Interview of Jean T. Campbell Dorothy Harrison: I want to begin this interview by stating that it is March the 1st, 1983, and we are in the home of Jean T. Campbell, uh, and [Alan Mead 0:15] in Louisville, Kentucky, and that the person being interviewed is Jean T. Campbell and that I am Dorothy M. [Harrison 0:26]. That should get us off to the right start. [0:31] Jean, I believe that your service was, uh, connected with the Second World War, if I’m not mistaken. Jean T. Campbell: That’s correct. Yes, it was. Dorothy Harrison: All right. [0:41] I suppose in order to do this systematically, uh, tell, uh, tell, tell me what it was that you had done up to the time of your service. Um, and, um, [throat clearing] your name at that time and where you lived. Jean T. Campbell: All right. Um, my name at the time was Jean Timms, and I lived in the small country town of North Jackson, Ohio. Uh, um, I went to school there and then I went in training in Youngstown Hospital’s Association where, after 3 years, I graduated. And from there, I went to Hiram College where I worked, where I, uh, started working on a degree and also worked in the infirmary. Hiram College is about, uh, 30 miles from Cleveland and, uh, I worked in the clinic with another nurse and we were at the time, um, we were responsible for the, uh, healthcare of 250 air force cadets and also the college students at this small college. There were probably about 200 other students. Um, I stayed there for the full term and then joined the Army Nurse Corps in, uh, December of 1944. Uh, I had my basic training at Billings General Hospital which was in Indianapolis and after that I was assigned to, uh, Nichols General which was in Louisville, Kentucky. Uh, I worked with orthopedic and paraplegics patient there, paraplegic patient there, uh, which was really what they specialized in. And then, uh, in the spring of 1945, I was one of many that was, uh, sent to Indiantown Gap to, uh, go to the staging area to go overseas. Uh, there were 500 of us there and when we completed our staging, uh, program, um, 250 of the nurses went to the Pacific and 250 went to ETO , and I was the one, 1 of the ones that went to the ETO. Uh, we, uh, left, uh, Indiantown Gap and were sent to, uh, Fort Kilmer where we processed again and then [board the 3:09] ship, the Ile de France to go overseas. Uh, the Ile de France was a, had been a luxury liner, um, that had been, uh, converted to a troop ship. Of course, the quarters were not that great since, uh, everything had been stripped and we just had bunkbeds and several in one cabin. Uh. I remember the trip well overseas. I, fortunately I was, did not get, uh, seasick, although I had never been on board a ship but, uh, the ship zigzagged and this was because of German subs. Uh, we landed at the Firth of Clyde on V-E Day and, uh, from there we, uh, boarded trains and, uh, went through Glasgow, or from Glasgow into England, and, uh, I remember passing the Salisbury Plains and seeing the Stonehenge, which was supposedly put up by the druids. We were, uh, assigned to different hospitals when we got into England, and, uh, a group of us went to the 232nd Station Hospital. At the time, there weren’t too many, uh, patients, as, uh, a good many of’m were being sent home almost immediately after being wounded, so our patient capacity was low and, uh, having nothing to do, we, they did find something for us to do. We either had to, um, well, we had to have 3 sports, or 3 things, that we had to do that the Army insisted so that we wouldn’t be just, uh, sitting around. Uh, I know I took, I decided, well, a group of us decided to take up, uh, horseback riding which was, uh, rather strange since, uh, I don’t think any of us had been on a horse. And, uh, a Mr. Brown had his, uh, stable and I think he was a little disgusted with all of us, but we managed to ride somewhat. He had to give us some slow horses. I think those horses were way beyond, uh, their time. Uh, also took up golf, which they, uh, the sergeant who was trying to teach us said I would make a better caddy than a golfer. And uh, the other was tennis, and I did manage to learn to play tennis decently. I guess because I’d, I had done it at home. Um, while we were there we, I worked in central supply. As I said, the patient load was very low and, uh, um, 2 good friends of mine worked in, uh, surgery so we did manage to, uh, visit. We were so close to, uh, London that we made, were able to get 3-day passes to go into London, and it was a very interesting and a most educational, uh, time for