Interview of Genevieve Manning Voelker on her service in the U.S. Army Nurse Corps during WWII Virginia Cornett: My name is Virginia Cornett and I am chairperson of the oral history project for the Louisville Unit of the Women’s Overseas Service League. Today’s date is March 16, 1983. I am interviewing Genevieve Voelker of Louisville, Kentucky. [0:21] Genny, we have a list of questions to ask you. But before we begin, would you please fill us in on your background? Genevieve Voelker: All right. I was born in Vermillion, South Dakota. Um, after I graduated from high school, I attended the University of South Dakota for 1 year. After that, I was accepted at Saint Mary’s Hospital School of Nursing in Rochester, Minnesota. I graduated in 1940 and worked at the hospital for 2 years as a head nurse. And, um, then on Pearl Harbor Day we were having a big, nice party [inaudible 01:07] and at that time we immediately all – none of us had volunteered to go into the service prior to that. And as [inaudible 01:19] look back and what I think is really rather interesting speaking about the Red Cross, as soon as we graduated from nursing they were trying to get us to become [inaudible 01:29], being young and careless and carefree and obstinate. There was no way we were going to be [inaudible 01:39] [chuckling] for some strange reason. Well, the day, that Sunday, Pearl Harbor Day, um, came and the next morning I remember very vividly walking into the director of nurse’s office and saying I would like to become a [inaudible 01:28] Red Cross and I would like to because I want to volunteer in the army nurse corps, so we took care of that. I didn’t go out immediately because the Mayo Clinic had a unit and they were going to go. They were going to get this unit together and they were going to go and I would be a member of that unit. Also, my father was ill and I thought, well, then I probably shouldn’t leave until…am I giving too much information?...until we actually knew what was going to happen. So anyway, when he died in July and the Mayo Clinic unit had not been activated yet and I was getting very impatient sitting around Rochester working, and I thought I can’t stand this or tolerate this any longer so I went ahead and requested that I leave the Mayo Clinic unit and just go ahead and go into the, a regular army unit. So I received my orders to go to Camp Crowder, Missouri, and I reported there on September 9, 1942, and, uh, there was no, no particular unit involved. I was just in a regular army nurse corps. So I was there only about a week in which time I received orders and was transferred to the air force base in Sioux City, Iowa, which was 30 miles from my home which rather distressed me because I had planned to see the world. And, um, so then I spent 1 ½ years at the, uh, army hospital at the air force base in Sioux City. There were 5 of us sent from Camp Crowder, Missouri, to open the hospital, 5 nurses. The hospital had been open I think for about probably 4 weeks staffed by the doctors and the army corpsmen. And the army corpsmen resented us very much because they had everything all arranged and they thought that they were doing well. And we, we, of course, didn’t resent them at all. We really enjoyed’m. But finally they became our very good friends. Then, um, I never really had any desire to serve overseas because frankly I didn’t really know what was going to happen. I always sort of like to know things and, um, however, that decision was made for me by my chief nurse who wasn’t really too fond of me after a while so she – 3 of us were, shall we say, sent overseas. [chuckle] This was a marvelous thing. Ultimately, all good, all things do have, come to a good ending. Virginia Cornett: [04:47] Genny, how long did you serve in the nurse corps and where are some of the different places you served? Genevieve Voelker: We left for overseas on the 7th of March from I have written down Camp Stone, I think it was in San Francisco and, um, we were on, we went on a [inaudible 05:07] which was very lovely, had been a very lovely liner and with, um, but there were 5000 troops aboard. There were 14 of us in a state room and so we were very happy 13 days later when we sighted New Guinea. And some of the enlisted men on the shore at New Guinea came out to greet us [inaudible 05:26] and kept hollering “You’ll be sorry. You’ll be sorry.” But we were, I was, I was, we were all very happy to dock I believe. So we stayed in Milne Bay and worked [inaudible 05:36] service until September of 1944 when we, um, established our permanent hospital at Hollandia, New Guinea. It was the 51st General Hospital. There were 105 nurses in the unit, but I don’t remember how many doctors. So we stayed in Hollandia until, um, I believe June of, um, ’45, at which time we left Hollandia for Manila and we were very happy to think we were going to Manila because that would be civilization we thought, um, where in, in New Guinea we had to wear trousers