Editor: Al Bathum President’s Message Summer has shot by and I can’t say I have a problem with that. Hate to wish away time, but so be it. I have to admit I have been a bit remiss in my duties as the Newsletter Editor for Western Views, fail­ ing to meet the deadline for the May, June newsletter. So, sue me. Really though, recently I have had more pressing issues on my agenda. The first priority was keeping the golf course alive so I could continue to pay the mortgage and buy groceries. Small details but important all the same. It proved to be a challenge this year with the hot, humid weather, and the early start to the season. Hopefully the weather will treat us kind this fall. It was a year that I believe rivaled 95 in its bru- 1999 Meeting Schedule Western Michigan GCSA September 13 Kent C.C. Golf Day October 5 Walnut Hills C.C. (Annual Meeting) No\ ♦(Fall Party) to be * Location art detefttyi^ecL 9- Please write me if you I ty f you are *sted in aormpSn article for us at: have any interested \ Western Views 8121 Cowan Lake D rive Rockford, M ichigan 49341 tality on turf. If you want documentation, check with the pesticide suppliers, the turf pathology lab at Michigan State and the superintendents at courses that are on full spray programs. Profits were up, recom­ mendations were many and most super­ intendents are over budget on the fungi­ cide line item. If you didn’t have a dis­ ease on the golf course this summer, you probably lived in Alaska or Newberry. Well, all is not gloom and doom. I did notice a few trees starting to show their fall colors recently. Have a great fall and we will see you at Golf Day, the Annual Meeting, or possibly the fall seminar that we are co-hosting with GCSAA. Sincerely, A1 Bathum, President Summer Meetings Held The meetings that were held this sum­ mer were an excellent chance to meet with fellow professionals and compare notes. We had a great time with the Club Man­ agers at Country Club of Jackson. As al­ ways, Bill Madigan and his crew had the course in great shape and Brian Funstan and his clubhouse staff made us all feel welcome. We would especially like to thank the members at Jackson for allow­ ing us to enjoy their beautiful golf course. It was a real pleasure. The other summer meeting was held at a new course in the Grand Rapids area. Boulder Creek hosted the July meeting and again it was in fine shape. Rick Krampe and crew have done a great job with the grow-in and the course played very nicely. I did witness an extreme problem with four putts in the group I played in. Oh, how you have to love those pure rolling Bent grass greens. Great job Rick and crew! We really appreciate the hospitality of those that have hosted a meeting this summer. If you haven’t made a meeting this year, don’t miss the two remaining. Welcome New Members Please welcome these new members to our organization! Joel Comstock Cherly France Student Member Cliff Cowdin Golf Course Superintendent, Rolling Hills Golf Course John Driver Sales, Terra Distribution Jason Farrah Golf Course Superintendent, Crystal Springs Country Club Assistant Golf Course Superintendent, Egypt Valley Country Club Jeffery Knowltan Golf Course Superintendent, Cedar Chase Golf Mike Leavitt Assistant Golf Course Superintendent, Crystal Springs Country Club News Release July 14, 1999 Contact: Jeff Bollig or Kristi Frey, 800- 472-7878 (ext. 430/608) or media@gcsaa.org NOTE: What does it take to present a golf course that meets the expectations and challenges o f the worlds top golfers? The Pinehurst Resort golf course maintenance sta ff docum ented the labor expense necessary for such preparations. In labor costs alone, the price tag was nearly $1 million more than "normal ” if the facility was to be maintained year round in a like manner. This does not include the added expense for equipment and machinery to facilitate such activities. The following analysis for Pinehurst No. 2, site o f the 1999 U.S. Open G olf Championship, was provided by Pinehurst Resort Director o f Golf Course Maintenance Brad Kocher, CGCS; with input from Assistant Director Bob Farren, CGCS; and Pinehurst No. 2 CGCS Paul Jett. [The title "CGCS”’ stand for Certified Golf Course Superintendent, which recognizes