me. After V-E Day, and of course the war in the Pacific was still going on, and there was, again, we were going to be going to a staging area, which we did go to, to, uh, uh, be ready to go overseas to the Pacific. In the meantime, in August of ’45, of course V-J Day came along and we, everybody was very happy because we really weren’t looking forward, uh, to being on board ship for, which I understand we [inaudible] [been 7:12] for quite a while. So instead of going to the Pacific, uh, we were assigned to the continent to relieve, uh, the nurses that had been there for quite some time. And, uh, we left, uh, by ferry and took the ferry to France and then, uh, well, it’s really, uh, a boat train is what they call it I believe. And, uh, crossed the Channel into France and then boarded trains and, which was a very long ride. I think we… It took us 2 or 3 days to get to our destination, and we did have layover in Paris for a whole day and were able to manage to, uh, see as many things as we could, uh, that we, Napoleon’s tomb and the Eiffel Tower and, uh, we stayed at a Red Cross, uh, we were able to go to the Red Cross place which was, they were always so convenient and the people were very nice. Uh, they, uh, were helpful in guiding us in the right directions. Um. We, land–, uh, we, when we got back on board and went to Nuremberg, the train, uh, we arrived there, I think, 2:00 or 3:00 in the morning which was, uh, not a very good time for anyone, including us, and, uh, were sent to, uh, the 114th General. Uh, this was a large, it had been a German hospital that was taken over by the Americans. Has a thousand beds. We did have quite a few patients. It wasn’t the troops. Uh, the patients, the wounded patients had been sent back to the States, but these were the general things that happened in, like in any city or any area. So we were kept quite busy both day and night. Uh. We had to, in the hospitals, uh, the shifts for the night, we had to work from 12 to 12 or from 6 a.m., 6 p.m. to 6 a.m., which was 12 hours, and that seemed like an awfully long time. Um. Stayed at the 114th General until the, uh, spring of 1945. ’46. Beg your pardon. And then it was, when they were, uh, the, uh, Army, or the, we were getting out on points, if we wanted to. Uh, I chose to leave Nuremberg and go back to the States and get out of the Army in, uh, in, uh, in, uh, May of that year. Er, well, we left there in April and, uh. Now, I must tell you that while I was in Nuremberg, I was able to attend the Nuremberg trials which were very interesting. Uh, the, um, they had interpreters in every language and, uh, it was difficult to get in, but I, uh, had a friend that was able to get me a ticket to get into the hall where, uh, the, uh, criminal trials were going on for the, uh, German, uh, high command. Um. I probably couldn’t tell you much of what was going on. I was able to see Goebbel, I believe, and, uh, some of the others, but, uh, it was a strange situation. Uh. Nuremberg itself had been destroyed by bombs so there was really little to see there. Uh, we had, uh, because we had had some friends in Ansbach, Germany, we did travel there. Uh, this was a group of air force men that had, uh, uh, were, well, they were really in charge of a, a German prisoner, uh, detail. And, uh. This was a, uh, really a lovely part of the country that, uh, we had seen. It, uh, I guess the area sort of reminded me of, um, back home, the green and all. And, uh, in the countryside, of course, the destruction was not as much. Uh, anyway, I left, uh, Nuremberg in, uh, April of, uh, ’46. 1946. And, uh, we, uh, traveled back by train back to, uh, Paris and then to, uh, uh, now I can’t even remember the area. I believe it was [Philip Morris 12:39] in that area there where we were in a staging area ready to go home and we boarded, uh, this was a hospital ship. The Blanche F. Sigman, and of course it was so much smaller than what the, uh, troop ship was when we came over. Um. It was the first time we’d had any fresh fruit or milk or anything, and they had frozen milk on board the ship and we were just delighted with that. The problem was that it took us so long to get home on board this ship because, uh, the weather was pretty foul and, uh, the waves. Huge waves. We, they had to, I think we were going backwards instead of forwards at times. Uh, we landed in New York on Easter Sunday of ’46, and it was such a beautiful day. It was a thrill to see the Statue of Liberty as we came into the harbor. We were taken by bus to Fort Dix and, uh, from there we were processed