and long sleeves and all that [inaudible 06:29]. And Manila it was so terribly warm and really very, very uncomfortable so we, we still had to wear trousers during, at night because of the mosquito control. So we stayed in Manila and were stationed at Fort McKinley Hospital and, uh, we stayed there until the 11th of November 1945, when we left for the States by way of, of Honolulu and I was granted a 5-day delay in Honolulu because the, my fiancé was stationed there. And then from there we were sent to, we arrived in California and were discharged at Fort Sheridan, Chicago, Illinois, on I think it was about November the 26th. Virginia Cornett: [07:24] What are some of the different, uh, jobs you did as an army nurse? Genevieve Voelker: I was a staff nurse, strictly bedside care, taking care of patients. Virginia Cornett: [07:37] Uh, did your experiences prepare you for a career after you left the service? Genevieve Voelker: Well, I had, I already had my career and, um, it certainly made, uh, I think broadened our, our concept of, of different things and made us much more appreciative of people and just, just the situation in general. Virginia Cornett: [08:05] What was your pay? Genevieve Voelker: When we entered, we were paid $90 a month and when we were over-, went overseas we were paid $150 a month. Then our pay after we became first lieutenants then – I don’t remember what the first lieutenant pay was. I think it was $175. But one thing that was rather unique in the army nurse corps, one of the rules and regulations was that a girl had to be 30 years old before she could be promoted to first lieutenant. Now this I believe was probably for everyone. Then I think the, uh, they were lacking in getting volunteers so finally they had to go ahead and, and promote everybody [inaudible 08:49]. Virginia Cornett: [08:51] Was there a minimum age requirement for second lieutenant? Genevieve Voelker: Um, well, no, not really. I don’t – I imagine probably 21, but all of us was at least 21 having graduated from 3 years of nursing. Virginia Cornett: [09:09] Were you given equal opportunities for service and education? Genevieve Voelker: I would imagine. I would say yes. Virginia Cornett: [09:18] Do you recall any kind of extra training that you were given by the army such as operating room procedures or [inaudible 09:28]? Genevieve Voelker: No, because they were, whatever your prior training had been is what more or less determined what area that you served in the hospital. Virginia Cornett: [09:43] What assignments were giv-, generally given to, to female nurses, or did it depend on their experience? Genevieve Voelker: Well, just your regular, regular hospital assignments. Of course, we had our, our chief nurse and the assistant chief nurse which were administrative; but the rest of us were doing our regular assignments, operating room, um, staff nursing, supervisory work. Virginia Cornett: [10:07] What was the nature of your housing? Genevieve Voelker: When we arrived in Milne Bay, in the beginning we lived in tents and fo-, had foxholes. Virginia Cornett: [10:18] Did you put the tents up and make the foxholes? Genevieve Voelker: We didn’t. No, but I’m surprised we didn’t. And, um, then we, um, later lived in native huts when were in New Guinea. In Hollandia we had long barracks that had an overhanging roof to keep the rain out. [phone ringing] Virginia Cornett: [10:38] By the way, what was the nature of the native huts? [chuckling] Genevieve Voelker: Well, they were built off the ground on I guess more or less stakes on the sides of them. They took the, the palm fronds and they ran, they sort of laced them and put them on big long, long pieces of wood or of branches off of a tree and they just nailed those to the side and overlapped them to reinforce them so they were very rain repellant and the same way with the roof. Virginia Cornett: [11:05] What other types of housing did you live in? Genevieve Voelker: When we were in, um, in Manila then we had, we had lived in Quonset huts, which were very nice. And, um, we also had, uh, native girls, the local girls – who we had housemates… Virginia Cornett: Oh. Genevieve Voelker: …or house servant, whatever you wanted to call them. They did our laundry for us whereas in New Guinea we, of course, had to do all that ourselves. Virginia Cornett: [11:34] What was the nature of your medical care? Genevieve Voelker: Very good. First of all was we were young and healthy, so we really didn’t need that much. Virginia Cornett: Okay. [11:44] What was a typical day like for you? Genevieve Voelker: Um, well, we had to be on duty at 7:00 in the morning so I guess we probably were at breakfast at 6:30 and, um, would report on duty. And each, each of us had X number of people that we took care of and we just had mastered all of the care that they needed during our, um, our period of the day. Sometimes it was, we worked 12 hours, sometimes longer if necessary. And just, just did the