art and the emotion it arouses is the emotion not of the individual but of "associated men"!9. In ritual, in dance, drama and other theatrical performances, images are evoked, expressed and communicated. One can say that the senses become provoked, aroused to participate in the creation of the new reality of art. When discussing the problems of modern African theatre, de Graft puts it thus: lfwe wish to quarrel with our modern African theatre, then let us direct our rage at its sloppy amateurism; its lack of discipline and a sen~eof purpose.. ."2ll The quarrel here is not with relevant material which needs to be found and used, but with the utilisation of the proper tools of cxpression in the performin~ arts. The problem is that the sensuous nature of the art forms has been forgotten. The emphasis h~s been on finding the proper theme to expose and not on how to use elements of performance for the exposition. It is not enough to have the proper phrases which articulate the accepted ideological position thematically, without taking into consideration how and what images can be aroused and created. The problem here is not only negligence but a lack of understanding that the performance, like other objects of art, is a reality of its own. Though based on nature, man uses his experience and through his creative powers he brings into being a new reality. This reality is not the reality displayed by nature and phenomena, but a representatjon. and translation of man's experience. Harrison has observed that at the bottom of art lies not the wish to copy nature or even improve on her, but rather an impulse sh~red by art with ritual the desire. that is, to utter, to give out a strongly felt emotion or desire by representing itY The new reality which is art. then, imitates nature only in the fact that it is a form of creation. Vasquez also notes that: .. The artist sees before him the immediate, given, concrete reality, but he cannot remain on that level,limitinghimselfto reproducing it ... The artist makes art intt~a means of knowledge not by copying reality, but by cr~ating a new one..." . Looki~g at .the art form means looking at both technique and entertainment Technique IS the spectal skill needed to translate subject matter into an artistic m~dium. This translation is base~ on the accumulation allfl transmission of knowiedge of the skilt: But this body of spect~hzed knowledge does not work alOQe.The artist incorporates it together with his own expenence and t~e accumulated knowledge of society. These act as guidelines in formula ting the form and content of a work of art. The fact that form and content are inseparable does, '34' not mean that technique can be ignored. In a good piece of art or performance one is not aware of the manipulative powers at work to arouse the spectator. One knows that oneis be- ing manipulated and the feeli!lgs, idea~ and reactions one c;xpreises are the reiuIt of this manipulation. Surely this is what one should understand by entertainment in the theatre? There have been complaints about the entertainment bias which traditional forms of performances have receivedY The argument here. is that in countries like Tanzania, politicians have only seen fit to exploit performances to entertain visitors a.id use them as a preamhte to political rallies and gatherings. There .is validity in the repugnanCe shown towards this type of 'airport culture'. These banal petformances intariably repulse one, not because the entertainment value has been emphasi1;ed, but because It has been ignoteQ. The history of theatre is full of attempts to strike a balance between what Brecht Caned "reas,on and feeling": "It is quite clear to me that 'we have to get away from the antagonism between reason and. feeling. "2( On the same lines, Mao argued in favour of a balanced artistic production: What we demand is the unity of politics and art, of content and form, and of revolutionary political content and the highest ~Ie degree of perfectlon}1I artistic form, Works. of art, however politically progressln.art ~werlels If they lack artistic quality" (author's emphasis). Entertainment in the peforming arts means that material has been used with such skill t:lat it touches the emotions, incites thoughts and stimulates the imagination. The audience is sensitised by the signals and vocabulary of the dance, the drama, the music. The eyes and ears act as the proper agents of perception responding to specific stimuli give!}by'the performer. 26 The interpretation of entertainment as performance that can make one laugh and make one "happy" is very narrow. Unfortunatelv, this is the definition which African theatricians, ' inherited from the West. 1 he result has been to rob entertainment of its proper place in the performing arts. Playwrights would not.write political treatises if they understood that theat- re is a happening, an imaginative creation which thrives on the various signals sent to the spectator to arouse his physical, mental and psychological states. Audiences would be spar~d speech renditions and propaganda of the worst taste if'petformen believed that words needed oral performance. Dances would not be mere imitations of the traditional past but living signals that have a direct connection with the present performers and their audIence. The performing arts, unlike some other arts, live only at the moment of performance and demand that they be created anew at each happeqrog. This aspect of constant renewal gives the performing arts their unusual, illusive character but at the same time offers a challenge to the artists. This challenge must be answered at each performance, and it is only then that one can claim thilt the performance has beeluntertainiag. Bad art offends not only because the eye is offended, but also because it short changes man in his capacity to create and express his powers. The imitators of Makonde carving are producing what Jengo calls' "ina- uthentic art" not because they ar~ often not "Makonde carvers such as the Wazaramo" but because these craftsmen have turned a process of creation into a non-creative procesS.21 They are producing for expendiency following the demands of forces outside art creation, taking short. cuts to earn as much as possible as fast as possible. The resultsarewha~Vasquez ""lis "mass art", putting