out of the Army. Uh, I remember having to take the train from Trenton home and it was, uh, quite a thrill to be able to get home again. It was good to be back in the States, although the tour of duty in the European theater was really a special time. Uh. Got home and I got married in June of 1946 to a young man that I met overseas and who was from Louisville, Kentucky; however, I did not know him at the time. Uh. I worked as a nurse here. Uh. My husband was going to Speed School at the University of Louisville and when we finished, why we, uh, went to Akron, Ohio, where he was, uh, with the Goodyear Tire Company and from there to Houston, where he was with the Goodyear rubber plant. He was a chemical engineer. Uh, I had, uh, we had 1 child at that time. [Ann 15:10] was born in 1949, uh, just as, uh, my husband finished school. Uh. We moved to Houston and we were in Houston for a year and a half and then we moved back to Louisville. Uh, I, uh, didn’t go back to work until my son, who is the youngest, I have 2 other children, uh, a daughter Jean and a son Bill and, uh, when my husband was ill, I went, uh, back to nursing, and I stayed in nursing until November of 1981. I can truthfully say that my experience in the armed services was most interesting and educational and, uh, I would probably do it again if I were at that, as I was at that time. This is the end of the interview. This is Jean T. Campbell. Thank you. I am at the end of this interview, and I wish to conclude that this has been a… Dorothy Harrison: [16:32]…that I needed. It took us 18 days to get across and it was just, I suspect we simply didn’t have time to, uh… Jean T. Campbell: But you know how [tired 16:41]… Dorothy Harrison: [inaudible 16:41] seasick. Jean T. Campbell: …I mean, I couldn’t tell you exactly how long it took us. Dorothy Harrison: Yes. Jean T. Campbell: It was long enough, it seemed. Anyways, as I say, we got back to the States and it was Easter Sunday and it was the prettiest day in the world, and saw the, uh, Statue of Liberty and that was a, oh my… [laughter] Dorothy Harrison: Happy, happy. Jean T. Campbell: That was the happiest day. It was just wonderful. Dorothy Harrison: Good. [17:18] Now the next area that we’re supposed to cover is in regard to, um, pay and conditions of, uh, living and that sort of thing so let’s start off by saying, or asking you what your pay was roughly. Jean T. Campbell: It was roughly around $200 a month. Um. Dorothy Harrison: And of course, you were given your, uh, quarters free. Jean T. Campbell: Right. Dorothy Harrison: And your food free. Jean T. Campbell: Right. Dorothy Harrison: [17:35] And, uh, were there any other, um… Jean T. Campbell: Well now, other than the dress uniform, we were supplied with the, you know, slacks and things like that that we… Dorothy Harrison: Your working uniforms. Jean T. Campbell: Working uniforms were supplied overseas. Dorothy Harrison: [17:47] And what about, uh, shoes. The entire…? Jean T. Campbell: No. Dorothy Harrison: No. Jean T. Campbell: We bought our own shoes. Dorothy Harrison: You bought your own shoes and your own dress uniform. Jean T. Campbell: Right. Our own dress uniforms. Dorothy Harrison: [17:56] And what about PX privileges? Jean T. Campbell: We did have, had excellent [inaudible 18:00] privileges, especially overseas. Dorothy Harrison: Right. And of course, you bought your things there, naturally. Jean T. Campbell: Right. Right. Dorothy Harrison: [18:05] Now, another question is, were you given equal opportunities for service and education, um, when you came back? You were, after all, a second lieutenant. Jean T. Campbell: Yes. That’s correct. Dorothy Harrison: [18:16] Is that, was your rank? Jean T. Campbell: Well, I ended up with a first lieutenant. You know, they give you that when you… Dorothy Harrison: When you, uh, are discharged. Jean T. Campbell: Discharged. Uh-huh. Dorothy Harrison: So you had a second lieutenant’s rank most of the time… Jean T. Campbell: Right. Dorothy Harrison: …while you were overseas. Jean T. Campbell: Right. Dorothy Harrison: [18:29] When you returned, were you given the chance, uh, to, to further your education, had you wished to do so? Jean T. Campbell: Yes. I, uh, I could have. I didn’t take the opportunity because, uh, I married soon after then. Dorothy Harrison: Yes. Jean T. Campbell: I got out of service. In fact, uh, the man that I married was in service overseas. Dorothy Harrison: Seas. Jean T. Campbell: [I met him there 18:50]. Dorothy Harrison: Very good. All right. And, uh, uh, but, but as a matter of