the achievement o f high standards o f professionalism through education and experience.] A Com parative Analysis: Maintenance labor hours and costs for standard course conditioning activities vs. those for the 1999 U.S. Open venue Each year after attending the U.S. Open (or viewing it on television), the other “majors” or professional Tour events, golfers inevitably inquire: “Why can’t our golf course look perfect like those?” Well it can. All it takes is a huge staff, a large investment in machinery and a great deal more money. The Pinehurst Resort golf course maintenance department sought to put in perspective the costs involved in preparation for the 1999 U.S. Open at Pinehurst No. 2. Included were the la­ bor costs as well as the amount of labor hours for the week of the championship. The data were then extrapolated for the entire year assuming the same “U.S. Open” maintenance levels. In terms of extra labor in the two years (1997-98) preceding the U.S. Open, Pinehurst incurred approximately $ 100,000 in additional expenses for such activities as: Hand mowing around greens; leveling sprinkler heads; addi­ tional bunker maintenance; cleaning of wooded areas; golf car path mainte- nance/preparation; as well as additional work on greens such as topdressing and hallmark repair. These costs do not re­ flect capital investment for irrigation ad­ ditions, greens construction, tee addi­ tions, tee leveling or bunker renovation, which needed to be done regardless of the championship. The most dramatic numbers involve the labor hours worked during the week of the event compared with what would be a typical mid-June expense. In a nor­ mal June period, Pinehurst staff would work 580 regular hours and 80 hours of overtime in a seven-day week. A com­ bination of 16 to 18 full or part-time employees would comprise the staff at this time of year. For the U.S. Open, Pinehurst No. 2 had 28 regular employ­ ees and approximately 50 volunteers working 3,120 regular hours (78 em­ ployees x 40 hour work week) and two hours overtime (78 total employees x 2 hours) for a total of 156 overtime hours. Obviously, the volunteers were crucial to the cause. These hours translate into the fol­ lowing: Normal June Week (hours worked) Full/Part-time hours: 580 regular + 80 overtime 16-18 employees: 580 regular hours + 80 overtime (at 1.5 time pay) = 700 hours of expense. U.S. Open Week (hours worked) Full/Part-time + Volunteers: 3,120 regular + 156 overtime 78 employees: 3,120 regular hours + 156 overtime (at 1.5 times pay) = 3,354 hours of expense. The above computation indicates the labor necessary for U.S. Open week and equates to approximately 4.8 times the normal labor hours over a one-week period. In terms of Pinehurst’s hourly annual payroll for Pinehurst No. 2, this intensity of maintenance would result in an annualized increase of $950,000 in labor. With a normal budget of approxi­ mately $750,000 on No. 2, this increase in labor would result in an annual ex­ pense of approximately $1.7 million. G ranted, not every U.S. Open Continued, page 4 GCSAA Education Protecting Natural Resources on the Golf Course Tuesday, October 19,1999 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. The Grand Rapids Crowne Plaza Grand Rapids, Michigan Member Fee: $110; Nonmember Fee: $165 Continuing Education Units: 0.7 Code: 00RS059-03 Brought to you by the Western Michigan GCSA and GCSAA; sponsored by Textron Turf Care And Specialty Products TEXTRON TURF CARE ANO SPECIALTY PRODUCTS CUSHMAN JACOBSEN RANSOMEB RYAN For more information or to register, contact (800) 472-7878 Safe Disposal Safe Disposal of pesticides is still a very important part of the equation in golf course maintenance. With dwin­ dling potable ground water supplies available to many around the world, safe disposal of pesticides remains a very important practice to take part in. Recently we were able to take part in the clean sweep program here in West­ ern Michigan. Cascade Hills Country Club over the years had retained quite a few unwanted or unusable pesticides. Many were outdated or just plain did not fit into the program legally any more. While cleaning we realized valuable storage space was being filled in our chemical storage building