actual bedside nursing. We were on a medical ward. We were on a surgical ward. I did a lot of work on the dermatology unit. We did a lot, an awful lot of compresses and things like that. Virginia Cornett: [12:39] Did you find the, uh, the weather and just the general living conditions very different from what you were used to here in the States? Genevieve Voelker: Oh, very much so. We didn’t have, of course, had no hot water and, um, the water was limited. We couldn’t drink it out of the faucet, and, um, we had, just were allowed so much water to wash our clothes in, in New Guinea. And, of course, the clothing that we wore was rather strange we thought. We had to wear leggings when we were in Milne Bay and Hollandia because of the mosquito situ-, malaria situation. So in order to look chic we would cut the leggings down and get, use white shoe polish – I don’t know where we got the white shoe polish – and get them all fixed up with white shoe polish, then we thought we looked quite nice. Virginia Cornett: [13:28] Describe the leggings. Genevieve Voelker: It was a canvas piece of material. It was probably a foot long. It went from our ankle to our knee, it looked really awful, and it was laced on the thigh. We wore men’s trousers, also men’s shoes. And, uh, some of the shoes instead of wearing high tops when it was really quite warm, we would take a razor blade and cut them down and make them into sandals and then take shoe strings and lace them and tie them around our ankles so we would look very, very feminine. We tried to look feminine. Virginia Cornett: Oh really. [laughter] [14:05] Did you supplement your diet with native foods? Genevieve Voelker: We ate coconuts and bananas. And when we were in Manila that’s where I had my first mango and it was the most glorious, most glorious experience I’ve ever had in my life. And so other than that, though, the army provided – most of the, of the food was provided by the army. As a matter of fact, when we were in – we had no towns in New Guinea as such, they were just names on the map. When we got to Manila, we couldn’t eat in any of the restaurants because of the sanitation situation, so we ate [inaudible 14:47]. Virginia Cornett: C-rations. Genevieve Voelker: Well, it all depended upon what the ships brought in from Australia. Sometimes we ate a lot of dried foods, dried eggs, and we had a lot of, uh, say our jam and things like that that came from Australia. And then they also sent some awfully good rabbit and lamb chops and things like that, so our food wasn’t too bad. But I always felt that the fellows were so much worse off than we were so we really [inaudible 15:19]. Virginia Cornett: [15:23] What did you do in your leisure time? Genevieve Voelker: When we were overseas we had, um, rather nice officers’ clubs and they had, uh, um, they’d have a base club [inaudible 15:36] all the different, different areas with men. We partied. We had – Oklahoma came. Any number of the musical productions from the States came over and different kinds of entertainment. But we had, we had dances. We went swimming a lot when we were in, in New Guinea. Uh, Hollandia had more beautiful beaches than ever, we could ever imagine. Just it would make a marvelous resort area we always thought. And, um, we, we played bridge a lot and we played different, oh, Monopoly when it was raining, and all those different things. Virginia Cornett: [16:20] Movies? Genevieve Voelker: Movies, uh-huh. We had movies. Virginia Cornett: [16:26] Were they fairly current or? Genevieve Voelker: Uh-huh. And most of the, uh, of the live productions that came were really very high class. Every now and then they would come in with some that were really quite obnoxious and they were received by everyone just, everybody just really – I’m trying to think of a word – just did not accept it well at all. I mean they, they knew that – I think our idea was conditions were so bad there that we wanted things that were uplifting instead of debased things. Virginia Cornett: [17:00] What were some of your memorable experiences? Genevieve Voelker: [inaudible 17:05]. Virginia Cornett: [inaudible 17:06]. Genevieve Voelker: Oh. All right. Um, the, the thing that comes to mind first of all is how very un-G.I. the army nurse corps was. Now, the regular army nurse corps was G.I. I’m sure, but we who had just volunteered for the duration weren’t. We had no basic training. Somebody asked me how did we, how we learned how to salute. We learned that on our own. In fact, it was funny to see us walking down the street and one of us would nod our head off trying to salute somebody. Another thing about saluting, when we were in Hollandia, a Japanese, um, man who had been hiding out came through our area and several of the – he saluted and several of the nurses who he turned to salute didn’t even realize he was a Japanese, which we thought was terribly funny. Then another thing when we were in Hollandia I thought was, was – or in Milne