fact you did feel as though you were treated, uh, equally with, with… Jean T. Campbell: Yes, as far as… Dorothy Harrison: …with other officers of the male persuasion. Jean T. Campbell: Right. Right. Dorothy Harrison: [19:07] Um. What assignments, uh, were given to women is the question. I think that in a hospital situation, uh, this is probably different than had you been in the actual Army services. Jean T. Campbell: I believe so. I think that, uh, we’re already, we go into, uh, were placed in, in our work where we know the most and, uh, are… Dorothy Harrison: It was, it, they, they were assignments suitable to your… Jean T. Campbell: Right. Dorothy Harrison: …experience. Jean T. Campbell: That’s right. Dorothy Harrison: [19:41] And there were women, uh, supervisors and women, uh, in administrative positions by and large? Jean T. Campbell: That’s right. Uh-huh. Dorothy Harrison: [19:49] As well as, now you also had, I am sure, a commanding officer who was in charge of the corpsmen and the, uh, Army male personnel in the hospital, is that true? Jean T. Campbell: I never could, uh, whether the colonel was in charge of, uh, whether the… No, I think the chief nurse was just for the nurses. Dorothy Harrison: Just the nurses. Jean T. Campbell: The nurses, I believe. Um. Possible for the corps boys. I’m not sure. Dorothy Harrison: Right. [20:20] I was, I was aware that there was a dual, uh, responsibility when we were on board ship, for instance… Jean T. Campbell: Uh-huh. Dorothy Harrison: …that the, there was a commanding officer of the troops on board ship… Jean T. Campbell: Yes. Dorothy Harrison: …as well as the… Jean T. Campbell: Oh yeah. Dorothy Harrison: …captain… Jean T. Campbell: We were, there was. Dorothy Harrison: …who was responsible for the ship. Jean T. Campbell: Right. Dorothy Harrison: And so I was wondering, wondered if this was the type of dual responsibility… Jean T. Campbell: I believe so. Dorothy Harrison: …that happened in the hospital. [20:42] It says our next question is what was the nature of your housing and your medical care? Jean T. Campbell: Our housing was, uh, well, anywhere from a tent to, uh, we did live in tents part of the time, uh. Dorothy Harrison: [21:00] Was this in Germany or was this in England, Southern England? Jean T. Campbell: No, this was in England. Dorothy Harrison: Southern England. Then when you got to Germany you had… Jean T. Campbell: We were, uh. Dorothy Harrison: …different housing? Jean T. Campbell: Well, our housing was on the third floor of the hospital. It was for nurses. Dorothy Harrison: I see. Jean T. Campbell: Nurses quarter, nursing quarters. Dorothy Harrison: [21:16] And where were the doctors? Jean T. Campbell: Well, they had their quarters but I don’t what… Dorothy Harrison: They were. Jean T. Campbell: …really. Dorothy Harrison: Uh-huh. Jean T. Campbell: I, at that time, I don’t know why I didn’t [laughter] pay attention to it. Dorothy Harrison: That’s alright. You’re allowed. Jean T. Campbell: But I’m sure [they were there 21:27]. Our quarters were on the third floor of the hospital. Dorothy Harrison: All right. [21:32] And, of course, you got your medical care as part of… Jean T. Campbell: Yes, that’s true. Dorothy Harrison: …your, your, uh, service. Jean T. Campbell: Mm-hm. Dorothy Harrison: [21:38] And what was your uniform dress? That’s a rather odd question, isn’t it? Jean T. Campbell: Now, do you think they meant… Dorothy Harrison: Dress uniform? Or no, do they mean, uh, what do they mean? Jean T. Campbell: Well, our working clothes were slacks… Dorothy Harrison: Slacks. Jean T. Campbell: …and, you know, shirts… Dorothy Harrison: Shirts. Jean T. Campbell: …and ties. [inaudible 21:58] Dorothy Harrison: [21:58] And did, what were the color, what was the color? Jean T. Campbell: Well, that was more of a khaki color as far as the slacks and all. Dorothy Harrison: I see. Jean T. Campbell: And the shirts were sort of beige, weren’t they? Or a tan color, uh, if you, do you remember that? Dorothy Harrison: I, all I remember were that some of the nurses were in striped… Jean T. Campbell: All right. Now we… Dorothy Harrison: …uniforms. Jean T. Campbell: …didn’t wear the striped uniforms much [inaudible 22:19] overseas that I remember. Dorothy Harrison: I see. Jean T. Campbell: At least not in the station hospitals. I don’t remember wearing them in the others either too much. We wore’m here in the States. Dorothy Harrison: Uh-huh. Jean T. Campbell: The striped, they were, uh, brown and white striped… Dorothy Harrison: Stripes. Seersucker. Jean