Editorial
     This is the third issqe of UTAFfI'I (New Series). It is a combined issue of
Volume 2 numbers 1 and 2. Two problems may account for the delay in the
production of this issue: financial constraints in meeting journal production costs
before June 1996 and the initial lukewarm response which was given to appeals
made to potential contributors of articles for publication in UTAFITI. Both these
two problems have eased. As from June 1996 some steady [mancial support will
now be made available in meeting the costs of producing the journal. A Swedish
aid agency, SAREC, has offered to support research capacity building efforts in
the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences and a portion of the SAREC funds is to
be used to support UTAFITI production endeavours. The French Institute For
Research in Africa (IFRA) has also given indication that it may favourably
consider an application to provide some modest [mancial support to UTAFfI'I.
All these developments provide some reassurance regarding the easing up on the
financial constraints problem.
    Regarding the problem of the shortage of good articles to be considered for
publication, this is also beginning to ease up. With the coming out of the two
numbers of the 1994 Volume the journal has now received many articles for
consideration as to their publishability. The articles to constitute Vol. 3 No.1
1996, are already identified and are being processed. The hope is to produce
Vol. 3 No.1 at least by December 1996 and thus gradually moving to a position
where all the two numbers of the relevant year get published in the year
concerned. Once more appeal is made for contributions of articles, reviews and
even short correspondence on any subject of interest to our esteemed readers.
    This being a combined issue of UTAFITI (New Series), the reader is
presented with 9 articles on topics ranging from research capacity building to
farm forestry for the market. The authors of the articles range from Tanzanian
academicians based at the University of Dar es Salaam and Sokoine University
of Agriculture to Norwegian academicians based at Trondheim University in
Norway. Although the topics covered are different, all the articles discuss issues
that should be of interest to a multidisciplinary audience. The economic
structural adjustment programmes that Tanzania has been pursuing in the last ten
years form a common background informing on the issues tackled in all the
articles. The hegemonic discourses on privatisation, lean governments and


  iv     UTAFITI (New Series) Vol. 2 Nos. 1 & 2, 1995
  concern for the environment [md expression in these articles. Resistance
  discourses do also tmd expression in some if not all these articles. This is
  especially so in the articles discussing issues such as language in education, adult
  education and the alcoholisation of the Third World Countries.
      The first article is on Capacity Building in Research in developing countries
 with specific focus on Sub-Saharan Africa. In this article the theoretical
 frameworks informing various capacity building initiatives sponsored by
 Northern institutions in the South are outline. The article reviews some selected
past and existing indigenous capacity building initiatives. Lessons learnt are then
used to offer suggestions on how recent initiatives such as those which resulted
in the establishment of Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) may be made
to serve their capacity building objectives better.
     The second article is by Dr. Makini Roy-Campbell who is currently at the
Upiversity of Zimbabwe although she was for a long time a lecturer in
Communication Skills at the University of Dar es Salaam. The article discusses
the debate about languages of educational instruction in Africa as the Continent
approaches the 21st Century. It puts forward the argument that the language in
which students learn other school subjects ought to be one in which they can
efficiently and confidentially express themselves even if this does not happen to
be a European language of international repute which the same students are
compelled to learn all be it as a subject. Developments in Tanzania on this issues
are critically examined for the purpose of illuminating on the key factors which
may account for the crisis over the medium of instruction in African education.
     The third article is by Dr. W.E. Maro of the University of Dar es Salaam
together with H. Hellenes, K. Stenbereg and M. Lund - all of Trondheim
University in Norway. Titled A Supply Model of Reduced Type for Marketing of
Agricultural Crops in TaJlZania it discusses the insights gained from applying
several variants of a supply model for the marketing of maize in two regions in
Tanzania, Arusha and Rukwa, in conditions of a gradual transition towards a
more liberalised crop marketing regime. The article provides sufficient support
 to the view that government support is still needed especially in the area of
 economic infrastructure if the operations of the free market forces in crop
 marketing are not to result in regional patterns of crop production which may
 have negative effects.
      The fourth article is by Professor J.C.J. Galabawa titled Non-Government
  Secondary Schools in Tanzania: Issues Related to their Characteristics,
  Financing, Unit Costs and Student Selection. In the article, results of a detailed
  study of the financing of several private secondary schools are presented.