for storing these unusable pesticides. We contacted the people at Ottawa County Environ­ mental Health and were able to drop the pesticides off that afternoon. It was such an easy, cost free program, I thought I would include a pamphlet in this news­ letter if anyone else needed to reduce their inventory of old pesticides. Disposal of Unwanted Pesticides: Michigan Clean Sweep Clean Sweep if a free, non-regulatory program to help you safely dispose of banned and/or unwanted pesticides. Clean Sweep is Simple and Easy Who can use the program? Any Michigan homeowner, farm, green­ house, nursery, golf course or other end user of pesticides can use this service, but not dealers or persons who apply pesticides for hire. What can I bring and how much? Old, unwanted, out-of-date or unusable pesticides can be dropped off for safe disposal. Bring whatever you have. What’s the catch? There is no catch. Clean Sweep is a good deal for you. There is no red tape and all information is kept strictly confiden­ tial. And best of all... Clean Sweep is FREE! Tips for safe transport of agricultural chemical: •Keep pesticides in their original and labeled containers. • Do not mix contents of unknown/un- labeled containers. • Make sure that containers are not leak­ ing prior to bringing them to a collec­ tion facility. • Inspect steel containers for rust, pinholes, or deficient seams. • Over pack any leaking containers in a clear plastic bag or leak proof con­ tainer. • Do not transport containers with open tops. • Place chemicals in vehicle away from passengers. • Secure all containers so they cannot slide, tip or spill contents. For more information, contact: Ottawa County Environmental Health Hazardous Waste Management Program 12251 James Street, Suite 200 Holland, MI 49424 616/393-5638 Please patronize our advertisers as they have made this newsletter possible. A d v e r t i s e r s Benham Chem ical.......................... ........ (810) 474-7474 Peerless-Midwest..................................... (219) 272-9050 Boylan S a le s .................................... ........ (616) 685-6828 Professional Lake Managem ent........... 1-800-382-4434 Commercial Turf Equipm ent........ ........ 1-800-231-5296 Rhône-Poulenc......................................... 1-800-334-9745 Ellis Sales.......................................... ........ 1-800-962-4128 Spartan Distributors................................ (616) 887-7301 H az-S tor............................................ ........ 1-800-727-2067 Standard S a n d ......................................... (616) 842-5180 Kubota of Grand Rapids................ ........ (616) 364-7031 T.C.I............................................................... (517) 725-7145 Lebanon Fertilizers......................... ........ (810) 673-7146 Terra International Inc.............................. 1-800-412-1300 Lesco.................................................. ........ 1-800-321-5325 Turfgrass, Inc.............................................. 1-800-421-8873 Michigan Turf Equipment.............. ........ (616) 554-3310 Turf Services............................................. (616) 842-4975 J. Mollema & Sons.......................... ........ 1-800-234-4769 Valley Turf................................................... (616) 532-2885 O.M. Scott.......................................... ........ (616) 361-2106 Van Manen O il........................................... 1-800-654-4244 Parmenter & Andre......................... ........ (616) 458-1546 W.F. Miller Co.............................................. 1-800-555-8189 A Comparative Analysis, continued from page 2 venue has been the beneficiary of so many volunteers giving their time and energy to prepare the course to this intensity. It is a luxury to have 78 workers, and Pinehurst is an appreciative benefactor. If the number were only 50 staff, which might be more “normal” for an Open, the net result over a year would be an annualized expense of three times the normal labor hours. This would result in an annualized increase of approximately $500,000 in labor and an annualized budget of $1.25 million. Below are some of the tasks performed and the hours associated with normal maintenance levels