T. Campbell: Seersucker. And the caps were to match. Dorothy Harrison: Right. Jean T. Campbell: Which were not too attractive really. Dorothy Harrison: No. Jean T. Campbell: They were a wrap-around. Dorothy Harrison: I can, I can remember seeing some of the nurses in the hospitals in, uh, [inaudible 22:45] in those seersucker. Jean T. Campbell: I think it depended on where you were as far as that goes. But most of the time we wore the slacks and shirts. Dorothy Harrison: [22:57] And were they wool or were they, uh… Jean T. Campbell: Well the slacks were wool. Dorothy Harrison: Wool. And the shirts, of course, were cotton probably. Jean T. Campbell: And of course, our dress uniforms were a little different. Uh, the color was a little, uh, I don’t know what the green would be called. It was a little darker green. It was not a khaki. Dorothy Harrison: I see. Jean T. Campbell: And, uh. Dorothy Harrison: Did you… Jean T. Campbell: We had to buy our own dress uniforms. Dorothy Harrison: Uniforms. But they were standardized. Jean T. Campbell: Right. Dorothy Harrison: Right. Jean T. Campbell: They were standardized. Dorothy Harrison: [23:23] And, uh, you wore little hats I believe? Jean T. Campbell: Yes. Dorothy Harrison: With, was it a touch of white or am I thinking of a different…? Jean T. Campbell: No. Uh-uh. We had no white on the caps. It was just a, you know, the same color as the… Dorothy Harrison: As the uniform. Jean T. Campbell: …as the, uh, uniform. Dorothy Harrison: I see. I’ve got to watch our tape. We’ve got plenty of space left. All right. [23:44] And now we come to one of the more interesting questions which is what were your memorable experiences? So we’ll pause here while you think about that. Jean T. Campbell: One of the experiences that I remember, which was rather unhappy, was, uh, Christmas Eve in 1945. Uh. The young, uh, the younger soldiers that were sent overseas, uh, whether it was just through a lack of having anything to do or what, uh, this was a racial problem that happened and uh, they would, the young men would get into fights. The black and the white soldiers. And the night of Christmas Eve of that, uh, ’45 was when so many had, uh, fought each other and injured each other and was one of the worst nights as far as surgery and taking care of young men. Dorothy Harrison: [24:54] Stab wounds I suppose? Jean T. Campbell: Stab wounds, yes, mostly, and shootings. And, uh, it was… Dorothy Harrison: Was it one… Jean T. Campbell: [inaudible 25:02] Dorothy Harrison: Yes. [25:02] Was, was it, uh, uh, a single brawl or several? Jean T. Campbell: Well, there were several that night that, uh, we remember. Dorothy Harrison: What a way to spend Christmas Eve in other words. Jean T. Campbell: Yes, it really was very unhappy. It was, uh, just, uh, hard to believe… Dorothy Harrison: [25:24] And these, these were, these were really black and white soldiers newly come from the United States… Jean T. Campbell: Right. They were… Dorothy Harrison: …rather than men who had actually served with each other. Jean T. Campbell: That’s right. They were the new men that… Dorothy Harrison: During the 2nd world war. Jean T. Campbell: These were men that came in for the occupation [troops 25:37]. Dorothy Harrison: All right. [25:39] Now then, I understand, Jean, that you, uh, attended the Nuremberg trials. Jean T. Campbell: Uh, yes, I was fortunate in attending the trials. Um. I don’t know whether that’s an appropriate word for that but, uh, it was, uh, an experience in seeing the men that had been in charge of, uh, politics and the people in Germany and they caused, well, were the real cause of the war. Or had brought it on. And, uh, the trials themselves, although I didn’t understand a lot of it, uh, it was interesting to see the people. It was interesting to hear the, uh, different, uh, reports and [inaudible 26:23]. Dorothy Harrison: [26:23] You had, you were wearing, uh, you were wearing headphones that gave you… Jean T. Campbell: Yes. Dorothy Harrison: …an English translation… Jean T. Campbell: That’s true. Dorothy Harrison: …of what was going on. Jean T. Campbell: Mm-hm. Dorothy Harrison: [26:32] Were you there for just 1 day? Jean T. Campbell: It was just for the 1 day. Dorothy Harrison: One day. [26:36] And who was, did you see any of the, um, important, uh, or infamous characters? Jean T. Campbell: Yes, I saw, well, uh, I believe Hess was there and who was the big… Dorothy Harrison: Goering? Jean T. Campbell: Goering was there that I remember. Those two I remember. I can’t remember [any of 26:59] the