Bay in New Guinea, we had the outdoor bathrooms and they were outdoor privies. They were 16-hole affairs in 8 back to back. So one of the girls wasn’t too fond of one of the chief nurses so she said “Can you imagine I sitting in there saying ‘Would you please pass the paper, Thelma?’” And we thought that was quite funny. Then the day that I received my promotion, I was very busy doing a dressing on a patient in Hollandia Hospital and they came and told me that I was to report to, to the colonel’s office, our commanding officer. So I said “Well, tell him that I’ll be there when I get through with my dressing.” The doctor said “I think maybe you should probably go now.” So I did and, um, much to my surprise I, he presented me with my silver bars, and I don’t even think I saluted. So then several friends of mine said “Well, I guess you’re going to really be G.I. now aren’t you? So you won’t wear the plaid socks that we were wearing, we weren’t supposed to be wearing?” So I said “Yeah, I think I’ll wear them.” So we all – they brought me some really, really loud ones. So this is how we, we en-, entertained ourselves. It kept us happy. And, um, then I guess one of the, another memorable occasion was when we were at, uh, the staging area in Manila waiting to come home and somebody came [inaudible 19:41] said they wanted volunteers to fly home and I said, oh heavens. I wouldn’t want to fly all that distance because I, I just didn’t. I thought I wanted to go on the boat. It would be much safer. So then they said “We’re going to stop in Hawaii and Honolulu.” And I said, well, then I immediately volunteered because my fiancé was in Honolulu, so then I was granted a 5-day delay in Honolulu and missed 3 planes out of Honolulu to get to the States, but I had a very nice general whose charge I was under. He told me that if anything happened to me that he was in, would take care of me and see that I was [inaudible 20:18]. I had, I didn’t have any problems with him. By the way, I think I forgot to say that my maiden name was Manning and I met the man that I married in, in Fort Worth, Texas, 10 days before I left for overseas and we corresponded. And 1 ½ years later I saw him in Hawaii and then I came back to the States and he, he came back probably 6 months later or something like that. Virginia Cornett: [20:54] Were you ever in any immediate danger? Genevieve Voelker: Not from bombing or the enemy because in the South, in the Pacific, there was no female personnel allowed, any of the hospital personnel that was allowed close to the [inaudible 21:08] lines in a station hospital and that was back from any of the firing that the field, the evac units were all manned by, by men. And the reason for our being back that far was because of the, uh, of the Japanese, they were trying to, to prevent us from getting hurt from the Japanese. Virginia Cornett: [21:33] Were there ever any, um, problems with the, the natives? Genevieve Voelker: No. Virginia Cornett: Besides the Japanese. Genevieve Voelker: And these natives were really very, very friendly people. They were quite short, had very fuzzy hair, and were light, were, were a dark, were a, a chocolaty brown. And they wore a piece of material around their waist, bare at the top, men and women. And the men wore these white belts, it was a machete. And they would put a belt around their feet and that way shimmy up the coconut trees and knock off the coconuts and also knock off the fronds to make our, our, our native huts with. And then I would have the good fortune, I was dating an Australian officer and he took me to a native village one Sunday and, where they were having a native powwow and so all these different entertainments that they did. And just the men were participating. They had their skin painted with orange lead paint that they got apparently from some of the, off the ship someplace and they had their heads all filled with feathers and newspapers and all different things, white chalk. And each, each design on the body meant something, so that was really interesting. They played different things. Virginia Cornett: [22:59] Can you compare service careers then with the present? Genevieve Voelker: I really, um, I really don’t think I could. I really don’t have any idea how they would compare. Virginia Cornett: [23:16] Did you experience conflict be-, between being feminine and being a military professional? Genevieve Voelker: As a military, uh, the only conflict that we experienced being, being feminine I believe was when we were going to our boat, to get onboard the boat to go overseas. The, there were 105 of us nurses who were made to walk to the boat, and I think we had to walk about 5 miles. And the doctors, they were probably 40 members, all rode so that was a bad, I thought a rather bad experience. It had been very un-, unthinking on their part. But, um, as being a military professional, we were received very well in, in the States, overseas. The enlisted men