as well as U.S. Open levels follow: U.S. Open Course Preparation Greens (m owing) Setup Fairways (m ow ing) Tees/Short cut (m owing) Rough (m owing) Interm ediate rough (m owing) B unker raking Divot repair Stim pm eter reading Backpack blowers (pine needles off bunkers/turf) Clipping rem oval (Poling) Rake sand cart paths Rake natural sand areas Collect fairway clipping Norm al Day (staff x hours) 5 X 2.5 hours = 1 X 4 hours = 2 X 2.5 hours = 3 X 4 hours = 2 X 12 hours = 1 X 3 hours = 2 X 3 hours = 12.50 4.00 5.00 12.00 24.00 3.00 6.00 1 X .25 = 0.25 Norm al W eek X 7 = X 7 i X 4 = X 5 = X 2 = X 3 = X 7 = 87.50 28.00 20.00 60.00 48.00 9.00 42.00 30.00 0.25 US O pen Day (staff x hours) 8 X 1 . 5 hours twice/day = 2 X 4 hours = 5 X 1 . 5 hours twice/day = 10 X 2.5 hours = 4 X 6 hours = 1 X 3 = 1 0 X 4 hours = 24.00 8.00 15.00 25.00 24.00 3.00 40.00 US Open W eek X 7 = X 7 = X 10 = X 7 = X 7 = X 7 = X 7 = 168.00 56.00 105.00 175.00 168.00 21.00 280.00 169.00 168.00 4 X 6 hours = 24.00 X 7 = 1 X 8 hours = 1 X 4 hours = 8.00 4.00 2.00 7.00 8.00 4.00 N/A 3 X 3 hours = 5 X 3 hours = 1 X 6 hours = 9.00 15.00 6.00 X 7 = X 7 = X 7 = 168.00 252.00 63.00 105.00 42.00 The goal of course preparation for professional events is to have the golf course — the field of play — set up to test the skills of the participants. Consistent, daily preparation of the golf course form height of fairway cut, green speed, repaired divots, and hand raked bunkers ensures that each player encounters the same conditions as their competitors each day of the event. Those same conditions can be attained at one’s home course, but it comes as a steep price. Communication Can Improve the Pro/Superintendent Relationship times during the year. For example, tour­ Lance Haider, Director o f Golf Cateechee Golf Club naments, holidays, and corporate outings Through The Green. Julv/August 1999 should always be held when heavy course maintenance is not scheduled. These meetings will insure that the su­ perintendent is aware of all important dates within the pro shop, and golf scheduling can also be worked around crucial golf course projects. situations. The pro shop staff and the su­ perintendent may also wish to have their two-way radios attached to the same cen­ tral station. This will allow for free com­ munication between these two areas of management. The use of pagers and cel­ lular communications are also becoming widely popular ways of communication in today’s golf industry. In today’s business world, there is no argument that great communication is the key to running a successful op­ eration. In no other industry is this more applicable than the golf business. Com­ munication is important among all chan­ nels within a golf facility; however, none is more important than interaction between the golf professional and the superintendent. There are many ways in which this communication can be firmly established to ensure the transferral of vital information between these two per­ sons. One of the most important keys in the communication process is the use of today’s technological advances to maximize interaction. Professionals and superintendents alike can use e-mail and the Internet to communicate in many For these methods of communication to work, both the professional staff and the superintendent must make a commit­ ment to work together as much as pos­ sible. This can be accomplished simply by scheduling weekly meetings attended by all management from both sides of the golf course. This gives each staff mem­ ber a chance to be informed of any future events, scheduling or information that may be important factors in other deci­ sion making. During these meetings su­ perintendents and professionals can schedule events together to maximize con­ ditions and number of rounds sold at key There are only a few of the ways that information can be transferred among golf course superintendents and professionals. For any of these methods to work, however, both sides must be willing to share crucial information on a regular basis. The toughest part of thor­ ough communication is not identifying methods of communication, but putting forth the time and effort to include an­ other staff in your decision making. This may take