                                                                  Editorial      v
 Critical discussion is offered of the various types of private secondary school
 education. The inequalities that are encouraged by the provision of secondary
education through non-state sector fInancing are also highlighted. Various ways
of mitigating for the negative impact of the trend toward the non-state sector
taking a more prominent role in secondary education provision are hinted at.
     The fIfth article is titled Adult Education Methods in the Promotion of
Integrated Community-based Development. In the article, Professor A.N.
Kweka of the hlStitute of Development Studies at the University of Dar es
Salaam discusses how participatory research techniques may be deployed as a
strategy in implementing and evaluating adult education programmes in such a
manner as to avoid the problems created by the dominant top-down approaches
to the provision of adult education. The importance of using adult education
programmes as a means to empower communities in their attempt to develop
themselves through self-reliance is stressed throughout the article.
     The sixth article is titled t The Impact of Rural Energy Use on the
Environment During the Economic Reforms Period (1981-1995). Some Evidence
From Tanzania. In the article, Dr. K. Kulindwa of the Economic Research
Bureau and Dr. F. Shechambo of the Institute of Resource Assessment both of
the University of Dar es Salaam, present results of a study of the way the
increase in the fuel energy needs of the majority of Tanzanians partly stimulated
by the economic structural adjustment measures may result in environmentally
unfriendly trends. Empirical evidence from Lushoto and Nzihi is used to
underscore the argument stressed throughout the article that the environmental
problems that are being experienced in Tanzania will only begin to be resolved
when alternative sources of energy to fuelwood are developed and more widely
used.
     In the seventh article titled Alcoholisati~n in Third World Countries, a
critical review is offered by Dr. S. Mesaki of the Department of Sociology and
Anthropology at the University of Dar es Salaam of the literature on how
multinational corporations that dominate the global alcohol business are seeking
to lure innocent citizens in countries like Tanzania and Nigeria to consume more
alcohol than it is good for their mental and physical health. The author quotes
World Health Organisation literature to support the advice which the article
offers to Third World countries regarding the need to formulate explicit and
comprehensive national alcohol policies if alcohol-related social and health
problems are to tie minimised in the wake of the global spread of the alcohol
marketing web of the alcohol multinationals.


  vi     UTAFITI (New Series) Vol. 2 Nos. 1 & 2, 1995
      The eighth article is titled Reversing Africa's Decline: What Must Be Done.
 In it, the author Dr. A.J. Liviga of the Department of Political Science and
 Public Administration at the University of Dar es Salaam seeks to critically
 review the main forms of Africa's socio-economic crisis and to synthesise some
 of the explanations and suggestions as to how the crises may be resolved. Issues
 such as the role of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in
 occasioning the crises as well as in contributing to the resolution of these crises
 are dealt with. Appeal is made for African political leaders and the international
community to formulate contingent plans to resolve the immediate problems
especially those relating to economic efficiency measures and world fair trading
practices.
     The ninth and last article is titled Farm Forestry for the Market: Some
Aspects of Financial Evaluation of Rural Woodlots in Tanzania. Its author is Dr.
V.B.M.S. Kihiyo of Sokoine University of Agriculture in Morogoro, Tanzania.
In the article the fmancial parameters needing to be considered in order to
produce wood profitably in rural woodlots are discussed. It is argued that the
only way to conserve natural forests and woodlands is to produce wood from
planted woodlands.
     The reader is once more invited to continue supporting the UI'AFm journal
by subscribing or renewing hislher subscription to it. The reader is also
encouraged to submit articles, reviews and conference notes to us. Let us use
UTAFITI as a forum for multidisciplinary dialogue among all researchers on
development issues of relevance to Tanzania, Africa, and the Third World in
general. Let us'revive the traditions of debate for which UTAFITI was in the
past reputed to foster.
Dr. A.F. Lwaitama
CHIEF EDITOR