really liked us all. Virginia Cornett: [24:13] Were there any female doctors in your unit? Genevieve Voelker: No. I don’t think that female doctors were accepted in the army. Virginia Cornett: [24:24] Did you use benefits of the G.I. Bill or were you entitled to them? Genevieve Voelker: I was entitled to them, but I didn’t, I didn’t go ahead and, and continue my education because I was getting, being married. Virginia Cornett: [24:42] What demanded the greatest adjustment for you, uniform dress, living with others, regulations, lack of freedom, terminology? Genevieve Voelker: Oddly, one of the greatest, probably not an adjustment, but it was a revelation to us why we were going overseas was we were [inaudible 25:05] a group of doctors at which time one of the doctors advised us that we need not worry about if we became pregnant when we were overseas because they had a footlocker full of contraceptives so we would have no problem like that. We were quite shocked, very irate, wondering why, what in the world these men must have had in their mind, their idea of why we were there, who we were, and what we were. Well, we very soon got all that straightened out. Our, our relationship with him was rather cool although it was, it was ultimately became quite, quite friendly [inaudible 25:40]. Um, our living quarters I believe was probably one of the most persistent problems. We, um, when we were in Milne Bay we were sleeping in tents on canvas, uh, camp, canvas camp beds with a straw mattress, which they were constantly damp because of the moisture. Our shoes or anything that we had that was leather were covered with a green mold every morning we arose. We had to take them out in the sun and use much shoe polish on them to keep them in shape. Um, our – when we, then we went to Milne Bay and, uh, went to Hollandia, we were in more or less you’d call permanent quarters, but they really weren’t. And at which time our, um, our director, our chief nurse had called us to a meeting and they advised us that since we needed many things for our quarters to make them feminine and home-like, anytime that we happened to accept a date with an officer just to be sure to tell him that we were really in dire need of things to make our quarters livable such as dressing tables. Well, it was amazing how many each one of us, how many dressing tables and chairs and straw mats and parachutes that we received to, parachutes to cover the ceilings in our quarters. And it really became quite homey and we just really felt very attached to it. Um, our life of freedom didn’t really enter into the picture because we realized that we were not there for – of course, we all enjoyed having a good time and all that, but we weren’t there really to have too much freedom, plus the fact there were no towns. The places in, in New Guinea were really names on a map [inaudible 27:40]. Terminology was no problem. Um, and I think as I said before and I shall stress that probably one of the most disagreeable regulation was actually our dress because we had to protect ourselves from malaria therefore we had to wear long sleeves, trou-, men’s trousers, and things like that. Female: Forgive me for interrupting, Virginia, but I would like to ask Genny a question. Forgive me, Genny, for not calling you Genevieve, but we always think of you as Genny. Um, Genny, um, you have told us some very amusing sidelights on a nurse’s life in the, in the South Pacific. [28:33] We have not heard yet, and I would like to ask you to say something in regard to your patients, either people who were well known to history so to speak or were important during wartime or a common G.I. Though I really can’t say that any of them were common, they were all of them uncommonly brave men. And, uh, I wonder if you will fill us in a little bit about their story, perhaps a sad story or a happy story. And then, of course, I know that, uh, [inaudible 29:14] is going to want to ask you last of all about what happened to you after you finished your service overseas, and you can conclude with that. Genevieve Voelker: I believe that the thing that imp-, that impressed me and I’m sure all the other nurses was the attitude of the G.I.s. They were absolutely the most marvelous group of people as patients that we ever had. Nobody complained. Everybody was very cooperative, always had a laugh, um, no matter how bad the situation was. I, I think probably we all tried to just maintain a cheerful [inaudible 29:56] and it wasn’t really an artificial cheerfulness because it was – I think a good attitude was probably one of the most important things to anybody’s recovery. And, um, they just were an admirable group of people. I believe that when I was asked before if anything had really affected my life, I think probably all I have to do is reflect back on these men who were out there, um, and suffering, not really suffering but enduring hardships that were just, just made ours look like really at the Waldorf