a little time, trouble and edu­ cation, but the results are definitely worth the effort. * * * * * Understanding Water Quality tion of the source. Interpreting the Data A great deal of confusion in inter­ preting the results of the lab comes from the many different units of measure for the report results. Generally, you will find the results listed as parts per mil­ lion (ppm), milligrams per liter (mg/L), or millequivalents per liter (meq/L). To change from ppm to meq/L, check the table for the element in question, then use the following formulas: equiv. weight x meq/L = ppm (or mg/L) ppm (or mg/L) 4 equiv. weight = meq/L Equivalent Weights Cations (+ charged) Ca (calcium) Mg (magnesium) Na (sodium) Ca + Mg (assume 90% is Ca) K (potassium) Anions (- charged) Cl (chloride) N 0 3 (nitrate) S 0 4 (sulfate) C 0 3 (carbonate) H C 03 (bicarbonate) 20.0 12.2 23.0 19.2 39.0 35.5 62.0 48.0 30.0 61.0 After you receive the results of your water tests back from the lab, you will need to prioritize the data into what will affect you most. The components of water quality can be broken down into five main areas. Continued, page 6 Steve Ninemire, President, The 9Mire Group Through The Green. Julv/August 1999 What is water quality and how is it classified? Water is usually evaluated and classified based on its intended ap­ plication and its mineral and biological components. Numerous sources classify plants with respect to their tolerance of, or sensitivity to, salinity and mineral tox­ icity. Unfortunately, the superintendent does not have a choice in the quality of water available for his course. In addi­ tion, the superintendent is often times forced to accept water that may not be fit for other domestic uses. The grow­ ing trend in mandating the use of re­ cycled water on golf courses is further reducing the choices of water quality. Why Water Quality is Important The quality of irrigation water af­ fects soil water chemistry. As water moves through the soil and flows across the land, it picks up salts and sediment. Most of the problems encountered with irrigation water are associated with the direct and indirect effects of excess to­ tal salts (TDS), excesses of specific min­ erals ions and excesses of bicarbonate and associated elevated (alkaline) pH. High soil salt content compounds this problem. The nutrients available to the plants, as well as the quality and quan­ tity of water, is affected by the dissolved solids in the water. Plants only need a small amount of nutrients, which they can obtain from dissolved solids in water. Almost all water used by plants evaporates into the atmosphere. Nutrients are transported from the soil as the evaporated water cools the plant. Thus, if a given soil is irrigated with a given water quality, over an extended period the soil will assume the characteristics of that irrigation source. Start With the Right Test In our quest to understand water quality, it is imperative to know the con­ dition of the soil and the mineral makeup of the irrigation source. The first step should be an irrigation suitability test. There are over 25 different types of “wa­ ter analysis” available from analytical labs. We are only interested in testing for the elements that will affect or influ­ ence our turf quality. A good irrigation suitability test should include the follow­ ing minimum test standards: pH, con­ ductivity, calcium, magnesium, potas­ sium, sodium, iron, alkalinity, carbon­ ate, bicarbonate, hydroxide, chloride, sulfur, boron, and total salt concentra­ tion. For effluent water nutrients, also request analysis for phosphorus (P), to­ tal Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), ammonia- nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen. Finally, formulas and ratios needed to determine water quality include Sodium Absorp­ tion Ratio (SAR), pHc, adjusted SAR, total cations and anions. In order to collect enough water for irrigation purposes, it is not uncommon for golf courses to use several sources of water, including well, city, surface drainage, river and effluent. It is very important to sample each source indi­ vidually. You should also take one com­ posite sample directly from the irriga­ tion head after it has run at least 10 