others. Dorothy Harrison: [26:59] What was, what, what was memorable about them? Was Goering as heavy as or heavier than [laughter] or what? Jean T. Campbell: Oh yes. He was as heavy as he was pictured. Dorothy Harrison: He was. Jean T. Campbell: I noticed that none of’m had, you know, were just, they just sat there without hardly any expression. That’s what I noticed. Dorothy Harrison: Just expressionless. Jean T. Campbell: Uh-huh. Uh. Dorothy Harrison: [27:23] How far into the Nuremberg trials was this, I wonder? Jean T. Campbell: Now this, according to, I had a, um… Dorothy Harrison: You have a, uh… Jean T. Campbell: …a ticket, uh… Dorothy Harrison: …a ticket to it. Jean T. Campbell: …and I went into it and according to this, it was the 62nd session of the… Dorothy Harrison: Maybe by this time, both Goering and Rudolph Hess had developed tin ears. Jean T. Campbell: [laughter] They probably had. But anyway, it was, uh, to me it was something particularly special that I… Dorothy Harrison: That you were able to see. Jean T. Campbell: …[inaudible 27:57] see. Dorothy Harrison: [27:59] What, uh, besides the impassivity, if that’s the word to use, of the, uh, men on trial. What else impressed you about it? Was the conduct of the trial one of seeming a proper, lawful procedure? Did you get that feeling or… Jean T. Campbell: Oh, yes. Dorothy Harrison: …was there sort of a hysterical attitude? Jean T. Campbell: No. It was, everything was quite, uh, orderly. And, uh, there was no, uh, uh, I really can’t say… Dorothy Harrison: Suspense. Jean T. Campbell: …suspense or [any of that 28:26] Dorothy Harrison: No suspense or attitude. Jean T. Campbell: No, it was just a, it seemed like a very orderly… Dorothy Harrison: Trial. Jean T. Campbell: …trial. Mm-hm. Dorothy Harrison: [28:43] Um, did you recognize any of the other people in the room, or were they pointed out to you, of any importance or were they…? Jean T. Campbell: Well, I was there by myself and I really didn’t know anyone… Dorothy Harrison: Mm-hm. Right. Jean T. Campbell: …so it was, uh, it would have helped if I had… Dorothy Harrison: Had somebody. Jean T. Campbell: …had somebody with me. Dorothy Harrison: Right. [28:58] Uh, did they, during that time, did they come to… What were they, what was the point of the discussion on that day or could you, do you remember after all these years [laughter]? Jean T. Campbell: No. Dorothy Harrison: No. Jean T. Campbell: Dorothy, I’m afraid not [laughter]. Dorothy Harrison: All right, well. Jean T. Campbell: I couldn’t remember. [laughter] Dorothy Harrison: Very good. [29:16] Now, how did you amuse yourself? Uh, we’ll get away from the war crimes and that nasty brawl. How did you amuse yourself, uh, when you were off duty? Jean T. Campbell: Well, uh. Dorothy Harrison: You were just telling me about the little… Jean T. Campbell: Yes. Dorothy Harrison: …experience in Southern England. You might repeat that. Jean T. Campbell: Well, that was, uh. When we first went over there, as I said, we landed on V-E Day and actually most of the troops, or the patients, were sent, had have been sent back to the States already. So uh, we already decided that we should do something in recreational form. And so, I, uh, took up horseback riding and tennis and golf. Uh, the horseback riding was, uh, somewhat dangerous for me because I’d never ridden one and the horse that I did take was, took off with me and had difficulty in stopping. The man who owned the stables finally did. And, uh, as I told you, the horse’s name was Fighter and he deserved the name. Dorothy Harrison: He did. [laughter] Jean T. Campbell: And then, uh… Dorothy Harrison: [30:26] How did your golf work out? Jean T. Campbell: Well, the golf, uh, didn’t work out either. The sergeant who was in charge said, told me, or that was teaching us, told me that I’d make a better caddy than I would a golf player. [laughter] So I ended up, I did play tennis fairly well. Dorothy Harrison: Yeah. Jean T. Campbell: Of all the… Dorothy Harrison: Of all the sports that you were expected to take part in. [30:46] And then I suspect that there were in Germany, uh, always, uh, neighboring Army units that were anxious… Jean T. Campbell: Oh yes. Dorothy Harrison: …for feminine company Jean T. Campbell: That’s true. We had, uh, a group of us would go over to, uh, the men who in the air force and, and actually they were, uh, guarding, uh, some, uh… Dorothy Harrison: Guarding, guarding, uh, uh, prisoners of war? Jean T. Campbell: Yes. They had some prisoners of war [inaudible 31:17]. But there was an air base