Astoria. So, um, I believe that was, that was one of the most impressive things. I don’t want to get into – I have never really tried to dwell on sad things or anything like that, but, um, one thing that was really rather heart-rending. We had a patient who came in and being forwarded to the United States. Both of his arms were broken. And if you ever saw such a sorry sight, it was really, it was actually funny. He laughed and we laughed. And he, his first question was “How am I going to love and hold my wife when I get home with both arms broken?” And just various things like that happened. Um, speaking of important person, 2 other girls and I were asked by our commanding officer to be private nurses for General George Kenney. He was probably one of the most disagreeable people that, that ever was. Yet just as so many other people, once you get, get under that little veneer that they present, he was really quite a nice, shall I say, guy. Not disrespectful. Um, a thing that was, was really very funny that the corpsman who was helping us in his care, um, was from Oklahoma and his name was Ingmire. We always called him Ing. He would do anything for us or for anybody. General Kenney had the very bad habit of tossing cigarette butts on the floor. We asked him on several occasions to please use the butt can. Ingmire became very put out with this and his attitude and he walked up one day to his bed and said “Now, General, if you don’t start using the butt can, you’re going to [inaudible 32:26].” And that is another thing that I should bring up. Um, we were very un-G.I., the nurses, the nurse corps was. Uh, because no one, the minute that somebody came in to our hospital or our camp or our ward under our care, their rank was left outside the door. We never pulled rank on them; but when we did, what we advised or suggested they did, very few questions were asked and we had a very, very happy relationship. Um, after I was discharged, um, being in, as we always said, away from civilization for almost 2 years, it was really very strange when we came in to Honolulu. We had never, we hadn’t had hot water in a faucet. We couldn’t drink any water out of the faucet if we had faucets over there. We came into Honolulu and here are cars zooming down the streets, we were walking on the sidewalk. I was absolutely terrified. I wonder if I – I don’t know if I had a little jungle shock or what. But it was very terrifying all this activity because we weren’t used to it, accustomed to any of these things for a couple of years, so it took a little while for us to – for me, I should say, to become adjusted to that. So I returned to my home in South Dakota. I had enough leave to carry me until the 2nd or 3rd of February 1956, no 1946. And, um, I guess I was home for about 6 weeks when several friends of mine called and asked me if I would like to go to San Francisco, and so the 3 of us went to San Francisco. We had no jobs, no apartments, lots of courage. That was another thing that, that I learned from the army, we, we really developed courage. I mean, we were really not – nothing, actually should I say, stopped us. Nothing was a problem. We thought that we could – or at least I did, I thought I could – no matter what happened I was ready. And, uh, so we went. I went to San Francisco and worked for 6 months or 8 months until my hu-, my husband-to-be came home from Honolulu and, um, where he suffered he always told me for 2 years in Honolulu. He called me Genny from New Guinea. He felt terrible to think I was over there living in tents and he was languishing on the beaches eating steaks and things like that. And, um, so then I came home and accepted a position with the Veterans Administration of Louisville, Kentucky where he lived, and a year later we were married [bell]. Virginia Cornett: [35:11] What was the year? Genevieve Voelker: 1948. I started with the VA in December of 1946 and worked for a year. And then I was in the hospital for 9 months with a little spot on my lung and was discharged in July. And I was married the 28th of August 1948, and have lived happily ever after. Virginia Cornett: You have worked, though, I know since. Genevieve Voelker: I hadn’t worked. I did no – as soon as I was married then I didn’t work until my husband died. When he worked then, I mean when he died then I took over the [inaudible 35:51] the food brokerage company which he had run quite successfully. And I, I continued that for 15 years at which time I think [inaudible 36:02] business world were changing considerably and I thought that it would be, it would be much better for me that I would just sell the business since my son was really not interested in being in sales. And I then started to work with the public health department and I worked for the public health department for 13 years. Very, I was really happy with the decision I made. Female: Well, thanks very much for answering my question, Genny. Genevieve Voelker: You’re welcome. /mlc