min­ utes to flush all stagnant water from the line. This will ensure that a representa­ tive sample of the water that is irrigat­ ing your turf is tested. It is also impor­ tant to sample throughout the year to check for variations, as some results will vary significantly because of seasonal demands made upon the water table. The lab will need at least 16 oz. of water to run an irrigation suitability test. Collect the sample in a clean plastic bottle (an empty drinking water bottle works great) rinsed several times with the water to be tested. Make sure you label each sample clearly with a descrip­ Water Quality, continued from page 5 Salinity centim eter The salts or total solids (TDS) in the irrigation or soil water determine the salinity. Salinity is stated as TDS in mg/ L or ppm. It is often determined by mea­ suring the electrical conductivity (EC) of the water and reported in millimhos per (m im hos/cm ), micromhob per centimeter (mhos/cm), or decisiemens per meter (sD/m). TDS in ppm is approximately equal to the EC (mmhos/cm) multiplied by 640. Prob­ lems may occur when evaluating high areas with a high soil salinity and a sa­ line irrigation source. These problems are usually not uniform across the site but will occur sporadically. The super­ intendent will usually encounter salin­ ity problems during periods of heat or drought stress. On established turf, one of the first visual signs of salinity is a blue-green or purple-colored turf simi­ lar to the color of drought-stricken grasses. High demand by the turfgrass, combined with reduced water availabil­ ity resulting from higher salts in solu­ tion, causes these drought-like condi­ tions. The situation is further magnified as it is very hard to leach excess salts from soil during periods of high tem­ peratures and limited rainfall. Another sign of high soil salinity can be reduced or delayed seed germination and seed­ ling development. As sodium builds on the soil colloid, calcium and magnesium levels will be reduced and the soil will lose its desirable structure. Excess so­ dium causes clay to become like a fine powder as the particles swell and dis­ perse, which decreases water and air movement in the soil. Sodium Sodium ion content of an irrigation source can cause several related prob­ lems. As the proportion of sodium at­ tached to the clay in the soil increases, the soil tends to “run together”, causing reduced rates of water penetration. The sodium absorption ratio (SAR) is a mea­ sured index that indicates the relative activity of sodium ions as they react with clay. This should be compared to your particular plant type to give you an in­ dication of the plant’s ability to over­ come high sodium concentrations in the water. The refined version, called the Adjusted SAR or SARadj, takes into account the limited solubility of other cations in high salt- or bicarbonate-con­ taining waters. Remember: it is the ra­ tio that is important, not necessarily the amounts of the soluble cations. Very low salt (low EC) waters can have high SAR values and represent serious hazards to water infiltration and soil permeability if other cations, especially calcium, are low or absent, or if the water contains bicarbonate. Bicarbonates and pH The bicarbonate/pH component is less straightforward and more indirect in effect, but the severity of the prob­ lems created can overshadow other fac­ tors previously mentioned. The presence of excessive bicarbonate in irrigation water is one of the most significant causes of soil structure and plant nutri­ tion problems. The negative effects of the application of excessive bicarbon­ ate are usually associated with soil seal­ ing, which leads to the build up of both excessive salts and toxic ion constitu­ ents. Bicarbonate ions in the soil solu­ tion will precipitate calcium as the soil approaches dryness. This removes cal­ cium and, to a lesser extent, magnesium from the clay and leaves sodium in its place. By repeating this process over time, a calcium-dominant soil can be­ come a sodium-dominate soil. As the available calcium is lost, poor air move­ ment and gas exchange through the soil diminish the soil structure. The end ef­ fect of high bicarbonate water is the ul­ timate loss