there and we were always invited there. They would pick us up and we’d enjoy, I don’t know, they weren’t supposed to be killing deer, but I guess they did occasionally, and we had some fresh venison which was a treat, and, uh. Dorothy Harrison: [31:34] How were the parties? A little bit raucous? [laughter] Jean T. Campbell: Somewhat at times. These were, uh, pretty nice young men that, uh, we were quite fortunate in having a nice group. Dorothy Harrison: Group there. [31:46] This was at Ansbach? Jean T. Campbell: This was in Ansbach, which was close to, uh, Nuremberg. Dorothy Harrison: Good. All right. Now, let’s see. We’ll continue here. Um. [31:56] The next question is, um, can you compare service careers then with the present? Well, since you’re no longer in service, you really can’t. Jean T. Campbell: No, I couldn’t compare [inaudible 32:07]. Dorothy Harrison: [32:08] Did you experience conflict between being feminine and being a military professional? Jean T. Campbell: What does that… Dorothy Harrison: Mean? Jean T. Campbell: …does that mean? Dorothy Harrison: I have a feeling that, again, they’re thinking in terms of a woman, say a WAC officer, uh, in, uh, in a professional capacity here. I can’t, can’t imagine that this would occur in a hospital situation. Jean T. Campbell: Hm. I don’t think we had the problems that they probably had there. Mainly because we were… Dorothy Harrison: Working with other professionals. Jean T. Campbell: …working professionals and it was just a little different. Dorothy Harrison: Yes, I think you’re probably right. Um. [32:52] Did you use any benefits after you came back? The GI bill? Jean T. Campbell: No, I didn’t. Dorothy Harrison: You did not. All right. [32:59] Another question is, what demanded the greatest adjustment, presumably to your service life? Uh, uniform dress, living with others, regulations, lack of freedom, terminology? Did you, did you have any, uh, did this require a great deal of adjustment? Jean T. Campbell: Well, I don’t [inaudible 33:19] it didn’t require that much because when I was in training, uh, at that time our living was very similar to that. Um. Our hospital was almost run like a military institution. Dorothy Harrison: Institution. Jean T. Campbell: So that we had hours, we had to always sign out, we had to come in, we had certain uniform dress... Dorothy Harrison: Right. Jean T. Campbell: …so it was not that difficult to become a [inaudible 33:42]. Dorothy Harrison: And your, you had, that’s right. And you had regulations that you had to abide by, and you had to stick with a certain schedule so that the lack of freedom was… Jean T. Campbell: Like every, like everyone in different things you get frustrated by some things whether it’s a somewhat, you know, some lack of freedom and all. I could tell you about the little episode that, when I was in England, I was going with this young man and we were walking through the parks, you know, there in London. Dorothy Harrison: Yeah. In London. Jean T. Campbell: And uh, I had taken my cap off, and a military police came up and handed me a thing for, you know… Dorothy Harrison: [34:19] Failing to be in uniform? Jean T. Campbell: Yes! A court-martial [inaudible 34:23]. Dorothy Harrison: Ha! [laughter] [34:25] Were you actually court-martialed or… Jean T. Campbell: No. Dorothy Harrison: …was it just a warning? Jean T. Campbell: No, he actually gave me the thing. Well, of course, I was very upset about the thing just not having my cap, but, uh, you know, you have to understand you have to be in uniform when you’re out [in public 34:38]. Dorothy Harrison: Yes. Jean T. Campbell: But you know how, uh, you get when you’re with someone that you like and so… Dorothy Harrison: Like. You relax a little. Jean T. Campbell: …you relax a little bit, but, uh. Dorothy Harrison: [34:49] Well, what was the outcome? Jean T. Campbell: All right. The young man came back and tore it up. And apol­­–, he didn’t apologize, but he said he didn’t want to… Dorothy Harrison: To cause you any trouble. Jean T. Campbell: [inaudible 34:58] trouble. So I was just, I was relieved and I thanked him and I was surprised though. I don’t know what possessed him to do it but he did. But, uh. Dorothy Harrison: But perhaps he just realized that it was a temporary lapse. Jean T. Campbell: [laughter] I guess so. Dorothy Harrison: [35:14] Did you have, did you have the hat in your hand? Jean T. Campbell: I had the hat, but I didn’t have it on. Dorothy Harrison: Have it on. Jean T. Campbell: Uh-huh. Dorothy Harrison: Well, maybe he had began to