This article analyses the distribution of wildlife revenues in the Bulilimamangwe and Tsholotsho Districts' Communal Area Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) programmes. The issue is important for programmes that focus on wildlife as a land use option and source of income for those communities living with the natural resource. Wildlife in Zimbabwe's communal lands, unlike livestock or agricultural production, is based on ecological units that do not necessarily conform to the administrative boundaries of ward or district. In these communal areas, livestock and arable-based production and income are privatised to the household even though they are under communal tenure. This control of benefits influences the degree of tolerance of transactions and opportunity costs households are willing to bear in the production process. With such motivational dynamics at play, considering communal land tenure and the fugitive nature of wildlife resources, how should a wildlife producer community be defined?
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