and control of water penetra­ tion. The second negative factor associ­ ated with bicarbonates is that it is a di­ rect cause of soil alkalinity. Soluble so­ dium in the presence of lime or bicar­ bonates causes the hydrolysis of lime into soluble carbonate and additional bi­ carbonates and adds hydroxyl ion to the soil solution. This can raise the pH of the soil from neutral, up to +10. The in­ crease in pH reduces the availability of many nutrients including ion, zinc, man­ ganese, copper, calcium, magnesium and phosphate, resulting in further deficien­ cies and nutrient imbalances. Toxic Ion Constituents Toxic ions such as chloride, boron, sodium or other metals are usually present where excessive salts are en­ countered. Waters high in bicarbonates have been shown to induce iron deficien­ cies in some plants, but this is minor when compared to their role in creating permeability problems. Sodium, chlo­ ride, and boron produce distinct symp­ toms of chlorosis (yellowing), necrosis (dead tissue), and root bum or tip die back. The symptoms induced are often more obvious and alarming than the re­ duction in grow th and general unthriftiness induced by osm otic drought alone. Conclusion In dealing successfully with irriga­ tion water quality it is essential to (1) always use good irrigation suitability and soil tests to make well-informed decisions, (2) compare your test results with the standards, (3) adjust your wa­ ter and amendment practices as neces­ sary and (4) monitor soil and water changes throughout the year. By remov­ ing many of the “unknown” elements from the overall equation, it will be pos­ sible to present the best product with the least amount of input cost. Golf Course Superintendents Association of America Education Seminars • July, 1999 - May, 2000 B entgrass M anagem ent and Rootzone M aintenance M anagem ent Strategies for the Turfgrass System B entgrass Sum m er Stress M anagem ent for C ool/H um id Regions M axim izing T urfgrass D isease Control E m ployee Safety Training Integrated D isease M anagem ent for B erm udagrass G o lf C ourses The M icrobiology o f T urfgrass Soils Lake and A quatic Plant M anagem ent The A ssistant Superintendent: M anaging People and Jobs E m ployee Safety T raining T urfgrass Ecology B entgrass M anagem ent and R ootzone M aintenance H um an R esource M anagem ent Financial E ssentials for the Superintendent Seminar Title Date 07/22/1999 Protecting N atural R esources on the G o lf Course 08/23/1999 M axim izing Job Satisfaction 09/09/1999* M axim izing Job Satisfaction A dvanced W eed M anagem ent 09/10/1999 09/21/1999 H um an Resource M anagem ent Protecting N atural R esources on the G olf Course 10/04/1999 B entgrass M anagem ent and Rootzone M aintenance 10/07/1999* 10/13/1999 B entgrass M anagem ent and Rootzone M aintenance 10/13/1999* Sustainable G o lf C ourse Landscape Design: Enhancing Aesthetics, Function and A dvanced W eed M anagem ent 10/18/1999 Lake and A quatic Plant M anagem ent 10/19/1999 10/19/1999 Protecting N atural R esources on the G olf Course 10/25/1999* W ildlife M anagem ent and H abitat Conservation 10/26-27/1999 Physical Problem s o f T urfgrass Soils: Identification and Correction 10/26/1999 10/26/1999 10/27/1999 11/01/1999 11/04/1999 11/04/1999 11/05/1999 11/08/1999 11/8-9/1999 11/9-10/1999* M anagerial Productivity 11/09/1999 11/10/1999 11/15-16/1999 G o lf G reens: H istory, Theory, Construction and M aintenance 11/15/1999 11/16/1999 11/16/1999 11/16/1999* W ildlife M anagem ent and Habitat C onservation 11/16/1999 11/17/1999 11/17/1999 11/18/1999 11/18/1999 11/18/1999 12/01/1999 12/01/1999 12/02/1999 12/02/1999 12/06/1999 12/06/1999 12/06/1999 12/07/1999 12/08/1999 12/08/1999* 12/08/1999 12/13-14/1999 Spanish for G o lf C ourse M anagem ent I 12/14/1999 12/15/1999 12/16/1999* 01/05/2000 01/06/2000 01/06/2000 01/10/2000 01/10/2000 1/10-11/2000* Physical Problem s o f T urfgrass Soils: Identification and Correction T urfgrass Stress M anagem ent B udgeting and Forecasting M axim izing Job Satisfaction Sustainable G o lf C ourse Landscape Design: Enhancing A esthetics, Function and H um an R esource M anagem ent B entgrass Sum m er Stress M anagem ent for Cool/H um id R egions G o lf