feel at that point that he was being a little bit sticky. [laughter] Jean T. Campbell: But that was the surprise of my life when he came up and handed me… Dorothy Harrison: Handed you a court-martial. [laughter] Oh dear. All right. Um. [35:34] Of the regulations which you did have to deal with, which were the most unpopular for you or your nurses. Or didn’t you really feel that there was anything that, that was unpopular? Jean T. Campbell: Well, I though there were some things that I never could understand. Of course, with the military and with the Army, you just have to take it like it is ‘cause that’s the way it is. But there was, I know when Jean and I were, [Jean Trick 35:58] and I were gonna go on leave, uh, we’d been there long enough and we wanted to go up in Scotland. And we were off but she, the chief nurse would not leave, let us leave the base that night to get a train, even though we would have lost almost a whole day, you know, going into London and all to take the train up to Scotland. Dorothy Harrison: Scotland. Jean T. Campbell: And I never could understand regulations like that, you know, that just absolutely, even though you’re off… Dorothy Harrison: It was on the, by the book. You must not… Jean T. Campbell: Yeah. Dorothy Harrison: …leave the base… Jean T. Campbell: Until… Dorothy Harrison: …until a certain sometime or other. Jean T. Campbell: Uh-huh. Dorothy Harrison: That was rather, uh, that was someone who was going by the book. Jean T. Campbell: Yeah. She was going by the book. But, and I, I, you know, uh, maybe that’s, that’s a good reason for all their things. They can’t stop, but there are times when you feel like… Dorothy Harrison: That was a little too much. Jean T. Campbell: I felt like it was a little too much. That was the only time I ever ran into something that I felt like I… Dorothy Harrison: Was a little overregulated. Jean T. Campbell: Yes! It was a little overregulated. Dorothy Harrison: All right. [37:05] Now, the last question on this, this, uh, interviewer’s sheet is what did you do after your service was concluded? So you may do us a swift upbringing from the end to the present. Jean T. Campbell: All right. Well, I was, uh, I got out of service and at the time… Dorothy Harrison: [37:24] When were you actually discharged? Jean T. Campbell: All right. Uh. In May of 1946. I don’t remember the exact date. I do have a discharge thing but I can’t, I [didn’t bring it with me 37:36]. Uh, but it was in May of 1946, and then I got married in June of 1946. Dorothy Harrison: You wasted no time! Jean T. Campbell: No. Dorothy Harrison: [37:47] When did you meet this man? [laughter] Jean T. Campbell: In, uh, December of ’45. Dorothy Harrison: ’45. Right. Jean T. Campbell: Uh, and he was from Louisville, Kentucky. Dorothy Harrison: Okay. Jean T. Campbell: So it was sort of strange because I left here, from here to go to [into the service 38:04]. Dorothy Harrison: And you came back. Jean T. Campbell: I came back here. Dorothy Harrison: You came back to, this [inaudible 38:07]. [38:08] And his name was… Jean T. Campbell: Campbell. William Campbell. Dorothy Harrison: William Campbell. [38:13] And I gathered that you had 2 daughters at least. [laughter] Jean T. Campbell: We had 2 daughters and a son. Dorothy Harrison: And a son. Jean T. Campbell: [Ann 38:21] is the oldest and she’s teaching at Fort Knox. [Jeanie 38:25] is, uh, uh, well, [Ann’s 38:28] 33, Jean’s 27, or no, [Jeanie’s 38:32] 30. She’s 30 and [free as a] [inaudible 38:36]. [inaudible] [teaching 38:42] art and music and… Dorothy Harrison: She’s married. Jean T. Campbell: She’s married and she’s married to Clinton Grosz who is a, a violinist with the local orchestra. Dorothy Harrison: [38:53] And your son? Jean T. Campbell: And my son is, uh, lives in Richmond, Indiana. He graduated from Earlham College and he teaches there. Not in Earlham College but in the town of, uh… Dorothy Harrison: The town of Earlham. Jean T. Campbell: …Richmond. Dorothy Harrison: Richmond. Oh dear. I don’t know why I say Earlham. Jean T. Campbell: And he too is married. Uh… Dorothy Harrison: Do you have grandchildren? Jean T. Campbell: Well, [this is 39:12], uh, he has 2, the 2 children are by his wife, so… Dorothy Harrison: Children by his, by his, by his wife’s first marriage. Very good. [39:21] So you have step-grandchildren. Jean T. Campbell: I have 2 step-grandchildren. Dorothy Harrison: Well, thank you very much. I think we have covered the questions that are on this sheet, and, uh, uh, we’ll conclude then with saying goodbye to the tape. /ad