C ourse C onstruction M anagem ent and Grow -In B entgrass Sum m er Stress M anagem ent for Cool/H um id R egions B entgrass M anagem ent and R ootzone M aintenance Problem s and Solutions: U sing A nnuals and Perennials in the G olfscape M anagem ent Strategies for the Turfgrass System D rainage System s M axim izing Job Satisfaction Sustainable G o lf C ourse Landscape Design: Enhancing A esthetics, Function and B entgrass M anagem ent and Rootzone M aintenance D rainage System s E nhancing Y our V alue as a Professional G olf Course Superintendent B entgrass Sum m er Stress M anagem ent for Cool/H um id Regions Personal Stress M anagem ent B entgrass M anagem ent and Rootzone M aintenance Sustainable G o lf Course L andscape Design: Enhancing A esthetics, Function and Lake and A quatic Plant M anagem ent The M icrobiology o f T urfgrass Soils B entgrass M anagem ent and Rootzone M aintenance H um an R esource M anagem ent Location H ollyw ood, FL Palos Verdes, CA Phoenix, AZ Kauai, HI O rlando, FL Syracuse, N Y Billings, M T H auppauge, NY Jackson Hole, WY Little Rock, A R Little Rock, A R G rand Rapids, M I M anchester, N H Brew ster, M A R ockford, IL L exington, KY W est O range, NJ San M arcos, CA Providence, RI Jacksonville, FL Providence, RI South C enter, W A A rvada, CO A ndover, KS N ovi, MI St. Louis, M O M yrtle B each, SC R obinsonville, M S Bolton, M A M yrtle B each, SC C oeur d' A leñe, ID A m es, LA Bolton, M a T arrytow n, N Y H udson, OH W hite H aven, PA C enterville, OH D allas, TX B erlin, C T D allas, TX Berlin, C T A lbuquerque, N M H am m ond, LA Atlantic City, NJ Brookfield, WI B rookfield, Wl Lincoln, NE Salt Lake City, UT Franklin, TN Baltim ore, M D Baltim ore, M D O klahom a City, OK Pleasanton, CA Pleasanton, CA St. Louis, M O Charlotte, NC Portland, O R A tlanta, GA ♦Indicates seminars without a GCSAA provided lunch Continued, page 8 Golf Course Superintendents Association of America Education Seminars, continued from page 7 Seminar Title Protecting N atural Resources on the G o lf C ourse G o lf C ourse Safety, Security and Risk M anagem ent T u rf grass Ecology Protecting N atural Resources on the G o lf Course Evaluating Y our G o lf Course Irrigation System B entgrass M anagem ent and Rootzone M aintenance E nhancing Y our V alue as a Professional G olf Course Superintendent Lake and A quatic Plant M anagem ent B entgrass M anagem ent and Rootzone M aintenance Date 01/10/2000 01/11/2000 01/11/2000 1/13-14/2000 Physical Problem s o f Turfgrass Soils: Identification and Correction 01/17/2000 01/18/2000 01/19/2000 01/24/2000 01/25/2000 02/22/2000 2/24-25/2000 G o lf G reens: H istory, Theory, C onstruction and M aintenance 03/02/2000 03/06/2000* 03/06/2000 03/06/2000 03/07/2000 3/7-8/2000 3/7-8/2000 03/08/2000 03/14/2000 03/14/2000 03/15/2000 03/16/2000* 03/16/2000 04/04/2000 05/04/2000 The Superintendent as G row -ln M anager T urfgrass E cology M anaging Turfgrass Root Systems M anagem ent o f Localized Dry Spots and W ater R epellent Soils M axim izing Job Satisfaction Physical Problem s o f Turfgrass Soils: Identification and Correction G o lf G reens: H istory, Theory, Construction and M aintenance M axim izing Team w ork M anagem ent Strategies for the Turfgrass System T urfgrass Stress M anagem ent B entgrass M anagem ent and Rootzone M aintenance Lake and A quatic Plant M anagem ent Insect and D isease M anagem ent for W arm Season Turfgrass G o lf C ourse Safety, Security and Risk M anagem ent H um an Resource M anagem ent Location Fishkill, N Y Pow ell, O H M ars, PA O akbrook, IL Indianapolis, IN R ockport, M E K ansas C ity, M O Sacram ento, CA R ichm ond, VA A lbany, N Y B loom ington, IL B irm ingham , AL Sioux Falls, SD Providence, RI Providence, RI G aylord, M I V alley Forge, PA St. L ouis Park, M N G aylord, M I C incinnati, O H Sunnehanna, PA M anchester, V T Phoenix, AZ Palm D esert, CA D allas, TX Sacram ento, CA BULK RATE U.S. POSTAGE PAID GRAND RAPIDS, Ml PERMIT NO. 582 * Indicates seminars without a GCSAA provided lunch ESTERN M ÎEW S Wes? Michigan Co'f Course Superintendents Associati 8121 Cowan Lake Drive • Rockford, Ml 49341 p e t e C o o k i ngham MSU H a m L i b r a r y W - 212 E a s t L a n s i n g MI 488^14